HSC215 EXAM 4

Which of the following are true regarding the renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS): (select all that apply)

-Aldosterone increases the sodium concentration in the blood which creates an increased osmotic pressure in the blood. -The JGA (juxtaglomerular apparatus) releases renin to change angiotensin I into angiotensin II -Angiotensin II in the plasma will result in an increase in blood volume and an increase in TPR.

Which of the following occur to correct the drop in blood pressure experienced when going from sitting to standing:

-Cardiac Output increases -Baroreceptors send information about pressure to the medulla oblongata -The vasomotor center increases sympathetic stimulation sent to the tunica media.

Red Blood Cells

-Function/Structure: contain no nucleaus or organelles -biconcave discs-thin, flexible and large surface area

Select all that are true with regards to oxygen dissociation and saturation:

-Hemoglobin will be 75% saturated with oxygen if partial pressure of oxygen is 40% -Oxygen dissociation is favored when the partial pressure of oxygen is low -In metabolically active tissues, oxygen consumption increases, partial pressure of oxygen decreases and hemoglobin saturation decreases.

Depends on:

1. volume of blood contained within vessel 2. compliance of vessel walls (balloons; how easy to expand)

Hemoglobin

2 parts Heme Globin

How many ATP are formed from one molecule of glucose

36-38 32-36

What makes the solution acidic

amount of H+ ions

The majority of CO2 is carried in the blood as

bicarbinate ion

BP can be measured indirectly

by Sphygmomanometer

Bronchodilation of the air passages involves a ________ in smooth muscle contraction and a ________ of their radius and a __________ in resistance.

decrease, increase, decrease

Increased urine output=increases or decreases blood pressure

decreases

Insulin increases or decreases blood glucose levels

decreases

Lipid digestion begins in the

duodenum

The majority of digestion occurs in the

duodenum

What force drives filtration

hydrostatic pressure

If NE binds to beta 1 receptors in the SA node....

increase HR

Hemostasis

involves 3 major steps

During respiration, pressure in the thoracic cavity is higher or lower than atmospheric pressure

lower

Formed elements are made in the

myeloid tissue red bone marrow

The majority of oxygen in the blood is carried as

oxyhemoglobin

What area of the brain is responsible for receieving incoming sensory information and sending it to appropriate brain regions

thalamus

Water is drawn toward or away from the higher osmotic pressure

toward

Ca++ binds with__________ during muscle contraction

troponin

Angiotensin II

vasoconstriction

Histamine

vasodilation

So which valuerepresents venous blood and which represents arterial blood?

venous-7.35 arteriol-7.45

Which of the following are true with regards to the transport of gases in blood? Select all that apply.

- oxygen is transported on the heme portion of the hemoglobin molecule -blood carbon dioxide can be carried on the globin portion of the hemoglobin molecule as carbaminohemoglobin - When oxygen arrives at the tissues, it dissociates from hemoglobin and enters the cells. Carbon dioxide moves in the opposite direction (from the cells to the blood) in a process termed internal respiration.

Lymphatic System Returns

--3L/day to the CV system

Liquid Matrix

-91% water -8% dissolved substances

JGA

-specialized region in the nephron that secretes renin in response to low blood flow

Which of the following is true with regards to bulk flow in the capillaries?

-Osmotic pressure in the blood encourages reabsorption -Fluid flows into the interstitial spaces if hydrostatic pressure in the blood and osmotic pressure in the tissues is high -The movement of fluid out of the capillary and into the tissue spaces is termed ultrafiltration -Reabsorption occurs primarily at the venule end of the capillary -the lymphatic system gathers excess fluid in the tissue spaces and returns it to the CV system

Which of the following are correct with regards to the partial pressure of gases in the vascular tree? (Select all that apply.)

