Human Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 8: Joints
What is a syndesmosis joint?
Joint held together by a ligament.
What is a suture?
Joint held together with very short,interconnecting fibers, and bone edges interlock
elevation (movement at synovial joint)
Lifting a body structure superiorly
Flexion of the neck
Looking down
TCL is also known as
MCL
Abduction
Movement away from the midline of the body
What is a condyloid joint?
Movement in two planes (biaxial) Example: Metacarpal-phalangeal joints (MPJ's): these are biaxial condyloid joints
Adduction
Movement toward the midline of the body
Angular movement
Movements that occur along the sagittal plane
Protraction
Moving a part forward
Flexion of the elbow
Name this movement
Flexion of the hip
Name this movement
Rich nerve and blood vessel supply
Nerve fibers detect pain, monitor joint position and stretch, Capillary beds produce filtrate for synovial fluid
Movement in the saddle joint so that the thumb touches the tips of the other fingers
Opposition
Rounded end of one bone conforms to a "sleeve," or ring of another bone
Pivot
Uniaxial movement only
Pivot
Flat articular surfaces
Plane
Nonaxial joints
Plane
Short gliding movement
Plane
What kind of joint: capitulum of humerus and head of radius
Plane
What type of synovial joint allows gliding motion?
Plane
rotation of radius within annular ligament
Plane
Nonaxial
Plane (gliding)
Each articular surface has both concave and convex areas
Saddle joint
Lateral flexion
Side-bending left or right
extension of the hip
Standing in anatomical position is
extension of the vertebral column
Standing up straight
Extension of the neck
Staring straight
What type of joints do we have between the bones in the cranium
Sutures
Fibrocartilaginous intervertebral disc has what kind of joint
Symphyses
Epiphyseal plate has what kind of joint?
Synchondroses
Joint between first rib and sternum has what kind of joint?
Synchondroses
depression (movement at synovial joint)
Takes place when a body part moves inferiorly
Rotation
The turning of a bone around its own long axis
Inversion of the foot
Turning the sole of the foot inward
What is Synovial fluid?
Viscous slippery filtrate of plasma + hyaluronic acid
When a person does jumping jacks, which limb movements are necessary?
adduction and abduction
Opposition movement
allows thumb to touch the tips of the fingers on the same hand (opposable thumb)
A slightly movable joint is a(n)
amphiarthrosis
What is a Synarthroses joint?
an immovable joint
Abduction is what kind of movement?
angular
Adduction is what kind of movement?
angular
Circumduction is what kind of movement?
angular
Extension is what kind of movement?
angular
Flexion is what kind of movement?
angular
Hyperextension is what kind of movement?
angular
hyaline cartilage is also known as
articular cartilage
The location where two bones meet is called a joint, or an
articulation.
Multiaxial joints
ball and socket
The most freely moving synovial joints
ball and socket
What type of synovial joint permits the greatest range of motion?
ball-and-socket
flexion of the knee
bend the knee
flexion of the vertebral column
bending forward
Dorsiflexion
bending of the foot or the toes upward
Plantar flexion
bending of the sole of the foot by curling the toes toward the ground
Plane joint in knee
between femur and patella
condyloid joint in knee
between femur and tibia
Condyloid (Ellipsoidal) Joints are
biaxial
Saddle Joints are
biaxial
Saddle joints are
biaxial
condyloid joints are
biaxial
What are cartilaginous joints?
bones connected by cartilage
What is the acetabular labrum?
lip of fibrocartilage that surrounds outer margin of the acetabulum on the hip bone
hyperextension of the vertebral column
looking up toward the sky or bending over backward
Inner synovial membrane
loose connective tissue that makes synovial fluid (synovial joints)
What is the MCL?
medial collateral ligament
Hyperextension of the hip
move the leg behind the body
multiaxial
movement in or around all three planes
biaxial
movement in two planes
Pronation
movement that turns the palm down
Supination
movement that turns the palm up
supination
movement that turns the palm up
Retraction
moving a part backward
What is a good example of adduction?
moving arms and legs toward your midline
extension of the shoulder
moving the arm posteriorly
What is good example of flexion?
moving the hand toward the shoulder
Ball-and-Socket Joints are
multiaxial
Is there a joint cavity in cartilaginous joints?
no
Gliding movement
one bone surface glides or slips over another similar surface
To pinch with a thumb and finger involves a movement called
opposition
Abduction is going
out
Extracapsular
outside joint capsule
Capsular (intrinsic)
part of the fibrous capsule
What is a Amphiarthroses joint?
slightly movable joint
What is a good example of abduction?
spreading the fingers
extension of the knee
straighten leg
radius and ulna are parallel
supination
Movements of radius around ulna
supination and pronation
Articular (joint) capsule
surrounds the joint (synovial joints)
The skull has what kind of joint?
sutures
Pubic symphysis is what kind of joint?
symphyses
An immovable joint is a(n)
synarthrosis
A suture is an example of a(n)
synarthrosis.
