Hum Dev Study Guides - Ex. 1

nature/nurture chart

(pic)

Environmental hazards: radiation, pollutants, chemicals. Folic acid (p.71 & lecture).

***

carrier

*** hemophilia - does not express trait, but can pass it on to offspring - has only 1 copy of a gene for a RECESSIVE trait, does not express it but can pass it ex: hemophilia, blue eyes

What occurs during germinal period and when does the period begin and end (p. 69-70)?

- 1st phase of prenatal development, lasting about 2 weeks from conception until the developing organism becomes attached to the wall of the uterus 1 - fertilization usually occurs within 24 hours of ovulation 2 - single-celled zygote begins to divide 24-36 hours after fertilization 3 - mass has 12-16 cells and is called a morula; it travels down the fallopian tube to the uterus. 4-5 - an inner cell mass forms; the entire mass is called a blastocyst and is the size of a pinhead. 6-7 - the blastocyst attaches to the wall of the uterus. 8-14 - during the second week, the blastocyst becomes fully embedded in the wall of the uterus. It now has about 250 cells.

hemophilia

- CARRIER + sex-linked inheritance - deficiency in the blood's ability to clot - more common among males than females bc it is associated with a sexlinked gene on the X chromosome

What are some factors associated with low birth weight (p.97)?

- age of mother (very young or older) - low socioeconomic status of mother, linked with poor nutrition and inadequate prenatal care - race (black women are twice as likely as white women to experience premature delivery) - prior premature deliveries, which may indicate underlying and persistent health conditions - tobacco or alcohol use - stress - pregnancies with more than one fetus (twins, triplets, etc.) - infections - high blood pressure.

How may the relative importance of the three types of interactions may change with age?

- as humans develop, they become increasingly able to build their own niches, so active gene-environment correlations become increasingly important - choosing and creating our environments, we actively contribute to our own development

chromosomal abnormalities + examples of each

- conditions in which a child has too few, too many, or incomplete chromosomes because of errors in the formation of sperm or ova. - down syndroms (trisomy 21) sex-chromosome: - turner: XO - klinefelter - XXY (male) - XYY

what is CNV

- copy number variation - instances in which a person receives too many or too few copies of a stretch of DNA; like gene mutations, they can either be inherited from a parent or arise spontaneously and can contribute to diseases and disorders

Cultural differences in birthing practices (p.92-93 & multicultural presentation).

- different cultures have different views of the desirability of having children - in some cultures, women's activities and interactions with others are restricted for a period of time following childbirth - childbirth in highly industrialized Western societies is highly "medicalized," with women hospitalized, hooked up to monitors, and separated from most friends and family members

Explain the rat pup study (p.61)

- early experience of rat pups can affect the activity of their genes and, in turn, not only their own development but that of their offspring - if mother rats are nurturant—if they regularly lick and groom their pups and nurse them with an arched back in the first week of life—the pups grow up able to handle stress well - if rat moms are neglectful and do not provide this tender tactile care, rat pups become timid and easily stressed adults - differences in pups' reactivity to stress were not due to heredity, raising the pups of nurturant mothers with neglectful mothers and the pups of neglectful mothers with nurturant mothers demonstrated that it was rearing that mattered. - epigenetic transmission of neglectful (or nurturing) parenting styles from one generation to the next.

elements of life's road map

- events (milestones) - timing (age grades/norms, social clock) - sequencing: order of life events (before/after) - duration: # of years in each phase - transitions: role changes brough abt by event (graduation, marriage, baby)

sex-linked

- genes are on x and y (23rd sex pair) usually x-linked (missing on Y bc Y is smaller) - mechanism of inheritance in which a characteristic is influenced by single genes located on the sex chromosomes (usually the X chromosome).

single gene dominant characteristics

- genetic mechanism through which a characteristic is influenced by only one pair of genes, one gene from the mother and its partner from the father.differences in a single gene - one gene influences that phenotype ** Dominant - Huntington's, Brown Eyes, Curly Hair

huntington's disease

- genetic neurodegenerative disease caused by a single, dominant gene that strikes in middle age to produce a deterioration of physical and mental abilities and premature death - CAG repeats (under 35 = normal, 35-39 = risk, >40 = symptoms, 109 repeats max) causing mis-folding of the Huntington protein - aggregation of short end fragments accumulate in the nucleus and cause cell death - more repeats = more severe disease - typically involve subtle changes in personality, cognition, and movement

List and understand Darwin's main arguments (p. 36-37)

- genetic variation exists within a species (not all ind alike) - some genes confer traits to ind more beneficial than others (some genes aid adaptation more than others do) - ind w/genes are more likely to survive and pass on genes to next generation - genes that help ind survive will get passed on more frequently than those that dont (genes that aid their bearers in adapting to their environment will be passed to future generations more frequently than genes that do no) - env selects for those traits - genetic makeup of species slowly changes

chromosome

- histone protein clump (nucleosome) + DNA strand wrapped around it. - allows control of gene "expression". - threadlike structure made up of genes; in humans, there are 46 chromosomes in the nucleus of each cell

what is kangaroo care, does massage therapy help premature infants, breast milk for premies (p.97)?

