Human Anatomy & Physiology Blood Unit

what is epo?

(Erythropoietin) a hormone produced by the kidney that promotes the formation of red blood cells by the bone marrow. The kidney cells that make erythropoietin are sensitive to low oxygen levels in the blood that travels through the kidney.

What's the difference between clumping(agglutination) and clotting(coagulation)?

Coagulation refers to a blood clot that forms because of an open wound or from cholesterol within blood vessels. Agglutination occurs when an antibody forms in the blood, and bacteria, blood cells and other cells clump together to fight infections.

how does hemoglobin work (how does it bond with oxygen)

In each molecule of hemoglobin there are four iron atoms. Each iron atom binds with one molecule of oxygen. The iron in hemoglobin is what gives blood its red color.

What is similar between clumping (agglutination) and clotting (coagulation)?

They both involved blood forming masses

Symptoms common to many types of __ include the following: Easy fatigue and loss of energy Unusually rapid heart beat, particularly with exercise Shortness of breath and headache, particularly with exercise Difficulty concentrating Dizziness Pale skin Leg cramps Insomnia

anemia

This blood disorder is caused by low iron count or vitamin b12

anemia

This type of blood cell is part of an inflammatory reaction. It has large granules. If you have a lot of these cells in your blood, this might mean that your blood is flowing quicker than needed. These cells prevent blood clotting too quickly. They respond to allergies.

basophil

hemostasis is another way of saying

blood clotting

What are the three steps to hemostasis?

blood vessels constrict, platelet plug formation, blood coagulation (where fibrinogen act as a glue for platelets to stick)

What is the purpose of red blood cells?

carry oxygen and carbon dioxide

This type of white blood cell fights parasitic infections. It contains granules filled with chemicals. The nucleus has 2-3 lobes

eosinophil

what determines a person's blood type?

genes and antigens present

The main function of red blood cells is the transport of oxygen from the lungs to the body's cells. Red blood cells contain a protein called __ that actually carries that oxygen. In capillaries, oxygen is released to be used by the body's cells. Ninety-seven percent of the oxygen carried by the blood from the lungs is carried through __. The other 3 percent is dissolved in the plasma. __ allows blood to move 30 to 100 times more oxygen than could possibly be dissolved in the plasma alone. In the lungs, where the oxygen level is high, __ combines loosely with oxygen. The __ then easily releases that oxygen into the capillaries, where the oxygen level is low. __ makes up 30 percent of a red blood cell

hemoglobin

Symptoms common to __ include the following Unexplained and excessive bleeding from cuts or injuries, or after surgery or dental work Many large or deep bruises Unusual bleeding after vaccinations Pain, swelling or tightness in your joints Blood in your urine or stool Nosebleeds without a known cause In infants, unexplained irritability

hemophilia

The clotting process is encouraged by certain blood particles (platelets and plasma proteins). __ occurs when you have a deficiency in one of these clotting factors.

hemophilia

Vascular spasm is the first response as the blood vessels constrict to allow less blood to be lost. In the second step, platelet plug formation, platelets stick together to form a temporary seal to cover the break in the vessel wall. The third and last step is called coagulation or blood clotting. Coagulation reinforces the platelet plug with fibrin threads that act as a "molecular glue". Platelets are a large factor in the hemostatic process. They allow for the creation of the "platelet plug" that forms almost directly after a blood vessel has been ruptured. Within seconds of a blood vessel's epithelial wall being disrupted platelets begin to adhere to the sub-endotheliumsurface.This process is called

hemostasis

In general, __ is thought to occur when some blood cells acquire mutations in their DNA — the instructions inside each cell that guide its action. Certain abnormalities cause the cell to grow and divide more rapidly and to continue living when normal cells would die. Over time, these abnormal cells can crowd out healthy blood cells in the bone marrow, leading to fewer healthy white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets, causing the signs and symptoms of __

leukemia

symptoms common to __ include: Fever or chills Persistent fatigue, weakness Frequent or severe infections Losing weight without trying Swollen lymph nodes, enlarged liver or spleen Easy bleeding or bruising Recurrent nosebleeds Tiny red spots in your skin (petechiae) Excessive sweating, especially at night Bone pain or tenderness

leukemia

this type of white blood cell secretes antibodies and t-cells. It has one large condensed nucleus. It is responsible for the acquired immune response.

lymphocyte

This type of white blood cell enters tissue to become macrophages, which ingest foreign particles and displays them for other immune cells. It has one nucleus.

monocyte

This type of white blood cell fights bacterial infection. It contains granules and has a multi lobed nucleus

neutrophil

does a red blood cell have a nucleus?

no

What is whole blood composed of?

plasma (dissolved proteins) and formed elements (platelets)

small, membrane enclosed packets of cytoplasm that contain enzymes for blood clotting

platelets

The five functions of blood are

transportation, regulation of pH, clotting, defense against toxins, stabilize body temp (transportation of dissolved gases, nutrients, hormones and metabolic waste, regulation of pH and ion compisition of lactic acid, calcium and potassium, Restriction of fluid loss at injury sites through clotting and scabbing, defense against toxins, stabilize body temp)

__ inhibits purine and thymidylate syntheses, impairs DNA synthesis, and causes erythroblast apoptosis, resulting in anemia from ineffective erythropoiesis.

vitamin b12