HUM Test 4

Donatello

"David" Italian Renaissance - wedding piece - Bronze - head on Goliath's head : just defeated him - naked from hat to boot to symbolize the physical delicacy (not muscularity); he's in the presence of god and symbolize his boyish form as the youth of france - David has overcome Goliath through gods strength - also symbolized the man to boy sexual relations happening - also represents the death of youth when getting married - indicates how completely the sculptor absorbed Classical tradition - first life-size freestanding nude sculpted since antiquity life contributions

Michelangelo

"David" (Florence, 1501) - manly form - symbolized the new Florentine republic (Italian Ren.) - Medici family rule in Florence ended - Savonarola (dominican friar who ruled Medici after the family) went against Florentine nobility and destroyed the city's "vanities" including art, books, etc. - Killing Savonarola, Florence freed itself once again from tyranny's grasp - Florence's governing body tried to keep the republic's visual monuments as they were and create more; they arranged for michaelangelo to return to work on "David" (to make it colossal and a statement about Florence's confidence) - represents David before the fight with manly confidence to suggest the Florence was ready to take on whatever came at it - nudity and contrapposto stance come from the Medici celebration of all things Greek : *****self-contained and heroic individualism captures the humanistic spirit - Michelangelo's triumph over the complexity of the stone transformed it into a contemporary beauty - was a true achievement - "David" inaugurates the high Renaissance : short-lived period in 15th century associated with mature work of Leo, Michel, Raphael and Venetian artists - the fate of "David" emphasizes the political and moral turbulence of the times! - while workers moved the statue from the workshop to the Piazza della Signoria, supporters of the exiled Midici tried to destroy it, as it was a symbol for the city's will to stand up to any and all tyrannical rule. Nudity was also taken to offense and a bronze skirt of leaves was made for the statue life - painted Sistine Chapel - "Creation of Adam" - in the sistine chapel. Vatican, Rome contributions - "David" - "great dome" in St. Peter's church in Rome - (tragedy of the) tomb for Pope Julius II (never finished) - painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel - "moses" holding the 10 commandments - possesses "terribilita" or a terrifying and awesome force - moment when Moses witnesses the Hebrews worshiping golden calf; captures his rage and ability to control that rage : an emotional complexity that exemplifies the art of the High Renaissance

Erasmus (Northern Renaissance)

"In Praise of Folly" (1509) (satirical way of saying the praise of foolishness) - written in Latin - Satirical - Targets western tradition and the church - Renaissance work - Played a part in the protestant reformation - through the use of a character, Erasmus goes on to say anything he pleases about anyone he wants to. - condemnation of human folly (foolishness) life - attacked the corruption of clergy - northern Humanistic scholar, born in Rotterdam, Netherlands - blended knowledge of classical civilization with Christianity & blended the ideas of Plato, St. Paul, Aristotle and St. Augustine - Wanted to purify the church from within and stimulate internal reform - Prepared Latin and Greek editions of the New Testament contributions - Satire!! - used to convey contradictions between real and ideal situations

Rinascita

"Rebirth" - word for the Renaissance as it brought about flourishing growth of faith and intellectual exploration in a society - birth of the humanist and humanism - beliefs and values of medieval world transformed in Italy

Ta-Nehisi Coates

"Reparations" essay reparations - making up for wrongdoings such as slavery with $$$ redlining - charging certain groups more than others for property, goods, and services - insurance companies "redlined" certain areas and didn't allow mnority buyers to have fair rates - FHA stats - Sociological - personal narrative wealth theft - wealth disparity points raised in class

Hans Baldung Grien

"Witches Sabbath" - created in Germany 1510 - Chiaroscuro (light and dark) woodblock print - relief painting technique - shows the witchcraft threats in Germany - 80% of trials were toward women for their "harmful magic" - 5 naked women : vulgar - dead moss covered tree : destruction - women raises lizard above head : mocks communion in the Catholic Church - witch raises the goat : symbolizes the devil - witches perform a black mass - confirms misogynistic thinking. superstition found mainly in women!!!