- holding a young infant skin to skin on a parent's chest; often used with premature babies to help maintain body temperature, heart rate, and oxygen levels in the blood - those who received moderate-pressure massage gained significantly more weight on each of the days of the therapy than the premature babies in the light-massage group

human genome project

- human genome has about 3.1 billion of the chemical constituents A, C, G, and T - but, it turns out that only about 3% of the human genome consists of what has traditionally been defined as genes: stretches of DNA that are transcribed into RNA (ribonucleic acid), which then serves as a template for the production of particular proteins - other segments of DNA play critical roles in regulating the activity of genes, helping to choreograph, along with environmental influences, how genes turn on and off in different types of cells at different times. - 999 of 1,000 base chemicals are identical in all humans; it is the remaining 1 of 1,000 that makes us each unique

What was the text example of moths and their rural vs industrial environmental niches (p. 37)?

- in rural areas light-colored moths were more likely to survive (light-colored moths blend in well with light-colored trees and are therefore better protected from predators, so natural selection favors them) - in industrial areas dark moths were more likely to survive (sooty industrial areas, light-colored moths are easy pickings against the darkened trees, whereas dark moths are well disguised)

age norms

- informal rules that specify age-appropriate roles and behaviors of each age group - expectations about what people should be doing or how they should behave at different points in the life span - society's way of telling people how to act their age (ie. 6-year-olds are too young to date or drink beer but are old enough to attend school adults should think about marrying around age 25 (although in some segments of society earlier or later is better) and should retire around age 65))

poly-genetic (polygenic) inheritance

- mechanism of inheritance in which multiple gene pairs interact with environmental factors to influence a trait. - controlled or affected by a number of diff genes - height and weight, IQ, temperament, susceptibility to cancer, eye color

What is a morula, a blastula / blastocyst?

- morula: solid ball of cells in germinal period - blastula: ball with cavity in germinal period - blastocyte: hollow sphere of about 100-150 cells that the zygote forms by rapid cell division as it moves through the fallopian tube

nature/nurture

- nature: heredity, maturation, genes, innate or biologically based predispositions - nurture: environment, learning, experience, cultural influences - debate over the relative roles of biological predispositions (nature) and environmental influences (nurture) as determinants of human development - question of how biological forces and environmental forces act and interact to make us what we are, debate over the relative roles of biological predispositions (nature) and environmental influences (nurture) as determinants of human development.

What does the neural tube become?

- neural tube becomes the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (day 25) *** (anterior) BRAIN (teloncepheron) & (posterior) SPINAL CORD

Father's state; can a father's age contribute to risk for miscarriage (p.88)?

- odds of miscarriage increase with paternal age - children born to older fathers also face elevated risk of congenital heart defects, neural tube defects, and kidney problems, as well as preterm delivery and low birth weight - like the risk of miscarriage, the odds of Down syndrome and genetic conditions caused by mutations are greater when both mother and father are older - as well, the offspring of young fathers (less than 20 years) are at greater risk for Down syndrome and some other anomalies - finally, researchers have consistently identified advanced paternal age (i.e., 50 and older) as a risk factor for schizophrenia

social clock

- personal sense of when things should be done in life and when the individual is ahead of or behind the schedule dictated by age norms - grouping age norms creats clock that order life events

What is proliferation, migration, differentiation?

- process in early brain development in which neurons multiply at a staggering rate throughout the prenatal period - process in early brain development in which neurons move from their place of origin in the center of the brain to particular locations throughout the brain where they will become part of specialized functioning units - in brain development, the progressive diversification of cells that results in their taking on different characteristics and functions.

sickle cell anemia

- recessive gene + incomplete dominant - genetic blood disease in which red blood cells assume an unusual sickle shape and become inefficient at distributing oxygen throughout the body. - causing breathing problems and pain

Know some risky behaviors in adolescence

- smoke cigarettes, and the more they smoke, the more likely they are to become addicted to nicotine. - more likely to engage in risky sexual behaviors including sex with multiple partners and unprotected sex. In turn, these behaviors are associated with unintended pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases. - more likely to get into a car where the driver has been drinking, which greatly increases the risk of an accident. - more likely to get into physical fights, experience academic problems, and engage in illegal behaviors.

age grade

- socially defined age groups or strata, each with different statuses, roles, privileges, and responsibilities in society - each culture has its own ways of carving up the life span and of treating the people in different age groups, creating socially defined age group in a society that are assigned different statuses, roles, privileges, and responsibilities (i.e. separating children into grades in school based on age, high schools "elite" seniors and "lowly" freshmen, define middle young and old age

What is surfactant as it pertains to an infant (p.97)?

- substance that aids breathing by preventing the air sacs of the lungs from sticking together - seems to improve survival rate among the sickest infants, however, it has not entirely improved the health or long-term achievement scores of LBW

What are the maternal & fraternal ages most likely to be associated with miscarriage?

- teenagers and women over the age of 35 - men who are in their 40's and 50's

What about the mother: age (p.84 & 88), emotional state, nutrition (p.84-87)?

- very young and very old mothers are at greater risk for fetal mortality. The best time to have a baby, if all other variables are the same, is when a woman is in her 20s or early 30s. - it is only when a mother experiences prolonged and severe emotional stress and anxiety during her pregnancy (the death of her partner or spouse, chronic illness of another child, or unemployment) that long-lasting damage may be done - effects of malnutrition depend on when it occurs. - during the first trimester, malnutrition can disrupt the formation of the spinal cord, result in fewer brain cells, and even cause stillbirth. The offspring of malnourished mothers sometimes show cognitive deficits as infants and children. Through fetal programming, poor prenatal nutrition may also put some children at risk for certain diseases in adulthood, including hypertension, coronary heart disease, diabetes, and even the serious mental disorder schizophrenia

Benefits of breast feeding ('Exploration 3.1, p.95).