-The partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood is 100mmHg -The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in venous blood is 46mmHg -The partial pressure of oxygen in the venous blood is 40mmHg -The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood is 40mmHg

Bulk Flow

-a result of hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure 1. capillaary blood (hydrostatic) pressure Pc: pushing fluid out 2. Plasma Osmotic pressure : pulling fluid in 3. Interstitial Fluid Hydrostatic Pressure PIF: pushing fluid in 4. Interstitial Fluid Osmotic Pressure : pulling fluid out

1. Vascularspasm

-abrupt vasoconstriction -reduces blood flow through a damaged vessel

Sympathetic Stimmulation

-acting on Alpha 1 receptors -increased activity=vasoconstriction -decreased activity=vasodilation -local control can overide sympathetic activity

Renin

-an enzyme that changes angiotensinogen into Angiotensin I (active)

Components

-consists of 3 tyes of specialized cellular elements suspended in plasma (liquid portion of blood) 1. erthrocytes -RBC -important in O2 transportation -45% 2. leukocytes -WBC -important in body defense/immunity -1% 3. platelets -thrombocytes -important in hemostasis -1%

Vasomotor Center

-controles vessel radius -via sympathetic innervation of the tunica media

Cardiac Center

-controls heart rate -via sympathetic or parasympathetic innervation of the SA node

Local Vasoactive Mediators

-enothelial cellls release paracrines to affect arteriole radius Nitric oxide reduces intracellular Ca+ in sm=vasodilation

RAAS

-ensures a decrease in blood pressure is followed by an increase in blood pressure

Formula for MAP

-for approximating mean arterial pressure -@120/80, mAP=80+1/3(40)=93mmHg

Blood Pressure

-force exerted by blood against a vessel wall

Veins

-formed when venules merge -return blood to heart -serve as blood reservoir-highly distensible and large radius -@ rest 60% of blood is contained in veins

Local Metabolic Changes

-higher activity=higher blood flow -lower metabolic activity=lower blood flow -VASOD is response to lower O2, increase in CO2, increase in acidic environment, increase in K+

Formula Oulse Pressure

-if blood pressure is 120/80, pulse pressure is 40mmHg (120-80)

Vasodialtion

-increase in vessel radius -sm relaxes -decreased resistance -increase flow -hot

MAP and the Kidneys

-kidneys make alterations in MAP via alterations in blood volume -increase urine output=decrease blood volume -vice versa decrease urine output=increase blood volume -kidneys are very sensitive to low blood flow and will fail if under perfused

Local Physical Influences on Arteriolar Radius

-local application of heat or cold

Heme Groups

-make red -pigment containing iron -appears redish when oxygenated -appears bluish when deoxygenated -high affinity for oxygen

granulocytes

-monocytes: phagocytes/macrophages -lymphocytes: immunity (B/T cells)

Vasoconstriction

-narrowing of vessel/decrease radius -sm contracts -increased resistance -decreases flow -cold

Granulocytes

-neutrophils: phagocytosis/1st at scene of injury -eosinophils: respond to parasitic worms and allergies -basophils: mast cells contain histamine

Formation of Formed Elements/Hematopoiesis

-occurs red bone marrow/myeloid tissue -begins with stem cell -chemicals communicate what the body needs -EPO (increase RBC) -thrombopoietin (clot) -CSF-colony stimulating factor (increse WBC)

2. Formation of a platelet plug

-platelets aggregate on contact with exposed collagen in damaged wall of the vessel -stick to each other

ADH/Vasopressin

-produced in hypothalamus and released from posterior pituitary (conserves water)

Globin Portion

-protein chains -affinity for CO2 (carbon dioxide)

Vascular tone

-reflects the state of partial sm contraction to establish baseline resistance -always keeping a contraction

Aldosterone

-released from adrenal cortex (conserves Na+)

General Characteristics of Blood

-represents about 8% of total body weight -average volume is 5 L -pH: 7.35-7.45 -temp: 100.4 degrees F -Color: red

Capillaries

-smallest of vessels across which all exchanges between blood and tissues takes place -thin walled extensively branched -capillary beds -capillaries surrounded by precapillary sphincters at ther entrance -contraction of sphincters reduces blood flowing into capillaries in an organ -relaxation of sphincters has opposite effect (ncrease blood flow)

