Human Anatomy Chapter 5
axis
1) the second cervical vertebra; has a vertical projection called the dens around which the atlas rotates 2) the imaginary line about which a joint or structure revolves
process (projection)
1)prominence 2) series of actions for a specific purpose
rickets
a disease of children in which the bones fail to calcify
epiphyseal plate
a flat plate of hyaline cartilage seen in a young, growing bone, causing the lengthwise growth of a long bone
closed (simple)fracture
a fracture in which the bone breaks cleanly and does not penetrate the skin
lacunae
a small space, cavity, or depression; lacunae in bone or cartilage are occupied by cells
ramus
armlike bar of bone
greenstick fracture
bone breaks incompletely, much in the way a greentwig breaks
comminuted fracture
bone breaks into many fragments
compression fracture
bone is crushed
spongy bone
bone tissue that is composed of small needle like pieces of bone and lots of open space
compact bone
bone tissue that is dense and looks smooth and homogeneous
osteoblasts
bone-forming cells
irregular bones
bones that are not long, flat, or short (vertebrae, hip, spinal column)
flat bones
bones that are thin, flattened, and usually curved. They have 2 thin layers of compact bone with spongy bone between them
long bones
bones that are typically longer than they are wide with a shaft with heads at both ends (mostly compact bone)
head
bony expansion carried on a narrow neck
impacted fracture
broken bone ends are forced into each other
depressed fracture
broken bone portion is pressed inward
meatus
canal-like passageway
sinus
cavity with a bone, filled with air and lined with mucuous membrane
lamella
concentric circle in which lacunae are arranged in a compact bone
short bones
cube-shaped and mostly spongy bone
disphysis
elongated shaft of a long bone
canaliculi
extremely small tubular passage or channel
fontanels
fibrous membranes at the angles of cranial bones that accommodate brain growth in the fetus and infant
open (compound) fracture
fracture in which the broken bone ends penetrate through the skin
groove
furrow
foreman
hole or opening in a bone or between body cavities
cribriform plates
holey areas on the crista galli that allow nerve fibers to carry impulses from the factory receptors of the nose to reach the brain
depression (cavity)
indentations in the bone
osteoclasts
large cells that reabsorb or break down bone matrix
tuberosity
large, rounded projection; may be roughened
osteocytes
mature bone cell
line
narrow ridge of bone; less prominent than the crest
crest
narrow ridge of bone; usually prominent
fissure
narrow, slitlike opening
intervertebral discs
pads of flexible fibrocartilage that separate the single vertebrae, cushion it, and absorb shocks
spiral fracture
ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to a bone
epicondyle
raised area on or above a condyle
condyle
rounded articular projection
fossa
shallow, basinlike depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface
spine
sharp, slender, often pointed, projection
tubercle
small, rounded projection or process
facet
smooth, nearly flat articular surface
epiphyses
the end of a long bone
atlas
the first cervical vertebra; articulates with the occipital bone of the skull and the second cervical vertebra
true ribs
the first seven pairs of the ribs that attach directly to the sternum by costal cartilages
floating ribs
the last two pairs of false ribs that lack the sternal attachments
false ribs
the next five pairs of ribs that either attach to the sternum indirectly or are not attached at all
appositional growth
the process by which bones increase in diameter
ossification
the process of bone formation in which bones develop using hyaline cartilage structures as their "models"
open reduction
the realignment of broken bone ends in which surgery is performed and the bone ends are secured together with pins or wires
closed reduction
the realignment of broken ends in which the bone ends are coaxed back into their normal positions by a physician's hands
trochanter
very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process (examples are on the femur)