- vulnerable infants benefit from their mother's breast milk even if they can't effectively nurse when they are hooked up to tubes and machines in the NICU - mothers can pump their breast milk to provide nutrient-rich nourishment that helps boost their infant's fledgling immune system - babies with extremely low birth weights who receive breast milk later score about 5 points higher on the Bayley Scale of Mental Development than similar babies who receive no breast milk

Distinguish between the prenatal period-how long does it usually last? - vs. the perinatal period (see terms above).

-prenatal care is time before birth when a soon-to-be mother will come in for check-ups and care before the birth of their child - perinatal care is the time before and after birth. (perinatal = environment surrounding birth.)

What are some causes of genetic variability?

1) sexual reproduction (meiosis/fertilization) 2) crossing over 3) mutations 4) in/outbreeding burggggggerrrr

What is pruning (p.109, see also Fig. 4.6)?

1- 2 years: Increase in size, number of synaptic connections, pruning (dec in # of connections/neurons, keep what you use, customized to environment), myelination continues, development of PFC (prefrontal cortex)

draw a reflex

1. Sensory Afferent - carry messages towards the CNS (brain and spinal cord), input pick up changes in the environment and carry this info to CNS, sensory touch, pain, taste, smell, vision sound (uni/bipolar) 2. Motor Efferents - carry messages away from the CNS, in order to (output) produce a response (cause effect) in muscles, glands, organs (multipolar) - motor 3. Interneurons - connect one neuron to another, connect sensory (input( and motor (output) neurons, allow for complex reflex connections - touch, pain, taste, smell, vision, sound

adolescence

10-18 (or from puberty to when the individual becomes relatively independent)

emerging adulthood

18-25 or even 29 (transitional period between adolescence and adulthood) - newly identified period of the life span when young people are neither adolescents nor adults and are exploring their identities, careers, and relationships - transitional period between adolescence and full-fledged adulthood, college-aged youth spend years getting educated and saving money in order to launch their adult lives, distinct developmental period primarily in developed countries

preschool period

2-5, some prefer to describe as toddlers children who have begun to walk and are age 1-3

human chromosome number and where from

23 matched pairs of chromosome - 46 total, 1 chromosome of each pair from mom/dad - 2 copies of every gen from mom/dada

early adulthood

25-40 years (adult roles are established)

middle adulthood

40-65 years

middle childhood

6-10, or until the onset of puberty

late adulthood

65 years and older (some break out subcategories such as the young-old, old-old, and very old based on differences in functioning)

ZEF - F developmental events

9 weeks: bone tissue develops, =open/close mouth, turn head 10-12 weeks: fingers, external genitalia, moves, 3" long 12-16 weeks: movement felt by mother, 4 1/2 inch long 15-22 weeks: fingernails, hair, teeth buds, brain waves 20-25 weeks: age of viability 29-38 weeks: weight gain, curled in fetal position and crampled, irregular uterine contractions,

Nervous system development (Fig 3.2 + lecture) - neural plate, neural tube, & neural crest cells - which of these makes the CNS, the PNS?

CNS - neural tube, PNS - neural crest cells (somatosensory nerves, autonomic nerves, motor neurons, adrenal/epinephrine)

Chromosomal abnormalities - Trisomy 21 (p. 45-46).

Down Syndrome - aka trisomy 21 (bc 3 copies of chromosome 21)usually caused by failure of pair to separate in mom, so egg brings 2 copies of chromosome 21's instead of 1, and sperm brings 147 chromosomes instead of 46, 23 pairsrisk factors: maternal age, previous down baby - kids have trouble speaking, so parents mix audio and sign language, small skull, limbs, ears, flat nose, almond eyes with distinctive folds, obesity, thick tongue, heart defects, low strength, low IQ

Know the basic functions of the 4 lobes (frontal & PFC, parietal, temporal, occipital) and the cerebellum (text & lecture),

FRONTAL - everything infront of central sulcus, dividing frontal from parietal lobe ** PFC: don't react immediately, pros/cons, wait - strategy formation, risk taking, rule breaking, attention, working memory, delayed response, divergent thinking, spontaneity, motor inhibition, smell ** Frontal: motor strip - voluntary control of skeletal muscles, fine motor movement and strength - NOT PFC, broca's area - speech production (voca) - NOT PFC PARIETAL - tactile sensory: touch, joint position, muscle tension, pain, body image, math, spatial ability (directions, sculptures) TEMPORAL - hearing, wernicke's areas (understanding, speech comprehension), memory (hippocampus), fear (amygdala) OCCIPITAL - vision (after stopping in thalamus)

What is a morula, a blastula/blastocyst (p.69)?

Morula - solid ball of cells Blastula - big enough to where the inside is hollow, endoderm and ectoderm

Age Brain weight Birth _____ % of adult weight 2 yrs _____ % of adult weight 5 yrs _____ % of adult weight

NB 25% of adult weight 2 yrs 75% of adult weight 5 yrs 90% of adult weight

Neuron proliferation, migration (p. 72), differentiation (p.73, see also Table 3.5), synaptogenesis (p.109), myelination (p. 106 - not how long the mylenation process takes for the entire nervous system!).

Proliferate: make new neurons, 100,000 per minute, week 6-17, adding layers of cells on top of ventricles Migrate: climb up as they are migrating? radial glial cells Aggregate (organize) Differentiate - specialize structurally and functionally Neurons - shape, neurotransmitter Glial cells - type Synaptogenesis - forming functional connections, increases rapidly after birth, young children have many more synapses than adults Myelination - formed on neurons in fetal period, 3rd trimester (7/8/9th month), continues through early adulthood (20s)

know results of Rosenzweig's and Greenough's experiments (see photo p.110).