Fibrous tissue can vary in length, but is longer than in sutures.
syndesmosis
The tibia and fibula have this kind of joint by the ankle
syndesmosis
longer in length than suture but not really moving around
syndesmosis
All are diarthrotic
synovial
Ball and socket is what kind of joint?
synovial
Condyloid is what kind of joint?
synovial
Hinge is what kind of joint?
synovial
Include all limb joints
synovial
Joint cavity: small potential space
synovial
Pivot is what kind of joint?
synovial
Plane is what kind of joint?
synovial
Saddle is what kind of joint?
synovial
What kind of joint: Articular cartilage: hyaline cartilage
synovial
Which structural category of joints allows for the greatest range of motion?
synovial
most joints of the body
synovial
The bones of a synovial joint are surrounded by a
synovial capsule
Lubricates and nourishes articular cartilage
synovial fluid
synovial capsule excretes
synovial fluid
Circumduction
the circular movement at the far end of a limb
Abduction (identify)
Identify
Adduction (Identify)
Identify
Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) (anterior view)
Identify
Circumduction (identify)
Identify
Dorsiflexion (identify)
Identify
Eversion of the foot (identify)
Identify
Extension of the knee (identify)
Identify
Extension of the shoulder (identify)
Identify
Extension of the vertebral column (identify)
Identify
Flexion of the knee (identify)
Identify
Flexion of the neck (identify)
Identify
Flexion of the shoulder (identify)
Identify
Flexion of the vertebral column (identify)
Identify
Hyperextension of the neck (identify)
Identify
Hyperextension of the shoulder (identify)
Identify
Hyperextension of the vertebral column (identify)
Identify
Inversion of the foot (identify)
Identify
Patellar ligament (anterior view)
Identify
Plantar flexion (identify)
Identify
Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL)
Identify
Pronation (identify)
Identify
Quadriceps tendon (anterior view)
Identify
Supination (identify)
Identify
deep infrapatellar bursa
Identify
extension of the neck (identify)
Identify
fibular collateral ligament
Identify
infrapatellar fat pad
Identify
lateral meniscus
Identify
medial meniscus (semilunar cartilage)
Identify
subcutaneous prepatellar bursa
Identify
suprapatellar bursa
Identify
tibial collateral ligament (anterior view)
Identify
Acetabular Labrum
Identify #1
Coxal
Identify #1
Femur
Identify #1
Rotation between C1 and C2 vertebrae
Identify #1
Rotation of the head
Identify #1
Synovial cavity
Identify #11
Patellar ligament
Identify #14
Articular capsule
Identify #2
Lateral rotation
Identify #2
Synovial membrane
Identify #2
ligament of head of femur (ligamentum teres)
Identify #2
Ligament of the head of the femur
Identify #3
Medial rotation
Identify #3
Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL) (lateral view)
Identify #3
Synovial cavity (hip)
Identify #3
Articular capsule of hip
Identify #4
Head of the femur
Identify #4
lateral meniscus (lateral view)
Identify #4
lateral meniscus (lateral view on the posterior)
Identify #4 (the posterior one)
Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) (lateral view)
Identify #5
articular capsule (cut)
Identify #5
Tibia
Identify #6
acetabular labrum
Identify #6
articular cartilage
Identify #7
tendon of quadriceps femoris
Identify #7
What is a Gomphosis joint?
"Peg in socket" fibrous joint.
How many condyloid joints are in the knee?
2
What is a saddle joint?
2 bones that fit together like a rider in a saddle; allows for many movements
You have over _____ moveable and semi-moveable joints in your body
230
hyperextension of the neck
A man raises his chin to shave his neck. This action is
Patella
Identify #9
joint holding tooth in a socket
Gomphosis
What kind of Joint: trochlea of humerus and trochlear notch of ulna
Hinge
Elbow has what kind of joint(s)?