Buon disegno

"good design" - another name for the scientific perspective - intellectual conception of the artwork - distinguishes the art of Florence above them all

Japanese Tea Ceremony Significance

- "mother of Japanese art forms" - used to be a way of the host to exert dominance/make business deals with others - Sen no Rikyu : made it a more spiritual and significant experience - no ornamentation - about human fellowship - drinking from same bowl symbolized the intimacy that transcends differences - tea is served from the heart - reflects the changing seasons - "Hatsugama" means the New Year - small entrance to hut = everyone crouches down to same status - bowl represents the welcoming of guests - avoid placing mouth on front of bowl Moral/virtue foundation of the ceremony : Wa-kei-sei-jaku - Harmony (WA), - Respect (KEI), - Purity (SEI) - Tranquility (JAKU)

Witchcraft

- "witchcraft was invented" - used as propaganda that stimulated fear to allow churches to take action and oppress - people with special gifts - the "cunning folk" - called upon during times of crisis to solve problems - attained status in the community of having magical powers - although church performed "miracles"; condemned the use of magic by laypeople because of a fear of the devil - "Malleus Malefic arum" (Hammer of Witches) : guide on how to legally execute witches - Hans Baldung's woodblock print "Witches' Sabbath" captures the essence of what the church feared

1492

- 140,000-170,000 African slaves in europe - Colonialism Defined - establishment and maintenance of colonies in one territory by people from another territory - sovereignty (supreme power/authority) is claimed and expressed in social and political structures - unequal relationship between colonists and the colonized

1619

- 1st black slave entered Virginia!!! :(

The Renaissance Location

- Center in Florence, Italy - The Duomo : cathedral in Florence and center of the renaissance?

Titian (Tiziano Vecelli)

- High Renaissance painter (Italian) "Sacred and Profane Love" (1514, oil on canvass); Galleria Borghese, Rome - the nude figure on the right holds a lamp, symbolizing divine light and connecting her to the Neoplatonic ideal of Venus; sacred love - behind the figure is open spaces, freedom - fully clothes figure on the left "earthly lady", holds a bouquet of flowers - fertility; profane love - behind the figure is a house and rabbits (reproduction) and symbolizes confinement - represents escapist tendency - the image represents two aspects of the same woman : range of roles the Renaissance woman filled for her humanist husband. Classical learning and intelligence, and a celebration of sexual love in marriage - paintings were humanist images (images of men of originality and talent who have worked and learned their world and its history) life - ***predicted that sensuality and sexuality would become a primary subject of Venetian Art - ***known for using "Venetian Color" in his paintings - most sought after painter in Europe; ability to paint portraits to reveal character and personality contributions - La Bella, Reclining Nude

The Renaissance Themes

- faith : church challenged on all fronts, - politically, european monarchs questioned its authority - philosophically : growing class of intellectuals challenged its doctrines - morally : intellectuals denounced the behavior of its clergy and called for reform - intellectual exploration - printing press - cultural revival - humanism : the recovery, study and spread of the art and literature of Greece and Rome and the application of their principles to education politics, social life and the arts - humanism stimulated a new sense of the value of the individual - strove to understand more precisely and scientifically, the nature of humanity and its relationship to the natural world - values helped to redefine the relation of the individual to the state, and philosophers insisted on the dignity of the individual - Medici Family : they tried too hard to control the citizens all over Italy - giving them an independence of spirit, and ended up droving people to the point of retaliation with that very spirit of independence! - humanism helped redefine the relation of the individual to the state throughout the Italian. and gave males a greater degree of freedom

Scientific/Linear perspective

- first mastered by Brunelleschi scientific perspective : convincing representation of three dimensional space on the two dimensional surface of a panel or canvas - - satisfies the desire for naturalistic representation of the physical world "Buon disegno" "good design"

Innovations in oil among the Netherlands painters

- intro of oil painting as a medium contributed to naturalism -use of successive layers of glazes, while linen canvas replaced wooden panels as the most popular support