Rosenzweig & Krech (inc in size of rat cortex with enriched env): Increase in size of rat cortex with enriched environment, inc in # of synaptic connections

S.A.M.E.

S - sensory (touch pain taste smell vision sound) A - afferent (info in) interneuron M - motor E - efferent (info out) sensory neurons are afferents, send messages towards the CNS (brain and spinal cord) - unipolar/bipolar - pick up changes in env and carry info to the CNS motor neurons are efferents, send messages away from the CNS (brain and spinal cord) to an effector organ, where they have effect - multipolar - produce response in muscles, glands, organ

Age of viability (p.73 & Table 3.6), when does survivability reach 50%?

When survival outside the uterus is possible if the brain and respiratory system are sufficiently developed - it is not until 24 weeks' gestation that the rate of survival is above 50%

Chromosomal abnormalities such as Turner's (p. 45-46).

XO Syndrome, missing second X in 23rd spot short, small, underdeveloped no puberty/sterile problems with heart/aorta/kidney need hormome therapy: growth hormone + estrogen normal IQ w/lower scores in spatial and math 1/2500

Triple X Syndrome

XXX women, taller than average fertile IQ low w/low verbal scores learning disabilities/delayed language

Chromosomal abnormalities such as Klinefelters (p. 45-46).

XXY male with one or more extra X chromosome, 1/500-1000 boys weight in abdomen/chest tall, long legs/arms low muscle tone low face/body hair small testicles/penis low sperm count sterile puberty delayed enlarged breast- gynecomastia hormone therapy (w/ testosterone) normal IQ but possible language disability

Super Male

XYY 'super male' tall normal sexual development lower ability compared to non-verbal, chance of learning disabilities

When is & what occurs during the embryo/embryonic period (p. 70-71)?

ZEF - E developmental events developmental events: 3 weeks: ecto/endo/mesoderm 4 weeks: neural tube, heart forms/beats, GI tract/lungs, eyes 5 weeks: brain has 3 regions, heart 2 chambers, arm and leg buds, hand plate, ears/mouth 6 weeks: heart has 4 chambers, fingers, sexual differentiation begins 8 weeks: 1st long, most organs present, ovaries and testes present

Neuroplasticity, pruning & re-wiring (p. 109-110),

adaptability, change, rewiring or reorganization, response to experience (or injury), (why?)

epigenetic - DNA methylation

adds Ch3 (methyl group) to cytosine base of DNA, sticks out, REPRESSES transcription, turns gene off, inheritable after cell division - traumatic event (methylated DNA or histones that persist) = restraint stress in rats, chronic social defeat in rats, depression in humans - maternal traumatic event (low cortisol in moms) - maternal chem exposure (BPA. DDT can effect 3rd generations)

What are the three cell layers the embryo has during the embryonic period?

amnion - INNNNNER layer, a watertight membrane that fills with fluid that cushions and protects the embryo chorion - OUUUUTER membrane that surrounds the amnion and attaches rootlike extensions called villi to the uterine lining to gather nourishment for the embryo., becomes... placenta, - tissue fed by blood vessels from the mother and connected to the embryo by the umbilical cord.

What are some delivery complications - anoxia (p.90), medications, breech, etc. (p.89-91 & lecture)?

anoxia - lack of sufficient oxygen to the brain that may result in neurological damage or death (umbilical cord becomes pinched or tangled during birth) an epidural block, which is administered through an injection or tube in the lower back, medication reduces awareness of pain and sensation in specific parts of the body and is considered relatively safe for the baby. delivery in which the fetus emerges feet first or buttocks first rather than head first.

Teratogen (define - p. 75).

any disease, drug, or other environmental agent that can harm a developing fetus

who determines sex of the baby?

bc a mother's egg has only X chromosomes and a father's sperm cell has either an X chromosome or a Y chromosome (depending on which sex chromosome a sperm receives during meiosis), father determines a child's gender

cross-cultural birthing practices: afganistan

becoming pregnant considered a great honor and raises a woman's social status they avoid hot food to avoid triggering a miscarriage when baby is born prayers whispered in both ears and plaxe or place honey in its mouth before it is allowed to nurse women stay at home and rest for 40 days after giving birth, except for the 7 day holiday when a celebration is held for the baby - likened to american baby shower

What event marks the end of the Germinal period?

blastocyte fully embeds/implants in endometrium wall of uterus (where after it is called an embryo)

co-dominance

blood type - 2 genes influence a trait but each is expressed in the product because they co-dominate - ie AB blood type is a mix of A and B blood types.

CNS = PNS = ANS =

brain & spinal cord, motor, sensory & autonomic nerves, sympathetic & parasympathetic

Which cell layer does the nervous system develop from (p.70-71)?

cells derived from ectoderm evolve into nervous system

epigenetic - histone acetylation

changes accessibility of DNA strands that roll over nucleosomes (a cluster of 9 histone proteins) by adding acetyl groups to histone proteins DNA wrapped tightly to histone = expression off acetylation = reduce DNA/histone affinity = DNA loose = RNA P + TF = expression on

Know the 'genetic relatedness' numbers (p. 42 & lecture).

child-parent: 50% siblings: 50% child-gpa: 25% Iden twins (MONOZYGOTIC): 100% Frat twins (DIZYGOTIC) 50%

where do we get our chromosomes (p. 40)?

chromosome pair—one member came from the father and one member came from the mother.