Hinge and Plane
excessive extension beyond normal range of motion
Hyperextension
What is a fibrous joint?
Bones joined by dense fibrous connective tissue; no joint cavity; most immovable
Symphyses
Bones united by fibrocartilage
What is a Synchondroses joint?
Bones united by hyaline cartilage
flexion + abduction + extension + adduction of a limb so as to describe a cone in space
Circumduction
Joint capsule is reinforced by collateral ligaments
Elbow
Tendon sheath
Elongated bursa that wraps completely around a tendon
Bursae
Flattened, fibrous sacs lined with synovial membranes
Periodontalligament holds tooth in socket.
Gomphosis
Femur and tibia separated
by 2 menisci
Example of plane joint
carpals
Symphyses is what kind of joint?
cartilaginous
Synchondroses is what kind of joint?
cartilaginous
Circumduction definition
circular movement of a limb at the far end
The joints that connect the four fingers with the metacarpal bones are ________ joints.
condylar
What joints does the knee have?
condyloid and plane
Both articular surfaces are oval
condyloid joints
Permit all angular movements
condyloid joints
Outer fibrous capsule
continuous with periosteum of adjoining bones (synovial joints)
Intracapsular
deep to capsule; covered by synovial membrane
Synovial joints are classified functionally as:
diarthroses
A freely movable joint is a(n)
diarthrosis
A synovial joint is an example of a(n)
diarthrosis
Lifting a stone with the tip of the foot is
dorsiflexion.
What is a hinge joint?
elbow and knee
popliteal ligaments
extend between the femur and the heads of the tibia and fibula
When a person is in the anatomical position, all of the major joints of the axial and appendicular skeletons (except the ankle) are at full
extension
increases the angle of the joint
extension
Syndesmosis is to ligament as symphysis is to
fibrocartilage.
A suture is what type of joint?
fibrous
Gomphoses is what kind of joint?
fibrous
Syndesmoses is what kind of joint?
fibrous
decreases the angle of the joint
flexion
Sutures fuse bones together
later in life
What does Amphiarthroses mean?
slightly movable
What is a Diarthroses joint?
freely movable joint
Dense connective tissue is to a suture as a periodontal ligament is to a(n)
gomphosis.
The synarthrosis that binds the teeth to the bony sockets is a
gomphosis.
Saddle joints allow
greater freedom of movement than condyloid joints
A joint that permits only flexion and extension is a ________ joint.
hinge
The elbow joint is an example of a ________ joint.
hinge
flexion only
hinge joint in elbow
Uniaxial
hinge, pivot
Adduction is going
in
ligament of the head of femur
intracapsular ligament that runs from the acetabulum of the hip bone to the head of the femur
A common injury to the ankle occurs by excessive turning of the sole inward, termed
inversion
Which type of joint is found between the carpal bones?
plane
radius rotates over ulna
pronation
What movements are made possible by the rotation of the head of the radius?
pronation and supination
You ________ your jaw when you grasp your upper lip with your lower teeth.
protract
Many gyms feature weightlifting machines called "adductor machines" that are used to strengthen the thighs. If you were to work out on one of these, what would you be doing?
pulling both thighs inward toward a center point, bringing your knees together
Example of pivot joint
radius and ulna
flexion of the shoulder
raise arm from side position forward to position above head
Which appendicular joint firmly attaches the axial skeleton to the pelvic girdle?
sacro-iliac joint
The joint between the trapezium and metacarpal bone of the thumb is an example of a ________ joint.
saddle
The joint that permits the greatest range of mobility of any joint in the body is the ________ joint.
shoulder
What is an example of a ball-and-socket joint?
shoulder and hip
example of ball and socket joint
shoulder and hip
What is a ball and socket joint?
shoulder and hip, this movement provides the widest range of motion in all planes.
Example of saddle joint
thumb
What is TCL?
tibial collateral ligament
Inversion
turning inward
Eversion
turning outward
What is a good example of supination?
turning the hand palm upward
pronation
turning the palm downward
Eversion of the foot
turning the sole of the foot outward
Articulation is where
two or more bones meet
Artificial joints __________
usually have a service life of at least 15 years
Example of condyloid joint
wrist and knuckles