Human Anatomy & Physiology CH 16 (Blood)

List components of plasma and their functions:

- 91% Water: Solvent and suspending medium for blood components. - 7% Proteins: Maintain osmotic pressure, destroy foreign substances, transport molecules, and form clots. - 2% Other: Ions, nutrients, gases, waste products, and regulatory substances.

Plasma Proteins:

- Albumin: Most abundant, non-specific, carrier/transport protein. - Globulins: ALL antibodies are globulins, carrier proteins/antibodies/clotting factors. - Fibrinogen: Clotting factor, least abundant.

Hemoglobin components:

- Heme: Red pigment molecules containing iron. - Globin: Polypeptide chains.

Blood Coagulation:

- Involves the formation of a blood clot. - Leads to fibrinogen (plasma protein) being converted to fibrin (network of protein fibers). - Requires K and Ca in multiple steps.

List the functions of blood:

- Transport gases, nutrients, waste products, processed molecules, and regulatory molecules. - Regulates pH, fluid, and ion balance. - Involved with temperature regulation and protects against foreign substances. - Clotting prevents fluid and cell loss and is part of tissue repair. - A connective tissue consisting of plasma and formed elements.

Platelets prevent blood loss in two ways:

1) Form Platelet Plug 2) Form Blood Clot

Two types of White Blood Cells:

1) Granulocytes: Large granules in cytoplasm that stain distinctly. 2) Agranulocytes: Very small to no granules.

Two functions of WBC:

1) Protect against invading microorganisms. 2) Remove dead cells and debris from cells.

Formed elements are ____% of blood volume.

45%

Function of White Blood Cells (Leukocytes):

5 types, involved with immunity and defense.

Plasma is ____ % of blood volume.

55%

Describe the ABO Blood Group:

A - contains A antigens, and anti-B antibodies. B - contains B antigens, and anti-A antibodies. AB - contains A & B antigens, and neither type of antibody. O - contains neither type of antigen, and both A & B antibodies.

Define Blood Clot:

A network of threadlike protein fibers (fibrin) that traps blood cells, platelets, and fluid.

Thrombus:

An attached clot.

Describe the structure of Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes):

Biconcave discs containing hemoglobin and carbon anhydrase.

Embolus:

Breaks loose and floats through circulation

Function of Platelets (Thrombocytes):

Cell fragments, involved in blood clotting ONLY.

(WBC) Monocyte:

Developes into macrophages.

Stem cell that all formed elements are derived from is?

Hemocytoblasts

Agranulocyte WBC's:

Lymphocytes and Monocytes.

(WBC) T-Lymphocyte:

May attack tumor cells.

Platelets (Thrombocytes) are fragments of what larger cell?

Megakaryocytes!

Structure of Platelets (Thrombocytes):

Minute fragments of cells, consisting of a small amount of cytoplasm surrounded by a cell membrane.

Granulocyte WBC's:

Neutrophils, Basophils, and Eosinophils

Define Clotting Factors:

Number of proteins in the formation of a clot.

Whole Blood = ____ + _____

Plasma (liquid) + Formed Elements (cell)

Plug VS Clot:

Plug: Small vessels. Clot: Larger wounds in vessels.

Fibrinolysis:

Process by which clots are removed from the body.

Hematopoiesis:

Process of blood cell production.

(WBC) B-Lymphocyte:

Produce antibodies.

Origin of Platelets (Thrombocytes):

Produced in red bone marrow from megakaryocytes.

Ameboid Movement, in short:

Project, clasp, pull!

What color is blood when most of the hemes are carrying oxygen?

RED

Three types of formed elements are:

Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes) 95% of formed elements. White Blood Cells (Leukocytes) Platelets (Thrombocytes)

(WBC) Basophil:

Release histamine and heparin.

Describe the Rh Blood Group:

Rh Positive: Contains the D antigen. Rh Negative: Does not contain the D antigen.

(WBC) Neutrophils:

Secrete Lysozymes.

Describe how a clot functions in healing and how the clot is removed:

The clot goes through retraction, pulling the edges of damaged blood vessels together, helping stop the flow of blood, reducing the probability of infection, and enhancing healing. The clot is removed by plasmin which slowly breaks down the fibrin.

Phagocytosis:

The removal of dead cells and debris from cells by White Blood Cells.

Why do some leukemia patients get a bone marrow transplant?

Too many white blood cells lead to the killing of the patients own bone marrow, the transplant means they would be able to produce new cells.

Function of Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes):

Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Why can umbilical cord blood be used in the place of bone marrow transplants?

Umbilical cord blood contains the same kind of stem cells that can be cultured to replace stem cells that aren't functioning properly in the patient's body.

White Blood Cells leave blood and move through tissues by _____ movement.

ameboid

Blood is a ______ tissue.

connective

Hematopoiesis happens in ____ bones, give examples.

flat bones, like the sternum and hip bones.

Serum is _____ without clotting factors.

plasma