Albrecht Durer

- painter of the N. Renaissance - represents German culture's humanism!! - ended up following Martin Luther! "Melancholia 1" - Humanist Image, 1514 - Engraving! - hatching (closely spaced parallel lines or shading) and stippling; contrast between light and dark (between depression and inspiration) - represents Durer: image of his own muse (melancholy) - angel is sitting in a melancholic pose; wings divinely inspired but incapable of action - hourglass : - compass : - cupid : - bat in background : darkness "Self Portrait" - oil painting - creates highly textured surface that glows with light that emanates from within him - suggests an immortality through art - intense stare and frontal position : Christlike - his face is evident of divine inspiration; art is a sacred act "Last Supper" - woodcut - heavy wooden table; people often had in their homes; suggesting the close connection between christ his disciples and the common people - goal was to portray an unambiguous lutheran doctrine; concerning Holy Communion, not as transubstantiation but as consubstantiation, in which Christ's body and blood are present "in, with and under" the bread and wine philosophy - to understand nature was to understand God - art is sacred; a gift from God innovations - merged German gothic heritage with the Renaissance interest in perspective, practical observation, empirical observation and scientific ideal beauty -

1551

- passage across Atlantic established (Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade)

Pocahantes

- real name : Motoaka - husband called her "Rebecca Rolfe" Louisiana Purchase Dawes Act (1887) - "General Allotment Act" - white settlers wanted Native American land; so tribe members were only allowed to keep small portions of their land. land sold to white settlers later - US gov pulled back 95% of Native American land! :( Pocahantes Propaganda - Pocahantes story used as American propoganda for the Lousiana purchase

Japanese vs Gothic aesthetics

- similar ideas of what beauty should be Japanese - Shinto ( study and practice of beauty ) - tea ceremony : study and practice of beauty ; refers to space, person, virtue, creative expression, action Gothic - skeletal lightness - soaring interior spaces ( to make one feel small and inferior and to draw the view up, to the heavens ) - intricate stonework - new standard of beauty ( disrupting traditional view of what beauty should be; no geometric balance ) - decorative richness - stained glass windows - flying buttresses - labyrinth (waking meditation tool)

Naturalism

- use of scientific perspective to portray things realistically

One point perspective

1. all parallel lines in visual field appear to converge at a single vanishing point on the horizon 2. parallel lines are realized on the picture plane (2-D surface of the canvas; conceived as a window through which the viewer perceives the 3-d world - as diagonal lines called orthogonals) 3. forms diminish in scale as they approach the vanishing point along orthogonals 4. vanishing point is directly opposite the eye of the beholder, who stands at the vantage point; metaphorically placing the individual at the center of the visual field; horizontal lines meet

Hieronymus Bosch

Artist of the Northern Renaissance "Garden of Earthly Delights" - triptych (3 pieces) - "conservation piece" / as opposed to altar piece - would only bring out on special occasions/for guests of great status - Garden of Eden setting - What would the world have looked like if the fall of Adam and Eve had never happened? - world without sin, yet behavior the viewer would consider as sinful!!! - mystical animals : shows giraffe-like creatures, significant because there were none in N. Europe so shows that people began traveling and information was being circulated far and wide - fountain : fountain of life (left) tower of adulteresses (middle) - Enigmatic (mysterious) essay - low anthropology - manifests the Northern pessimism - all people eating fruit : sin is inevitable in a paradise of pleasure (orgies) - musical instruments - satire of materialist concerns - darkness and destruction/death : "blind pleasure" - machinery - progression of human innovation is negative - foreshadows the industrial revolution in Europe life - contemporary version of painters from southern Europe who worked in the High Renaissance contributions - in his art, depicts man as he appears to be on the inside; showing emotions - art brutally imaginative, casting a dark, satiric shadow over the materialistic concerns of his N. predecessors - art manifests the northern pessimism and moral ambiguity

The Black death and pogroms

Black Death "The Plague" - 1347 affected Sicily and by 1350 affected all of Europe - caused by - sanitation issues, population density, Sicily being a center of trade and travel - poverty/famine and poor health conditions - In Tuscan Cities, 60% of population died - Feb 14, 1349, Strausburg : 900/18,084 Jews burned out of retribution (blame for the plague)