Mean Arterial Pressure

-will increase during NE stimulation of alpha 1 receptors -will decrease if you are dehydrated or hemorrhaging -increases if stroke volume increases -will increase during NE stimulation of alpha 1 receptors -will decrease if you are dehydrated or hemorrhaging -increases if stroke volume increases -decreases with parasympathetic innervation of the SA node

3 Factors that enhance venous return

1. skeletal muscle pump 2. respiratory pump 3. venoconstriction

Functions of WBCs

1. emigration/diapedesis: moement of WBCs through vessel walls 2. chemotaxis: movement of WBCs toward chemical signals 3. phagocytosis: cell engulfing 4. immunity/antibody production: bind with foreign invaders

Leukocytes

1. neutrophils 2. eosinophils 3. basophils 4. monocytes 5. lymphocytes Structure: 2-3 times larger then RBC Types: -granulocytes -agranulocytes

Angiotensin II

1. potent vasconstricter 2. stimulates release of ADH 3. stimulates the release of aldosterone

Plasma Proteins

55% 1. immuoglobulins-antibodies 2. fibrinogen & prothrombin-blood clotting 3. albumins-maintain osmotic pressure

What pH value is more acidic

7.35

What is the pH of blood

7.35-7.45

ACE

=angiotensin converting enzyme -converts AI into AII

Blood Volume

=blood in CV system increase BV=increase BP decrease BV=decrease BP

What NT is used at the NMJ

ACh

MAP

Average pressure driving blood forward into tissues throughout cardiac cycle

Certain conditions (like a lower pH) cause a greater oxygen dissociation at a given partial pressure. This is known as

Bohr Effect

CO=

HRxSV

T or F Vasodilation results from activation of parasympathetic fibers innervating the tunica media.

False

Venules

Formed when capillaries rejoin

If PO2 is high, Hb saturation is....

High

Cardiovascular Control Center

In medulla oblongata

Diastolic Pressure

Min pressure in arteries when blood is draining off into vessels downstream during ventricular diastole -averages 80 mmHg

Systolic Pressure

Max pressure exerted by ejected blood against vessel walls during ventricular systole -averages 120 mmHg

Which of the following is INCORRECT with regards to respiration:

The diaphragm contracts down and decreases the volume of the thoracic cavity

Depolarization of neurons is a result the influx of what ion

Na+ sodium

Match the following (use the answers only once):

Neutrophils-Granular and phagocytic Eosinophils-Can destroy parasitic worms Basophils-Contains histamine Lymphocytes-May be a B or T cell Leukocytes-May be agranular or granular Monocytes-Becomes a "large eating cell"

Pulse Pressure

Pressure difference between systolic and diastolic pressure

Baroreceptors

Pressure sensors -within carotid arteries and aortic arch -make quick adjustments in pressure

Carbaminohemoglobin

RBC with CO2

Fluid In

Reabsorption at venule end

Oxyhemoglobin

Red blood cell saturated with oxygen

CO=HRx

SV

NE is used in what division of the NS?

Sympathetic

Platelets

Thrombocytes Structure: formed within the myeloid tissue from large cells called megakaryocyte in response to thrombopoietin Function: -repairs slightly damaged blood vessels -initiate the clotting cascade/hemostasis

TPR

Total peripheral Resistance -vasoconstricition, vasodialtion arterioles

Blood Functions

Transportation Regulation Protections

Boyle's law describes the relationship between volume and pressure, in which pressure is inversely proportional to volume.

True

T or F Veins are considered a reservoir for blood. The blood in the veins can be quickly returned to the the heart (right atrium) if necessary through venoconstriction and the skeletal muscle pump.

True

If you are dehydrated, your kidneys, will be influenced by ADH

Ture

Fluid Out

Ultrafiltration at arterial end

Ideal BP

Under 120/80