Prenatal diagnostic tests: amniocentesis

collect cells shed from fetus during development by inserting needle through mother's muscular abdominal and uterine walls and removing fluid from amniotic sac (avoid placenta) - safe at 15 weeks (2nd tri), not before - 2nd tri: age 35 or older, previous birth defect, blood test suggesting birth defect, family history - 3rd tri: determine baby lung maturity, diagnose UTI, check for baby anemia - more invasive?

prenatal period

conception to birth

umbilical cord

connects the embryo to the placenta

When does implantation typically occur?

day 6 of germinal period, when blastocyte reaches uterus

What is SIDs (p.77)?

death of a sleeping baby because of a failure of the respiratory system; linked to maternal smoking

continuity-discontinuity issue

debate among theorists about whether human development is best characterized as gradual and continuous or abrupt and stagelike - do humans change gradually and in quantitative ways—or do they progress through qualitatively different stages and develop very different competencies and characteristics as they get older?

universality vs context specificity

debate over the extent to which developmental changes are common to everyone (universal, as in most stage theories) or different from person to person (particularistic) - is development similar from person to person and from culture to culture—or do pathways of development vary considerably depending on the social context?

What is a critical period (lecture)?

defined period in the development of an organism when it is particularly sensitive to certain environmental influences; outside this period, the same influences will have far less effect. (effects of a teratogenic agent are worst during the critical period when an organ system grows most rapidly)

silver fox video

deliberate selection by humans, offspring sleected for tameness or low flight distance (can get close to him w/o running away)

neuron

dendrites - lines receptor - little rectangles where neurotransmitters bind if they fit receptor soma/cell body - outer circle in middle, contains nucleus axon - line after hillock, where signal travels nucleus - inner circle, where proteins are being produced axon hillock (initial segment) - black triangle, action potential triggered myelin - ovals on black line, speed nerve impulse nodes of ranvier - spaces between myelin/ovals, allows for ion exchange (Na/K channels) and signal recharging axon terminals - branches at the end of the axon (3 lines after axon, not zoomed in chunk) synaptic vesicles - zoomed in axon terminals, membrane bound sacs holding neurotransmitters (stars, tells synaptic vesicle to fuse and dump contents into synapse) axon collaterals - side branches of the axon synapse - space in zoomed in version between neuron 1 and 2

DNA

deoxyribonucleic acid, the double helix molecule whose chemical code makes up chromosomes and serves as our genetic endowment; it is made up of sequences of the chemicals A (adenine), C (cytosine), G (guanine), and T (thymine).

ZEF - E developmental events

developmental events: 3 weeks: ecto/endo/mesoderm 4 weeks: neural tube, heart forms/beats, GI tract/lungs, eyes 5 weeks: brain has 3 regions, heart 2 chambers, arm and leg buds, hand plate, ears/mouth 6 weeks: heart has 4 chambers, fingers, sexual differentiation begins 8 weeks: 1st long, most organs present, ovaries and testes present

Differential susceptibility.

diff genetic makeups react diff to good/bad env

ZEF - E

embryo - 3-8 weeks - zygote is fully implantated into uterine wall - placenta (exchange gasses), amniotic sac develop (amnion), HCG - human chorionic gonadotropin - internal sexual differentiation (7-8 weeks) - eyes/ears/nose/mouth/limb bunds at 2 months

What does the limbic system do?

emotion and memory

histone acetylation ___ transcription

enhances

Define epigenetics (p.43 & 60-62)

environmental influences alter the expression of genes without any change in actual DNA sequences (gene, genetic code, base pair sequence) changes in molecules associated w/DNA within chromosomes whether genes are turned on (transcribed and translated to protein) or off (unable to read, no protein)

Evolution is about the interaction of __ & ____ (p.38)

evolution is not just about genes. It is about the interaction between genes and environment.

Bonus: what is the 'fingerprint' on top of certain genes that influences whether or not these genes are turned on or not' (p.75)?

experience leaves its "fingerprint" on top of certain genes in certain cells, which influences whether those genes are turned on or not.

Prenatal diagnostic tests: chorionic villus sampling (CVS)

extract fetal cells from fingerlike projections of chorionic villus (which make up most of placenta) by inserting needle in abdomen or cervix not getting into amniotic fluid (the last layer of protection around the baby) catheter inserted through cervix/abd wall to placenta to gently suck out sample - early during pregancy

What is anencephaly,

failure of anterior tube to close, fatal

Spina bifida or pilonidal cyst

failure of posterior tube to close

Who determines the sex of the baby - the mother (egg) or the father (sperm)?

father (sperm)

Define 'conception' (p. 68); what's another term for this? Where does it normally occur?

fertilization - IN FALLOPIAN TUBE

FASD

fetal alcohol spectrum disorder FASD - fetal alcohol spectrum disorder, all babies with physical and psychological problems, interferes with neuron migration causing overshoot (neurons too far to brain surface), leading cause of mental retardation/intellectual disability in infants kelli - 5 pregnancies, killed 2, 1 41 playing with stickers michelle - took daughter to a park -group of symptoms commonly observed in the offspring of mothers who use alcohol heavily during pregnancy, including a small head, widely spaced eyes, and intellectual disability.

