Human Anatomy Ch 6 questions

Which type of fracture is inherently more likely in children than in adults?

epiphyseal

The inadequate mineral deposition in bone caused by a vitamin D deficiency during childhood is called

rickets

Fibrocartilage is found in ...

Intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis

Bone remodeling normally involves ...

changes in bone architecture and the skeleton's total mineral deposits activity at both the periosteal and endosteal surfaces of a bone continual deposition and removal of bone tissue

One of the main differences between the two growth patterns of cartilage is the source of new

chondroblasts

Long bones such as the humerus have solid external walls of ____________ bone, with ____________ bone found primarily within the epiphyses.

compact, spongy

Which of the following tissues is found in the fewest body locations?

elastic cartilage

Chondrocytes die and stem cells in the perichondrium form osteoblasts during which of these processes?

endochondral ossification

Lengthwise bone growth involves the final steps of

endochondral ossification

Interstitial growth of a bone occurs in the articular cartilage

epiphyseal plate

An epiphyseal line appears when

epiphyseal plate growth has ended.

At each end of a long bone is an expanded, knobby region called the head

epiphysis

Yellow bone marrow contains a large proportion of

fatty tissue

A layer of dense irregular connective tissue typically covers all of the following except

fibrocartilage

Under what circumstances does fibrocartilage normally ossify?

fracture repair

Vertebrae are classified as

irregular bones

Calcification occurs in ____________ during dermal ossification but in ____________ during endochondral ossification.

osteoid; hyaline cartilage

The condition of inadequate ossification that may accompany aging and is a result of reduced calcification is called

osteopenia.

Osteopenia and ____________ both reduce bone mass, but the former is a normal part of aging whereas the latter is a disease.

osteoporosis

Hemopoiesis is the process of bone formation

blood cell production

Which of the following is a thyroid gland hormone that encourages calcium deposition from blood into bone and inhibits osteoclast activity?

calcitonin

By interconnecting the lacunae and the blood supply, ____________ allow osteocytes to transfer nutrients and wastes through an otherwise impenetrable solid matrix.

canaliculi

The two hormones that have opposite effects on the rate of osteolysis are

parathyroid hormone and calcitonin

Which of the following are components of compact bone, but not of an osteon?

perforating canals and circumferential lamellae

Tiny, seed-shaped bones along the tendons of some muscles are classified as _____ and _____ bones.

sesamoid bones short bones

Ironically, high levels of ____________ at puberty not only accelerate lengthwise bone growth but also trigger its ultimate end.

sex hormones

Functions of cartilage include ...

supporting soft tissues providing a gliding surface at articulations providing a model for the formation of most bones

Arrange the following from lowest to highest in terms of their contribution to the mass of bone tissue: (1) collagen fibers; (2) osteocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts; and (3) calcium phosphate.

2, 1, 3

Arrange the following in order of the average age at which they complete ossification, from youngest to oldest: (1) clavicle; (2) lateral epicondyle of humerus; and (3) proximal radius.

2, 3, 1

The femur is an example of a

long bone.

A fracture of the distal end of the radius that produces a characteristic "dinner fork" deformity is a ______ fracture.

Colles

Which of the following does not accurately describe spongy bone?

contains slightly larger osteons than compact bone

The endosteum

covers all internal surfaces of a bone, such as the medullary cavity is active during bone growth, repair, and remodeling is an incomplete cellular membrane

During bone remodeling, if the rate of osteolysis exceeds the rate of osteogenesis, the bone becomes

demineralized

What is broken in a Colles fracture?

distal end of the radius

Endochondral ossification begins with a______ model of bone.

hyaline cartilage

Through the process of endochondral ossification, a fetal ____________ model transforms into bone.

hyaline cartilage

Which selection correctly pairs the type of cartilage with one of its locations in the body?

hyaline cartilage, trachea

What change in physical structure would result from an excess of organic components relative to the amount of hydroxyapatite in the matrix of a bone?

increased flexibility

Production of new bone______ as a result of increased sex hormone production at puberty.

increases rapidly

As with cartilage growth, a long bone's growth in length is called

interstitial growth

During early embryonic development, cartilage grows both internally and along its periphery. The former is called ____________ growth; the latter, ____________.

interstitial; appositional

____________ ossification produces the flat bones of the skull, some of the facial bones, the mandible, and the central part of the clavicle

intramembranous

A small space within compact bone housing an osteocyte is termed a

lacuna.

A typical bone has which of the following major sets of blood vessels? primary, secondary, and tertiary

nutrient, metaphyseal, and periosteal

Which bone cells secrete osteoid (the initial semisolid form of bone matrix)?

osteoblasts

All of the following occur during appositional bone growth

osteoblasts in the periosteum lay down layers of bone matrix the bone widens as the number of circumferential lamellae increases osteoclasts expand the medullary cavity by resorbing bone matrix

____________ produce new bone, while ____________ resorb bone.

osteoblasts, osteoclasts

The immature cells that produce osteoid are called

osteoblasts.

Which of the following is not a function of periosteum?

provides a smooth surface for articulation between bones

Stimulated by sex hormones, bone growth accelerates dramatically at

puberty

Hyaline cartilage is found in all of the following structures except the

pubic symphysis.

In flat bones of the skull, a region of ____________ is sandwiched between two layers of compact bone.

spongy bone

Aging affects bone tissue in which of the following ways?

tensile strength decreases and bones become brittle bones demineralize and become thinner and weaker

Sensory nerves innervate which parts of a bone?

the bone matrix and marrow cavity the periosteum and endosteum

While eating fried chicken from a popular chain restaurant, David notices that the ends of the bones in the wing and drumstick are smooth, featureless, and covered with a thick cap of cartilage. What is the most likely explanation?

the chicken was so young that the bones were not fully ossified

In interstitial bone growth, what happens when the zone of ossification overtakes the zone of resting cartilage?

the epiphyseal plate becomes the epiphyseal line lengthwise growth of the bone terminates (at least at one end) the metaphysis converts from hyaline cartilage to bone ____________ is a continual, hormonally controlled process that is essentially a race between osteoblasts and osteoclasts. ;;;bone remodeling

Why does all growth normally cease in mature cartilage?

the matrix of mature cartilage is not able to expand cartilage has no blood supply and thus no energy source for growth

A major difference between compact and spongy bone is that

there are no osteons in spongy bone

A typical example of a long bone is the

tibia

Osteons are to dense bone as ____________ are to cancellous bone.

trabeculae

A large, rough projection of a bone is termed a

tuberosity.

Dietary factors necessary for normal bone growth include

vitamins A, C, and D