Mascots of the Renaissance

David and Venus Venus : symbolized the embodiment of humanities : - her soul and mind : love and charity, - her eyes : dignity and generosity, - her hands :liberality and magnificence - her feet : comeliness and modesty David : symbolized the new Florentine republic - Medici family rule in Florence ended - Savonarola (dominican friar who ruled Medici after the family) went against Florentine nobility and destroyed the city's "vanities" including art, books, etc. - Killing Savonarola, Florence freed itself once again from tyranny's grasp - Florence's governing body tried to keep the republic's visual monuments as they were and create more; they arranged for michaelangelo to return to work on "David" (to make it colossal and a statement about Florence's confidence) - represents David before the fight with manly confidence to suggest the Florence was ready to take on whatever came at it - nudity and contrapposto stance come from the Medici celebration of all things Greek : *****self-contained and heroic individualism captures the humanistic spirit - Michelangelo's triumph over the complexity of the stone transformed it into a contemporary beauty - was a true achievement - "David" inaugurates the high Renaissance : short-lived period in 15th century associated with mature work of Leo, Michel, Raphael and Venetian artists - the fate of "David" emphasizes the political and moral turbulence of the times! - while workers moved the statue from the workshop to the Piazza della Signoria, supporters of the exiled Midici tried to destroy it, as it was a symbol for the city's will to stand up to any and all tyrannical rule. Nudity was also taken to offense and a bronze skirt of leaves was made for the statue Which artists used these figures in their work, and what distinct characteristics do they emphasize? - Artists : Donatello (David), Michelangelo (Venus) - Donatello : inspired by antique roman sculptures; contrapposto pose : putting all of one's weight on one foot so that arms and shoulders twist off an axis - fully realized human form. How do these uses correspond to the broader objectives and philosophy of the Renaissance?

Michelangelo vs Donatello "David"

Mich - manly form - anticipatory; before the fight against Goliath Don - boyish form - victorious; after winning fight against Goliath

Martin Luther

N. Renaissance life - became a monk and earned his Ph. D. in theology; lectured on the bibe. - philosophy : "God accepts all believers in spite of, not because of, what they do" - bothered by the concept of indulgences; detested the secular and materialistic spirit in the Church - antipapal feelings inspired by his reading of Erasmus! - He bagan the Protestant Reformation in 16th century Europe : century-long reexamination of the role of the church in daily life - at 21, left family to become a monk; excommunicated from the Holy Roman Empire for being a heretic - plan was to change the church into a place with a prominent theologian; desired for people to feel closer to God - nailed his 95 Thesis to the doors of the church at Wittenberg significance - promotion of simplicity from religious movements clashed with the material pleasures of the N. mercantile class. Martin Luther brought about a solution. - used the printing press to do so!!! - extraordinary change would overtake all artistic and cultural production in Europe, changing the course of the arts forever!!! - his significant following undermined the authority of Rome - reformation decried the corruption and excess of the Catholic Church - reformation also inspired a period of moral piety (devotion) that affected Protestants and Catholics - The Catholic bible would no longer be the sole authority of biblical interpretation contributions - founder of Lutheran Christianity - Translated the New Testament into German (the language of the people) "not word for word, but sense for sense" - which changed the relationship between church leaders and their followers

The Renaissance Philosophy

Neo-Platonism?

Botticelli

Northern Renaissance "Primavera" "spring and first truth" - Termpera on panel - Venus - goddess of love - stands in the center of the painting representing the highest moral qualities - far right, Zephyrus, god of the west wind attempts to capture Chloris, the nymph of spring in his cold, blue grasp - Flora, goddess of flowers, who stands beside the nymph, ignores the west wind's threat and distributes blossoms - to left, three graces - example of beauty - engage in a dance "Venus" which is the movement of two people around a third person. - far left, Mercury, messenger of the gods, holds a staff as if to brush away remnants of a straying cloud. - above, cupid reigns - overall : captures the spirit of Medici : celebrates love in a more direct and physical way. life contributions - biblical and greek