When does migration primarily occur (video/lecture)?

fetal period - occurs throughout the prenatal period, but much of it occurs between 14 and 22 weeks after conception

ZEF - F

fetus - 3 months -9th week to birth neurons proliferate, migrate, differentiate, connect myelination begins organ systems grow function bones and muscles develop movement is felt thumbsucking, sensory organs function by 6 month

infancy

first 2 years of life (the first month is the neonatal or newborn period)

folic acid

folic acid/folate = vitamin B9cofactor needed for DNA replication and amino acid conversionlack of folate linked to:baby: neural tube defects: spina bifidacleft lip and palate, limb/heart defectsmother: miscarriage, blood clots, placental abruption, recurrent miscarriages, and stillbirth

brain lobes

frontal , parietal, occipital, temporal frontal - motor + speech production (broca) * PFC - risk taking/rule breaking/smell/attention, working memory parietal - sensory (math, spatial ability, contralateral neglect) temporal - hearing, memory (hippocampus), personality (amygdala), wernickes area occipital - vision

alleles

gene variations, alternate forms of a gene "gene for orange/red/purple tomato"

Passive Gene-environment interaction

general home env * env reinforces/correlates w/genotype - phenomenon in which, because parents provide children with both their genes and a home environment compatible with those genes, the home environments to which children are exposed are correlated with (and typically reinforce) their genotypes. Contrast with active gene-environment correlation and evocative gene-environment correlation.

Gotlieb's Epigenetic Theory

genes and products interact with env to guide develop, species int and ind interact, genes and env are partners in directing orgs (co-act) - genetic endowment makes outcomes/paths probable - env factors influence genes and genetic outcomes

What determines the effect of a teratogen? (4 things -> lecture & p.76)

genetic susceptibility: not all embryo/fetus affected equally what: specific teratogen influences effect, when/timing of exposure: same teratogen causes different effects on timing dose (how much?): higher/longer the exposure = greater damage

p. 72 shows a neuron migrating up a ________.

glial fiber

chromosomal abnormalities chart

hemophilia - sex-linked huntingtons - dominant phenylketonuria - recessive sickle cell anemia - recessive

HCG

human chorionic gonadotrophin hormone

How would you characterize the adolescent brain (lecture & text p.118-119)?

increase in dopamine due to hormonal influences (reward oriented, nucleus accumbens), myelination and maturation of PFC (seat of ind personality) not complete until early adulthood (lack of impulse control and planning)

genotype

instructions in your genes that you inherit two copies, "blueprint", alleles are altered forms - genetic endowment that an individual inherits

Sexual reproduction - 2 processes (p.40-41 & lecture),

involves 2 processes, meiosis (making sperm/egg gametes) and fertilization (having them reuinite), that produce genetic variability - both inv random events - produces offspring whose genotype is 50/50 mom and dad

When is and what occurs during the fetus/fetal period (p.71-74)? How do these three periods compare to trimesters?

lasting from the ninth prenatal week until birth; during this period, the major organ systems begin to function effectively and the fetus grows rapidly. 9 weeks: bone tissue develops, =open/close mouth, turn head 10-12 weeks: fingers, external genitalia, moves, 3" long 12-16 weeks: movement felt by mother, 4 1/2 inch long 15-22 weeks: fingernails, hair, teeth buds, brain waves 20-25 weeks: age of viability 29-38 weeks: weight gain, curled in fetal position and crampled, irregular uterine contractions,

single gene recessive characteristics

less powerful gene that is not expressed phenotypically when paired with a dominant gene. ** Recessive - PKU, Blue Eyes, Cystic Fibrosis. Tay Sachs

hypothalamus

limbic system - behavioral expression of emotion (fight and flight) - hunger, aggression, sex, temperature regulation - regulates through hormones and neural connections - (control certain types of aggression) (body response to emotion)

hippocampus

limbic system: conscious, declarative, explicit, automatic (context automatically)

amygdala

limbic system: fear, recognition of what to avoid, fear and aggression, emotional memory (no amygdala = no fear)

gene

located in nucleus, in 46 chromosomes (twisted DNA), in double strand connected by nucleotide pairs, -(particular sequence of nucleotide pairs) - gene made up of many sets of 3 base pair sequences which code for a particular amino acid - creating a segment of DNA that codes for protein (which is part of body structure, proteins of cell determine function), does not code for behavior, just protein

cocaine

low birth weight, cognitive deficits, can cause spontaneous abortion in the first trimester of pregnancy and premature detachment of the placenta or fetal strokes later in pregnancy. contributes to fetal malnourishment, retarded growth, and low birth weight. At birth, babies go through uncomfortable withdrawals. cocaine readily crosses the placenta and constricts blood vessels, leading to slower or even blocked blood flow cocaine-exposed infants show increased activity levels as well as greater reactivity in response to stimulation during their first year (Fallone et al., 2014). Infants may also show deficits on measures of information processing.

What is the function of the medulla oblongata?

lowest part of brain, needed for life, reflex control of HR, resp, and BP

sex rep: meiosis

makes sperm/egg gametes through spermatogenesis or oogenesis 2N (2 copies of each gene/chr) parent cell duplicates DNA and creates 4 daughter cells which each have half# of chromosomes as parent cells 1N (only 1 copy of each gene/chr)

What is the difference between meiosis and mitosis (Table 2.2, p.40-41)?

meiosis: makes sperm/egg gametes through spermatogenesis or oogenesis, 2N (2 copies of each gene/chr) parent cell duplicates DNA and creates 4 daughter cells which each have half# of chromosomes as parent cells 1N (only 1 copy of each gene/chr) mitosis: no genetic variation, SOMATIC (body) cell reproduction, normal cell division, genetically identical cells, 2N parent cell (2 copies of each gene/chr) DNA duplicates complete set of DNA with same # of chromosomes as parent cell into daughter cell, exact replica

What is artificial insemination

method of conception that involves injecting sperm from a woman's partner or from a donor into the uterus

What is migration? Fig. 3.3

migration (neurons go where they're supposed to, alcohol and radiation have worst effects)

thalidomide

missing or flipper limbs, taken for nausea

What are monozygotic/identical twins (p.41) & dizygotic/fraternal twins (p.42)?

