HSCI 202 Final Exam
Select the properties of a confounder
- Must be an independent cause or predictor of the outcome (associated with outcome) -Must be associated with the exposure -Must NOT be an intermediate step on the causal pathway (can NOT be an effect of the exposure.)
Women and girls tend to have lower education, which can impact:
- mobility -decision making power -job opportunities
In cohort studies, we can estimate the
- risk difference - risk ratio - incidence rate - cumulative incidence
Which of the following can be considered a social determinant of health (select all that apply) -Education access -Employment -Health care access -Neighborhood
-Education access -Employment -Health care access -Neighborhood
Environmental Justice encompasses the idea that communities have ____. (Please select all that apply.)
-The same degree of protection from environmental and health hazards -Equal access to the decision-making process to have a healthy environment in which to live, learn, and work.
The epidemiological triangle consists of:
-agent -host -disease
Which of following is a type of control measure commonly used in a disease outbreak?
-behavioral interventions -vaccine campaigns -medication distribution -person protective equipment
When we consider socioeconomic status, in practice it is typically characterised as:
-employment -money -education
disaster risk is comprised of
-hazards -vulnerability -exposure
Infectious diseases are on the rise because of:
-increased travel and connectivity -urbanization -poverty -climate change
Which of the following is a level of racism?
-institutionalized -personally mediated -internalized
The issue of food apartheids can be exacerbated by: (select all that apply)
-lack of car ownership -the availability of fast-food restaurants -urban sprawl
During an outbreak investigation we use surveillance to help us determine what characteristics of a disease?
-person -place -time
To measure disease frequency, you need to know:
-population -time -cases of the disease -size of the population
A person was enrolled in a study on the association between alcohol use and death on 1/1/2019. They were followed until 1/1/2020, at which point they were lost to follow up. On 1/1/2021 they turned up alive and resumed participating in the study until the study concluded on 1/1/2022. How many years of Person Time did this person contribute to the study?
3
(A) Wood stove/respiratory infection: 350 (B) Wood Stove/ no respiratory infection: 140 (C) no wood stove/ respiratory infection: 120 (D) no wood stove/ no respiratory infection: 410 Calculate the correct measure of association. What's your answer?
8.5
The outcomes i known at the beginning of what kind of study?
A case control study
Weakness of Cohort Study
Not good for rare outcomes
(A) Wood stove/respiratory infection: 350 (B) Wood Stove/ no respiratory infection: 140 (C) no wood stove/ respiratory infection: 120 (D) no wood stove/ no respiratory infection: 410 An investigator is interested in the association between wood stove exposure and respiratory infection. The investigator decides to enroll participants in a case control study. What is the correct measure of association the investigator should use?
Odds ratio
which measure of disease occurrence is existing disease burden?
Prevalence
The main measure of infectivity is the
R0
health inequities are...
Systemic health differences between groups that are socially produced
What slice of the pie is the causative agent?
Whichever piece is in all different causal pies
A study where subjects at risk of the outcome are defined according to their exposure and followed over time to determine the incidence of the outcome is called...
a cohort study
A risk difference is an example of a
absolute measure
what level is health inequities
all levels
globally whats increasing?
both conflict and natural hazard related disasters
what contributes to risk disease
both gender and sex differences
strength of a case control study
can be conducted after exposures and cases have started
which measure of disease occurrence is raw numbers of disease
case counts
The "lifetime risk of breast cancer" among women is a commonly cited measure of which of the following?
cumulative incidence
which measure of disease occurrence is occurrence new cases of a disease
cumulative incidence
If we don't know the cause or pathogen of a disease, we can
design and conduct an epidemiological study
Absolute measures of association are some sort of __________ , while relative measures of association are some kind of __________
difference, ratio
The study of the Social Determinants of Health focuses on the cause (exposure) at what level?