Lorenzo Ghiberti

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY Italian Renaissance "Gates of Paradise" - Bronze, east doors of the Baptistery, Florence - called this because they open to the area between the baptismal and the entrance of the cathedral - took 27 years to develop - illustrate the Hebrew Bible - first panel represents the book of genesis : creation of adam and eve, temptation and expulsion - "I strove to imitate nature as clearly as I could, and with all the perspective I could produce, to have excellent compositions with many figures" significance of the panel depicting Solomon and the Queen of Sheba : - only panel to represent a single event in its space : reflects the very image of the unity sought by the church!!! - Solomon and Sheba framed in the middle, designed to represent the much hoped for reunification of the E. Orthodox and W Catholic branches of the church - Solomon : Western Catholic church - Sheba : Eastern Orthodox church - sig : just as Ghiberti achieved balance and symmetry in art, the church had restored this as well life - humanist; valued artistic models of antiquity and looked to classical sculpture for inspiration - artwork captured humans in the midst of a crisis of faith; every viewer might identify contributions - created the "Sacrifice of Isaac" relief for the doors of the Duomo baptistery and won the contest - blended renaissance and gothic ideas

Italian Renaissance vs Northern European (Netherlands) Renaissance

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY Northern Renaissance (Netherlands) - negative - pessimism and moral ambiguity; human body was a vehicle and instrument of sin!! - Netherlands was the financial capital of the North - home to Medici banking interests in the region and had a strong merchant class - the north lived through more extremes than the south when it came to growing prosperity; enduring colder winters and greater sickness, greater greediness among the wealthy because of the prevalence of the poor - much more fierce opposites - the church seemed the very center of sin and corruption : Christ's crucifixion symbolized inevitability of pain - northern imagination was pervaded by a sense of pessimism Art : luminous oil paintings - innovations in oil among Netherlands painters : - both nobility and merchant class contributed to city's position at the center of the arts in N. Europe - used art to add detail and subtle color to paintings that resulted in ***detailed realism - Antwerp became a huge art trading city; from this on, Art and commerce were linked! - art began to be more influenced to sell to the business class - tapestries became popular - art changed from religious to secular! Literature : pessimism and doubt pervaded thought - emphasis on $ Music : dancing; madrigals (inspired in S. Europe) - lighthearted : villanella "country girl" Architecture : Patronage : large class of merchants due to trade; merchants began to compete with the French courts and Burgundian courts for patronage Italian Renaissance (Venice) - positive - humanistic view : body is an object of beauty that reflects the beauty of God art : greatly detailed - Venetian art consisted of a sensuous technique (filled with emotion and eroticism) literary attitude : - spirit of innovation; combination of parodic wit and exciting narratives - materialistic concerns prevailed musical forms : -the madrigal (song of three voices) aka polyphonic - women were talented as well architecture - architectural innovations : classical standard in domestic - wealthy families escaped the heat of the city to private villas in the countryside; this set the standard for the country villa - columns, plinths (base of column), porticos (roof over columns) - all creating a patio - oculus (circular ceiling) Patronage : most important patrons were the politically powerful families : The Medici, the Gonzagas and the Montefeltros (and the papacy) - all using their patronage to gain political power

The Printing Press

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY Who? - Johannes Gutenberg When? - Germany, 50 years before the Protestant Reformation (1435-1455) - using an alloy of lead and antimony to cast letterforms Significance : - allowed for the Protestant Reformation to even happen!!! to allow for bibles to be distributed - rise of industry, technology, middle class, and literacy - increasing trade in fine art prints was initiated - changed art : from religious to secular art! (in the North) Wood Blocks and Engravings

Leonardo Da Vinci

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY - Italian high renaissance "Last Supper", Santa Maria delle Grazie, Milan - Ludovico (leo's "boss") commanded Leo to paint a monumental fresco of the Last supper for the north wall the monastery - expiramental oil painting - wall-sized - created for the refectory of the Dominican monastery of Santa Maria delle Grazie - meant for monks to look at each meal to contemplate Christ's last meal - moment depicted is after Jesus told his disciples someone will betray him; each apostle reacts in a different way - psychological realism - expressions on each face depict emotions; apostles are revealed in their humanity, while Christ is composed in his compassion for them - 1-point perspective; Jesus emphasized through geometric perspective - jesus' head is at the vanishing point, and holds out his arms to form triangle to represent the Trinity and balance - in a rush for time, Da Vinvi applied the paint to the wall with Dry fresco instead of wet!! did not hold up well at all. "Mona Lisa" - Oil on Wood, Paris - suggested to be the wife of the Florentine patrician Francesco del Giocondo - shows Leo's fascination with revealing the human personality in portraits - fuses Mona with background using light or "sfumato" (smokiness) : create a haziness, dream-like quality by building layers of transparent oil paint (glazing) - Mona Lisa's mysterious half-smile keeps viewers guessing about who this woman is and what her relation to Leo was life - great artist of the high renaissance : - ambassador of Lorenzo de Medici to present a silver lyre (string instrument - harp) to Sforza - humanist - saw connections among all spheres of existence; studied all natural phenomena possible - "fear of the menacing, dark cavity and desire to see if there was anything miraculous within" - greatest failure : painting of the last supper!!! used dry fresco instead of wet. contributions