monozygotic (came from same egg/sperm cell), single fertilized egg, identical genetics dizygotic (came from diff egg/sperm, each egg becomes own zygote), two fertilized eggs, 50% same genetics

HIV (p.80-82).

most damaging in middle to late pregnancy - 3* stage once in organ - may or may not reach baby prenatally through placenta - transmitted through semen, vaginal secretions at birth, blood, early breast milk from feeding - causes compromised immune function blindness, deafness, brain damage, heart problem

teratogens - syphilis

most damaging in middle to late pregnancy - 3* stage once in organ blindness, deafness, brain damage, heart problem

teratogens - rubella (gerneb measles)

most dangerous during 1st 3 months (early in pregnancy) 0-8 weeks: 60-80% fetus have nervous, system, eyes, heart 6-13 weeks: 50% fetus deafness

whose research is primarily responsible for discovering the gene for Huntington's

nancy wexler's (person) work in Venezuela, Barranquitas (country) lead to the discovery of the gene for Huntington's - had to learn how disease traveled between generations, took skin biopsies and blood samples from those they interviewed, found double dose population

Define natural selection (p. 37)

natural env is a passive selector, its just there, if ur gene fit, you'll pass em on, if ur genes dont fit env, less likely to survive, genes will not be passed on, genetic makeup changes

middle age

new concept, 1st child by mid 20s, avg of 2 kids, 40% of married life raising kids, 20 years with empty nest

phenotype

observable characteristic displayed by the organism, result of genes/interactions of the 2 genes (dom or rec) + environment - way in which a person's genotype is expressed in observable or measurable characteristics

Define placenta

organ, formed from the chorion and the lining of the uterus, that provides for the nourishment of the unborn child and the elimination of its metabolic wastes - pushing can be intense enough to land the newborn on the floor, where it stays until after the placenta is delivered and the umbilical cord has been tied

PKU

phenylketonuria (PKU) - RECESSIVE genetic disease in which a child is unable to metabolize phenylalanine; if left untreated, it soon causes hyperactivity and intellectual disability

3 domains of development

physical - growth of the body and its organs, the functioning of physiological systems including the brain, physical signs of aging, changes in motor abilities, and so on cognitive - changes and continuities in perception, language, learning, memory, problem solving, and other mental processes psychosocial/socioemotional - emphasizing social influences beyond parents, the rational ego and its adaptive powers, possibilities for overcoming harmful early experiences, and the potential for growth and change throughout the life span.

karyotype

picture of the matched pairs of chromosome (chromosomal portrait) created by staining chromosomes, photographing them under a high-power microscope, and arranging them into a predetermined pattern

What is rooming-in?

practice followed in hospitals and nursing homes where the baby's crib is kept by the side of the mother's bed. This arrangement gives an opportunity for the parents to know their baby. The bond between the parent and the child is well established in roomed-in babies

Prenatal diagnostic tests: PGD

pre-implantation genetic diagnosis IVF testtube early embryos, egg(s!) fertilized, pulled off one of the cell, and have their DNA/karyotype analyzed from a testtubeonly implant zygotes selected without detected chromosomal abnormalities/genetic disorders

What is IVF

procedure in which several eggs are removed from a woman's ovary, fertilized by sperm in a petri dish in the laboratory, then transferred to the woman's uterus in hopes that one will implant on the wall of the uterus.

What is meant by gene expression?

process by which gene must be read in order to carry out instructions - genes are not read all the time (dynamic)

What about migration & patterns of mating (lecture)?

process in early brain development in which neurons move from their place of origin in the center of the brain to particular locations throughout the brain where they will become part of specialized functioning units - balance two main approaches to achieving the goals of surviving, reproducing, and passing on genes - mating strategy, in which they put most of their energy into finding and mating with multiple partners (and less energy into raising the children they produce) - parental investment strategy, in which they settle on a mate and then invest their energies in jointly rearing a smaller number of offspring

organogenesis

process, occurring during the period of the embryo, in which major organs take shape.

Diathesis stress

psychopathology is how ur predisposition/vulnerability to psychological problems effect the way you experience stressful events (- psychological disorder results from an interaction of a person's predisposition or vulnerability to problems (whether rooted solely in genes or in characteristics that have arisen from both genetic and environmental influences) and the experience of stressful events)

Evocative Gene-environment interaction

reactions unknowingly generate/evoke response from others * genotype evokes reactions that (force) make env correlate - phenomenon in which children's genotypes evoke certain kinds of reactions from other people so that their genetic makeup and experiences are correlated. Contrast with active gene-environment correlation and passive gene-environment correlation.

sex rep: fertilization

recombing gametes to create org with 2 copies of each chr/gene (1N+1N = 2N) fertilized egg = zygote

histone deacetylation ___ transcription

represses

behavioral genetics

scientific study of the extent to which genetic and environmental differences among individuals are responsible for differences among them in traits such as intelligence and personality.

pair 23 of chromosomes

sex chromosomes

incomplete dominance

sickle cell anemia + skin tone - where dominant gene only has incomplete dominance over a recessive partner gene and the result is a blend of the parents' traits - ie when dark-skinned and light-skinned parents have a child with light brown skin

Determination of genetic disorders (p.47-49).

sickle cell: Two carriers also have a two-in-four, or 50%, chance of having a child who will be a carrier like themselves.

what is a zygote

single cell formed at conception from the union of a sperm and an ovum. - fertilized egg

Slow life history strategy vs fast life history strategy (p.38).

