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Operational definitions should be:

- Objective - Clear - Complete - Individualized

7 Dimensions of ABA

1. Applied 2. Behavioral 3. Analytic 4. Technological 5. Conceptually Systematic 6. Effective 7. Generality

Positive Reinforcement

A consequence of a behavior that involves adding something to the person's environment, which increases the future strength of that behavior.

Direct/Descriptive Assessments:

A person observes and records the target behavior

Consequence

A stimulus that occurred in a person's environment immediately following a behavior

Antecedent

A stimulus that occurred in a person's environment previous to the behavior

Motivating Operation

An antecedent that changes the potency of a consequence as a reinforcer

Prompt:

An extra antecedent stimulus that helps a person engage in a particular behavior (hints & cues)

Which of the following is an example of an indirect assessment? - An interview with a caregiver - Taking frequency data - Presenting potential preferred items to a client and recording their choice - Observing a child in a classroom

An interview with a caregiver

Stimulus

Any object or event that occurs in a person's environment; the person has to have seen, heard, touched, tasted, or smelled the object or event.

Behavior

Anything a person says or does; also known as a response

Effective

Did the intervention demonstrate behavior change?

Two types of motivating operations

Establishing and Abolishing

Max used to get access to the iPad when he whined for it. Now, he no longer gets the iPad when he whines. This is:

Extinction

A functional analysis is always a required component of a Functional Behavior Assessment.

False

True/False: If you are conducting a direct assessment and collecting ABC data, you may manipulate variables or provide intervention when you observe problem behavior

False

True/False: When practicing as an RBT, is it acceptable to take a selfie with a client and post it on a social social media page, as long as the profile is set as "private." This is an appropriate way to protect your client's confidentiality.

False

When working with Timmy, you notice the behavior intervention you have been using is starting to work on other, related behaviors - without / training them! This is an example of what dimension of ABA?

Generality

A child learned how to ID apples in pictures. Later, they said "apple" when they saw apples in the store. This is:

Generalization

Latency:

How long did it take for the behavior to occur after the stimulus or prompt?

Duration

How long did the behavior occur?; Note the moment at which the behavior begins and the moment at which the behavior ends

Temporal Extent

How long the behavior occurs (duration)

Frequency:

How many times a behavior occurred in a session

Repeatability

How often a behavior can occur repeatedly through time (count, frequency, rate)

Dead man test

If a dead man can do it, it probably isn't behavior.

You have been working on a case for a while and really want to show improvement, even though the data do not show any decrease in a problem behavior. You change the data to show a decrease in order to justify your continued services. There is no harm in adjusting the data. Is this an acceptable practice or is it an ethical violation?

It is an ethical violation

Quiyon works in customer service for an online company. They have just implemented a live chat feature to enable customers to ask questions without calling. His boss wants customers to receive a response as quickly as possible after they send a chat message and has asked Quiyon to decrease customer response time. What would be an appropriate measurement system for Quiyon to utilize?

Latency

Which of the following is an operational definition of a behavior targeted for decrease? - Meg engages in smacking behavior - Meg engages off-task behavior - Meg engages in self-injurious behavior by poking her right eye with her index finger. - Meg engages in tantrum behavior

Meg engages in self-injurious behavior by poking her right eye with her index finger.

Which of the following is a discontinuous measurement procedure?

Momentary time sampling

Which of the following preference assessments involves presenting an array, recording the choice that the person makes, and the replacir and presenting the array again?

Multiple Stimulus With Replacement

Behavioral

Must be observable and measurable

Mikey hates math class and wants to avoid it. When he tells jokes during Mrs. Lewis' math class, she sends him out of the classroom to time out. In he future, Mikey continues to tell jokes so that he can get out of math class. This is an example of:

Negative reinforcement

Is "thinking about what to eat" an apporpraite behavior for analysis?

No b/c it is not observable or measurable

You receive a behavior plan for a student that has a target behavior of "being quiet." Is this behavior appropriate for analysis?

No it fails the dead man's test

Extinction:

No longer providing reinforcement for a behavior that used to be reinforced, resulting in a decrease in that behavior in the future.

Whole interval recording:

Observer records only if the behavior occurs during the ENTIRE interval

Partial interval recording:

Observer records whether behavior occurred at any time during the interval.

Momentary time sampling:

Observer records whether the behavior is occurring at when an interval ends

Which interval recording can overestimate actual occurrence of the behavior?

Partial interval

When the observer records whether behavior occurred at any time during the interval, this is an example of:

Partial interval recording

When Saud shuffles across the floor of his bedroom and then uses the doorknob to open the door, it gives him a shock. Saud no longer shuffles across the floor before opening the door. This is an example of which contingency:

Positive punishment

Timmy received an M&M after cleaning the bathroom. In the future, when he was asked to clean the bathroom, he did so immediately. This is an example of:

Positive reinforcement

Your cat meowed by the food bowl. You filled it with food. The cat meows by the bowl every day until filled. This is:

Positive reinforcement for the cat

Best way to increase a behavior

Reinforcement

Negative Reinforcement

Removal of a consequence of behavior that results in an increase the future strength of that behavior.