distal
what level is the US government and policies
distal level
An investigator identifies a strong association between ice cream and shark attacks. This association is likely:
due to confounding
what slice of a causal pie is considered component causes
each slice is a component cause
strength of a cross sectional study
easy and inexpensive
The idea that minority communities are exposed to more pollution than they emit is an issue of
environmental justice
What type of study is considered the gold standard in epidemiology?
experimental
Minorities are more likely to die of COVID-19 due to underlying genetic differences between racial groups
false
True or False? When the direction of the bias is toward the null, it means that the error causes the true measure of association to be overestimated.
false
climate change directly causes conflict
false
poor recall is a type of bias
false
Membership in which type of population is based on some kind of event
fixed
strength of a cohort study
good for rare exposures
The multi-dimensional poverty index measures poverty on three dimensions:
health, education, standard of living
An unvaccinated child is an example of a:
host
which measure of disease occurrence is speed of new cases of disease
incidence rate
A student was exposed to SARS-CoV-2 on September 12. Their symptoms began on September 18. What do you call the time period between exposure and onset of syptoms?
incubation period
The (blank)period is the time between initial contact with an infectious agent and the appearance of symptoms; the (blank) period is the time between exposure and the onset of the infectious period (when you can transmit the disease).
incubation, latency
Bias that can occur if the data you collect from (or about) your participants is erroneous is called
information bias
What type of bias occurs AFTER participants are enrolled in the study
information bias
The process of gaining the agreement of all eligible and willing individuals to participate in an experimental trial is referred to as
informed consent
what level is the school you attended
intermediate level
According to the Karasek model of job stress, which type of job is the WORST for your overall health?
low control, high demand
Which of the following is a general word that can apply to a disease, condition, or event?
morbidity
According to Dr. Camera Jones, the idea that we can pull ourselves up from our own bootsraps and achieve great things is called the:
myth of meritocracy
What type of misclassification is this: When misclassification on one measure (exposure OR outcome) is independent of the other
non-differential
Weakness of Case-control Study
not good for rare exposures
Weakness of Cross-Sectional Study
not good for rare outcomes
Which of the following refers to the proportion of the population that is diseased during a specified duration of time, such as the year 2021?
period prevalence
When a spike in disease cases serves as the source for future disease spikes, we see what kind of an outbreak curve?
propagated outbreak curve
An investigator sought to study the association between air pollution and COVID-19 on UVM's campus. The investigator enrolls 100 freshmen, gives them each an air monitor to monitor their air pollution, and follows them until graduation to see if they develop COVID. What kind of study design is this?
prospective cohort study
what level is your genetic makeup
proximal level
Selecting a diseased control group is the most common method for minimizing which type of bias?
recall bias
A risk ratio is an example of an
relative measure
Bias due to differences in those who do and who do not agree to participate in a study due to both exposure and disease is called
response bias
An investigator is interested in the association between Tylenol use and Myocardial Infarction (a heart attack). The investigator has access to the Nurses Health Study data and pulls data reported by 3,000 women in 1981 and assess their reported Tylenol use. Then, the investigator evaluates whether any of these women developed a Myocardial Infarction before 2015. What kind of study design is this?
retrospective cohort study
Researchers at UVM have demonstrated that upstream tree forest cover is protective against diarrheal disease for
rural communities
What type of bias can occur when one group in the study population has a higher probability of being included in the study sample?
selection bias
According to Dr. Camera Jones, racism is a system of ______________ based on the social interpretation of how one looks (which is what we call "race"), that unfairly disadvantages some individuals and communities, unfairly advantages other individuals and communities, and saps the strength of the whole society through the waste of human resources.
structuring opportunity and assigning value
what slice of a causal pie is a sufficient cause?
the complete pie is the sufficient cause
What model encompasses the idea that we should have income benefits during unemployment?
the economic deprivation model
From your reading: The stigma experienced by transgender people often results in what is called
the stigma-sickness slope
Which of the following is NOT an example of a social gradient of health? -The association between maternal literacy and under-5 mortality -The association between race and maternal mortality -The association between race and Covid-19 infections -These are all examples of a social gradient of health
these are all examples of a social gradient of health