slow - evolved approach in safe and predictable environments in which parents are supportive of children, sex and child bearing are postponed during adolescence until resources are in place to raise a family, couples form long-term relationships, parents invest energy in raising a small family, and children have a good chance of surviving. fast - evolved approach in harsh and unpredictable environments in which parents are not very supportive of children, sex and child bearing begin early, romantic partnerships often do not last, and children focus on surviving in the present rather than on preparing for the future. Contrast with slow life history strategy.

nicotine/smoking

smoking restricts blood flow to the fetus, which in turn reduces the levels of oxygen and nutrients that reach the fetus, leading to a variety of outcome - increased risk of miscarriage - prematurity, growth retardation, and small size - respiratory problems - cleft lip (an opening in the top lip) and cleft palate (an opening in the roof of the mouth) - problems with attention and impulsivity during childhood - problems with delinquent behavior and substance abuse from childhood into adulthood heavier smoking is also associated with sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

Prenatal diagnostic tests: fetal ultrasound

sound waves used to safely scan uterus and produce image of fetus, detects number, sex (at 10 weeks), and visible physical abnormalities

gen variation - mutation

spontaneous change in DNA material (1 or more nucleotide pairs) due to radiation, age, chance, incorporated permanently into future copies of gene

development does involve growth in early life, ___ in early and middle adulthood, and declines associated with now-accumulated effects of aging in later life.

stability

cerebellar ataxia

staggering, wide-based gait; difficulty with turns; uncoordinated movement with positive Romberg sign assessment of cerebellar function: heel to toe walk, finger to nose, hand flipping, cant follow finger with eyes

SOD

start over dads, older men having children at later life stage, more nurturing, more time to be engaged in children's life

Prenatal diagnostic tests: fetal MRI

strong magnetic fields used to pull electrons out of orbit, and radio waves recorded when they fall back in used with ultrasounds, but more helpful in evaluating the brain

development

systematic changes and continuities in the individual that occur between conception and death, or from "womb to tomb" - implied orderly, patterned, and relatively enduring, not fleeting and unpredictable like mood swings - changes can be gains, losses, or just differences from what we were like before - development also involves continuities, ways in which we remain the same or continue to reflect our past selves

Prenatal diagnostic tests: maternal blood sampling

test DNA of any fetal cells that slipped through the placenta into the bloodstream determine status of pregnancy (triple screen: APF: alpha-fetoprotein (by baby, too high = bad), hCG: human chorionic gonadotropin (by placenta), estriol (by placenta)- safe at 10-20th week of pregnancy

What is the APGAR test (p.96-Table 3.9, lecture, videos) and who invented it?

test routinely used to assess a newborn's heart rate, respiration, color, muscle tone, and reflexes immediately after birth and 5 minutes later; used to identify high-risk babies. 0: HR 0, Resp 0, Muscle limp, blue color, reflex 0 1: <100 HR, resp slow/irregular, muscle: weak, some flexion, color: pink torso, blue toes/fingers, reflex: grimace, wk 2: >100 HR, resp: good, crying muscle: strong tone (curling, snapping back), color: all pink, reflex: strong

maturation is caused by

the biological unfolding of the individual as sketched out in the genes (the hereditary material passed from parents to child at conception) developmental changes that are biologically programmed by genes rather than caused primarily by learning, injury, illness, or some other life experience

learning is caused by

the process through which experience brings about relatively permanent changes in thoughts, feelings, or behavior (nurture)

thalamus

top of brainstem, sensory relay center

life-span perspective

views development as a lifelong, multidirectional process that involves gain and loss, is characterized by considerable plasticity, is shaped by its historical-cultural context, has many causes, and is best viewed from a multidisciplinary perspective.

How is low birth weight defined (LBW babies p.96-97).

weight at birth of less than 2500 grams, or 5 1 2 pounds, associated with increased risk of developmental problems.

gen variation - crossing over

when chromosomes bump/exchange material among themselves during MEIOSIS - 2/3 events per chromosome pair

Which gives better success - a woman's own embryos/fresh or a woman's own embryos/frozen (p. 69)?

woman's own that are frozen

cross-cultural birthing practices: el salvador

women have 40 day recovery period called la cuarentena, windows closed, heal and breastfeed should eat bland oatmeal, chicken soup, corn, and bread to replenish breast milk supply and promote healing carry baby next to body using "el rebozo" (shawl)

cross-cultural birthing practices: cambodia

women must be kept warm (cold = fat baby). work diligently, and avoid resting too much (slow baby's brain function), both during pregnancy and after childbirth eat soup to stimulate breast milk production, spicy food to heat up blood, salty food to make them thirsty

Active Gene-environment interaction

you create/seek out genotype INFLUENCE env you want - phenomenon in which children's genotypes influence the kinds of environments they seek out and therefore experience. Contrast with evocative gene-environment correlation and passive gene-environment correlation.

young adult vs old adult

young: 1st time away from home, formal operation thinking, learning about complex issues, study habits, skills, persistence, further identity growth - starting works, going on to grad school, getting married old: self-conscious, hesitant, outside role demands, changing career, youngest child reaching school age, satisfaction of completion

What term is used for the 'fertilized egg' (p. 69)?

zygote

What is the organism called during the germinal period?

zygote divides to blastocyte

ZEF - Z

zygote, germinal period, conception/0 - 2 weeks (ends when implantation occurs) - fertilization/conception occurs in fallopian tubes - cell division once every 24 hours - morula: solid ball of cells - blastula: ball with cavity - 50% conception events fail - 1/4 survive all initial phases