Hull
Incremental reinforcers
increased a drive. (Shock increases the need to avoid it)
Performance
(K) drops dramatically when animals trained on a large reinforcement were switched to smaller reinforcement and vice versa. Thus momentary effective reaction potential required K as a product component to habit strength and drive.
Postulate 10
o Factors that inhibit learnt responses change from moment to moment. This inhibitory potential is called the oscillation effect and is a wild car in Hull's theory. The SOR must be subtracted from effective reaction potential to calculate momentary effective reaction potential. sEr=[sHr x D-(Ir -sIr)]- sOr
Hunger: Mediating Event
Can be defined as feeling of emptiness or the sensation of "pangs" in the stomach. However this definition is very subjective and difficult to measure. An operational definition of hunger is, number of hours of food deprivation. This definition is quantifiable.
Two-Process Theory
Classical Conditioning: Sign Learning Light CS>>>Electric Shock US>>>Fear/Pain UR Instrumental conditioning: Solution learning Light CS>>> Run away CR >>> Escape Pain US
Hull
Completed his PhD from university of Wisconsin. Studied aptitudes and hypnosis. Provoked by Pavlov to study conditioning. Wrote Principles of behavior, and a behavior system. Became the most cited psychologist in the 40s and 50s died in 1952. Very powerful man sometimes misused things he did not like so it did not get published.
Avoidance Learning
The organism acquires a response that prevents the aversive stimulation from ever happening.
Habit Family Hierarchy
The organism can generate a number of possible overt responses in any particular situation, and these serve as alternate ways of reaching a goal. The set of responses, that brings about reinforcement most rapidly and with the least amount of effort, will stick.
Escape Learning
The organism confronts the aversive stimulus and requires a response that removes it.
Postulate 7
The probability of a learned response occurring at a particular moment is called reaction potential (sEr), and is the product of habit strength and drive. If habit strength or drive equals zero, reaction potential equals zero. sEr = sHr x D
Postulate 12
The probability that a learned response will occur as a combine function of if sEr, sOr, and sLr.
Postulate 14
The value sEr will determine resistance to extinction. The greater its value the greater the resistance to extinction.
Detrimental reinforcers
those that reduced a drive (food reduces hunger)
Effective Reaction potential
thus generated by habit strength, drive, reactive inhibition and conditioned inhibition.
Frustration Experiment
To test frustration hypothesis, Amsel and Roussel, reinforced animals at the ends of two connected runways continuously. They then reinforced animals in runway 1, 50 % of the time, and in runway 2, 100% of the time. Animals ran faster in runway 2 due to frustration for not finding reinforcement in runway 1.
Discrimination Learning
When an animal is presented with two stimuli and is reinforced for responding to one and not the other, discrimination takes place.
Crespi Effect
When rats were trained on a large reinforcement and switched to smaller reinforcement performance dropped, not learning, and vice versa.
Rest from Fatigue
When rest ameliorates fatigue, extinguished response spontaneously recovers.
Postulate 16
When two or more incompatible responses are elicited in a situation, one with the greatest SER will occur. Hug granny or boyfriend. Respond differently to one stimulus at particular moment which behavior has more reactive response.
Fractional anticipatory frustration reaction
a frustration caused by anticipating no reinforcement in the goal box. All such responses become stimuli for resisting the goal box.
Fractional Antedating Goal Response
are small partial responses made by the organism prior to making the actual goal responses.
Mowrer's Theory
considered all learning sign learning, because internal responses served as stimuli that gave a sign of what to expect and therefor solution learning was not needed.
Primary Frustration
not finding reinforcement in goal box.Unlearnt drive-like state caused by absence of reinforcement.
Stimulus Intensity Dynamism
o (V) An intervening variable varied with the intensity of the external stimulus. When the intensity of an external stimulus increased, V increased, which increased probability of a learned response.
Postulate 11
The learned response will only be emitted if sEr is greater than reaction threshold sLr.
Postulate 6
A biological deficit produces a drive which is associated with drive stimuli
Postulate 4
As the association between stimulus and the response strengthens, Hull says that the habit of giving that response to the stimulus increases. The habit strength is represented as sHr=1-10-0.0305N N is the number of successive reinforcements strengthening stimulus and response. "satisfying state of affairs".
Sign & Solution Learning
Avoidance learning, light tells animal to avoid shock because it is painful. Through classical conditioning the animal associates light with pain. Mowrer referred to this as sign learning. Once the animal is warned about the shock and the resulting pain, it must perform a behavior to avoid the pain. Avoiding pain becomes negative reinforcement what Mowrer called solution learning.
Postulate 13
The greater the value momentary effective reaction potential sEr the shorter the latency (time) sTr between S and R.
Mowrer
Developed the two process theory to explain avoidance learning
Postulate 2
Each organism is bombarded by many stimuli and thus many sensory traces are generated. These traces interact with one another, and represent complexity of stimulation.
Postulate 1
External stimulation triggers a sensory impulse that continues for a few seconds after the stimulating event has terminated. This impulse is the stimulus trace.
Postulate 9
Fatigue conditions the animal not to respond. Learning not to respond avoids fatigue and is called conditioned inhibition (sIr).
Neobehaviorism
Hull thus evolved a new brand of behaviorism which uses intervening variables as hypothesized by physiological processes to explain behavior. (mediating events no mind)
Drive Stimulus Reduction
Hull's change: Reinforcement reduced drive stimulus not the drive. Water quenched parched throat not thirst.
Latent Learning
Implicit learning that takes place without reinforcement and remains dormant until reinforcement reveals it.
Neal Miller
Investigated learned changes in visceral responding and the application of biofeedback on behavioral medicine.
Reminiscence Effect
Mass practice on a motor task (rotating disk) increases fatigue, and thus results in poorer performance compared to distributed practice.
Intervening Variable
Operationally defined mediating events, like hunger are ________ ________that reside in the organism and are caused by factors like food deprivation, thus they can effect behavioral change like learning.
Postulate 3
Organisms are born with hierarchy of unlearnt responses. Unlearnt behaviors are triggered first when the need arises. If these behaviors fail organism learns new behaviors to reduce the need.
Watson's Behaviorism
Radically denounces mind and consciousness and focuses on overt measurable behavior. The organism is empty and brain physiology merely connects stimulus with response.
Postulate 8
Responding causes fatigue, and fatigue eventually inhibits responding. This is called reactive inhibition (IR). Fatigue is a negative drive state. Makes the animal not to respond.
Postulate 5
Similar stimuli will evoke the same response or habit. Prior experience will affect current elarning. Hull called it, Generalized Habit Strength. (sHR).
Postulate 15
Some learnt responses occur in degrees like, salivation or GSR. The amplitude of a conditioned response varies directly with sEr.
Frustration- Competition Theory
Spence argued when a regular reinforce was removed and K equaled 0, the animal got frustrated for not receiving a reinforcer, and emitted responses incompatible with the learnt response which gets extinguished.