Functions of behavior

SEAT: Sensory, Escape, Attention, Tangible

A fellow student in your ABA coursework told the class that his behavior analyst continues to include "shoe tying" as a goal for a 40-year old man that does not need to wear tied shoes. You suggest that the behavior is not _____________ meaning success at this program would not improve his life conditions.

Socially significant

Permanent product:

Something is present after the behavior in order to count how many times the behavior occurred.

You conducted a preference assessment and found that your client really enjoys listening to songs from cartoons. Which of the following statements is true?

Songs may function as a reinforcer, but you will need to try providing access to songs as a reinforcer and take data

All RBTs in a clinic followed intervention procedures exactly as they were written. This meets which dimension of ABA?

Technological

Applied

The behavior targeted for change must be socially significant behavior that will improve the person's life.

Count:

The simple tally of how many times a behavior occurred

True/false: In operant conditioning, behaviors are strengthened or weakened because of the consequences that follow the behavior.

True

Analytic

We must refer to data when making decisions; defines how we arrive to our decision as to whether or not behavior change occurred as we predicted

Stimulus Control

When a behavior is reinforced in the presence of a particular antecedent stimulus and is not reinforced in the absence of that stimulus, the behavior comes to occur reliably in the presence of that stimulus.

Temporal Locus

Where the behavior occurs in relation to time and other events. (Interresponse time, latency)

Reinforcement

a consequence that results in an increase or maintenance in the future probability of a behavior; strengthens behavior

Continuous reinforcement:

a particular behavior results in a particular reinforcer every time the behavior occurs.

Technological

a procedure is described clearly enough so that other people could replicate it

Fixed ratio (FR):

a reinforcer is delivered after a set amount of target responses

Variable ratio (VR):

a reinforcer is delivered after an average number of occurrences of the target response.

Functional Analysis (FA):

an experimental design that tests the effects of consequences on problem behavior.

Stimuli

are changes in the environment that have affects on living beings.

Operational definitions

are definitions of behavior that tell you what behaviors to observe and exactly which individual occurrences should be recorded.

During practice, a basketball coach blows a whistle every time a player misses a basket. This is an example of: a. Positive reinforcement b. Positive punishment c. Negative reinforcement d. None of these

d. None of these; We did not say if whatever was added affected the behavior so we can't confirm a punishment or reinforcement

Abolishing operations

decrease the potency of a consequence as a reinforcer and temporarily suppress behavior

Automatic reinforcement

does not require another being.

Key parts of behavior

doing/movement & observable

At Joe's Coffee shop, you earn a free dessert every time you buy 5 cups of coffee. This is an example of a:

fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement

Satiation

having a reinforcer recently, and therefore the reinforcer becomes less powerful

Rate:

how many times a behavior occurred per unit of time.

Establishing operations

increase the potency of a consequence as a reinforce and temporarily evoke behavior

Unconditioned stimulus

is something that elicits a behavior based on our biology and apparently needs no amount of learning to have an effect.

Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA)

is the application of the science of behavior

Operant conditioning

is the process by which behaviors are strengthened or weakened because of the consequences that follow the behavior.

Interval recordings

look at the occurrence of behavior during a particular, predetermined interval.

Conceptually Systematic

means that we rely on behavioral principles derived from decades of research on behavior; we strive to understand why a procedure works in terms of behavioral principles

Discontinuous measurement:

measures do not record all the behavior as it occurs. It estimates the occurrence of a behavior.

Whenever Joaqim's cat knocks things off the table, he yells "stop it!" This is an example of which contingency: - Positive reinforcement - Negative reinforcement - Positive punishment - none of the above

none of the above

Punishment:

occurs when the future likelihood of a behavior decreases as a result of the consequence.

An ________ must be clear, unambiguous, objective and complete

operational definition

Preference assessments

procedures that you conduct to help you predict what consequences you can deliver to the learner that are likely to work as reinforcers.

Continuous measurement:

records behavior as it is actually occurring.

Conditioned reinforcers:

reinforcers that have acquired their effectiveness bc of the learning history of the person

Intermittent reinforcement schedules:

schedules in which a particular behavior produces a particular consequence, but not every time that behavior occurs

Discriminative Stimulus (SD)

the antecedent stimulus that has stimulus control over behavior bc the behavior was reliably reinforced in the presence of that stimulus in the past.

Indirect assessments:

the behavior analyst interviews the client and those individuals that interact with the client using structured or unstructured and standardized or non-standardized tools

Target behavior =

the behavior selected for change

Unconditioned reinforcement:

the effectiveness of a reinforcer does not depend on a learning history

Generality

the intervention not only changed the behavior in a particular setting, but that it generalized to other environments or people

Variable interval (VI):

when the first occurrence of a target response is reinforced after an average amount of time.

Conditioned stimulus:

when the neutral stimulus have the same effectiveness as the unconditioned stimuli