Raphael

School of Athens - painter in Florence : High Renaissance - art was immediately approachable : linearly precise, coloristically rich and compositionally simple - painted mostly portraits of rich citizens, and paintings of the Virgin and child - divinity and humanity balanced : self-reflective gaze of the Virgin makes viewer wonder what she is thinking life - painted a fresco at Stanza della Segnatura in the Vatican Palace, Rome. contributions - unified humanist philosophical tradition (between Plato and Aristotle) is mirrored in the balanced clarity of the painting's composition ("Disputa")

The Middle Passage

Trans Atlantic Slave Trade : Europe --> Africa --> United States - passage for slave travel across Atlantic ocean established

Japanese Tea Ceremony Components

Tsukubai : wash basin for purification before entering tea room - meditative garden leading to hut to put you in right state of mind - washing hands and mouth to cleanse Nirijiguchi : small door through which guests enter - to make all the same size Matcha : green tea used in tea ceremony - Matcha Powder : artform for drinking and enjoying - practice that marks the intersection of Japanese aesthetics, Chinese cultural infusion through trade, and Buddhism - sincere and heartfelt hospitality - consideration for others

Woodcuts vs Engravings

Wood Cuts : popular form of relief printing from the early fifteenth century on; artist draws the design on surface of woodblock and cuts away at the parts that are to appear white with a sharp tool called a gouge, leaving elevated the areas to be printed. To create a dark line, the artist cuts away the block on either side of it. Next, the printer rolls the elevated surface with ink and then a piece of paper is pressed directly against the raised surface. images mass produced (= to memes) Engraving : artist incises lines into a metal plate with a sharp tool called a burin. Printer fills the incised lines with ink, wipes clean the surface of the plate and presses a sheet of dampened paper into the plate with a roller. Paper fills the grooves, resulting in a final print with raised lines

Veronica Franco

life - "honest courtesan" : highly sophisticated (prostitutes) intellectuals who gained access to the city's aristocratic circles. - Venetian Literary Courtesan (Sexual/Literary Ambassador) - tried for witchcraft, but men defended her! - wrote poetry : "Terze rime" and "Homely Letters to Diverse People" - in her poetry, uses double-entendres (figure of speech that can be interpreted in two ways) - this duality (intellectual wit and erotic sensuality) is fundamental to the Venetian style - funded a charity for courtesans and their children contributions - use of double entendre's

Laura Cereta

life - Renaissance feminist - writer - outspoken about female education - wrote the "Defense of Liberal Instruction for Women" in response to someone telling her her father must have written her letters and that she was a rare prodigy - the letter stated that women have the abilities to be exceptional and to learn; they can choose to exercise their free will in the pursuit of learning - "If Adam could choose to fashion himself in whatever form he might prefer, so could Eve"

Giorgio Vasari

life - wrote "Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Architects and Sculptors" contributions - one of the most important sources of info. about Italian Renaissance art in 14th and 15th centuries - "Design is the imitation of the most beautiful things of nature in all figures whether painted or chiseled, and this requires a hand and genius to transfer everything which the eye sees, exactly and correctly, whether it be in drawings, on paper both in relief and sculpture" - this distinguished the art of Florence above all others!! - focuses on demonstrating the individual creative genius of each ortist he discusses

Glazing

technique of layering transparent oil to create a hazy effect - used in Leonardo's Mona Lisa