Human Anatomy Exam 1
What body region is the groin in?
Inguinal
What shape are columnar cells
Rectangular
Organ that pumps blood
heart
Types of cells in bone tissue
1. Osteoprogenitor cells 2. Osteoblasts 3. Osteocytes 4. Osteoclasts
What are the steps of intramembranous ossification
1. organic extracellular matrix is secreted by osteoblasts 2. Deposition of calcium and other mineral salts 3. Calcification of extracellular matrix 4. Extracellular matrix develops into trabeculae 5. Formation of spongy bone 6. Formation of periosteum from peripheral mesenchyme
How many layers of the dermis is present in thick skin?
2
diaphysis, epiphysis, metaphysis
3 parts of a long bone
How many vertebrae are in the coccyx vertebrae
3-5 fused
How many vertebrae are in the lumbar vertebrae
5
What organs can be found in the right lower quadrant?
Appendix and the cecum
A blood vessel that pumps blood away from your heart
Artery
What is the layer of the basement membrane closer to epithelium
Basal lamina
large amount of extracellular material separates cells that are usually widely scattered Epithelial tissue or connective tissue?
CT
Cells that form the reticular are present in this layer
Connective tissue
Neutrophils
Develop from B lymphocytes. They secrete antibodies that attack and neutralize foreign substances
Macrophages
Develop from monocytes and destroy bacteria and cell debris by phagocytosis
Organ system that breaks down food for cells to use
Digestive
What body region is the back in?
Dorsum
What body region is the thigh in?
Femur
What cells secrete collagen to form the reticular lamina
Fibroblasts
What bone is the supraorbital foramen on
Frontal
What cranial bones are part of the orbit
Frontal, sphenoid, and ethmoid
What body region is the buttocks in?
Gluteal
Organ system that keeps you healthy from disease
Immune
What cells would you find in the Stratum lucidum
Keratinocytes
What cells would you find in the stratum corneum?
Keratinocytes
Organs that get rid of waste from blood
Kidneys
What suture unites the occipital bone to the left parietal bone
Lambdoidal
What proteins are present in basal lamina
Laminin, Collagen, Glycoproteins, and Proteoglycans
What body region is the lower back in?
Lumbar
What bone is the infraorbital foramen on
Maxilla
What organs can be found in the right upper quadrant?
Most of the liver and the gallbladder
What organs can be found in the left upper quadrant?
Most of the stomach and the pancreas
Organ system that captures oxygen from the atmosphere
Respiratory
What is the layer of the basement membrane closer to the connective tissue
Reticular lamina
What organs make up the integumentary system?
Skin, nails, hair, sweat and oil glands
A group of organs working together is an organ ________
System
What body region is the ankle in?
Tarsal
Epiphysis
The ends of the long bones that have articulation with other bones
Which vertebrae are kyphosis
Thoracic and sacral
Group of cells with a similar function that work together
Tissue
Where does the rib tubercle articulate
Transverse costal facet of thoracic vertebrae
What plane separate the heart from the liver?
Transverse or horizontal
What organs make up the cardiovascular system?
blood vessels, heart, and blood
Osteoprogenitor cells
bone stem cells undergo cel division to become osteoblasts
What organs make up the skeletal system?
bones, joints, and cartilage
What organs can be found in the left lower quadrant?
descending colon and sigmoid colon
Most of the pancreas is in the ____________ region.
epigastric
What organs make up the endocrine system?
hypothalamus, adrenal gland, and thyroid gland
What is the function of microvilli
increase surface area by 20 times
Bone formation
involves replacing preexisting connective tissue with bone
What organs make up the respiratory system?
larynx, lung, and trachea
What bone cells transform into osteocytes
osteoblasts
simple cuboidal epithelium
single layer of cube shaped cells
stratified cuboidal epithelium
tissue that consists of two or more layers of cube-shaped cells
changes shape as the tissue stretches
transitional epithelium
What features belong to all vertebrae? transverse foramen transverse process spinous process costal facets articular facets vertebral foramen intervertebral foramen sacral foramen dens
transverse process spinous process articular facets vertebral foramen intervertebral foramen
Hemidesmosomes
attach epithelial cells to the basement membrane
Lamella
concentric sheet of bone in osteons
Having a matrix is a characteristic of which type of tissue?
connective
bone(s) that form the hard palate
maxilla and palatine
What bone is the sella turcica on
Sphenoid
System that moves blood and lymph around the body
Circulatory
What suture unites the frontal and left parietal bone
Coronal
What type of bones are the carpals
Short bone
What shape are cuboidal cells
Square
Constant exposure of skin to friction stimulates increased cell production and keratin production in this epidermal layer, that results in the formation of a callus.
Stratum corneum
What epidermal layer is Composed of a single row of cuboidal or columnar keratinocytes
Stratum basale
What epidermal layer is also referred to as stratum germinativum.
Stratum basale
In what epidermal layer are Cells are extremely thin, flat and are called corneocytes.
Stratum corneum
In what epidermal layer are Cells continuously shed and replaced by cells from the deeper strata.
Stratum corneum
What epidermal layer Consists on average of 25 to 30 layers of flattened dead keratinocytes.
Stratum corneum
What organs make up the nervous system?
brain, spinal cord, nerves, eyes and ears
Functions in diffusion and filtration
simple squamous epithelium
simple squamous epithelium
single layer of flattened cells
How many vertebrae are in the cervical vertebrae
7
What plane separate the right eye and the left eye?
Midsagittal
How many cell layers does stratified epithelia have?
More than one cell layer
Organ system that lets you move
Muscular
Organ system that controls muscle movement and your senses
Nervous
Bones that protect the heart and lungs
Ribcage
bone(s) that contains the mandibular fossa
Temporal
The Bones family was traveling in their van and had a minor accident. the children in the back seat were wearing lap belts, but they still sustained bruises around the abdomen and had some internal injuries. Why is the abdominal area more vulnerable to damage than others?
The abdominal area is not protected by ribs or any other bone covering
Epiphyseal line
The are of bone where the epiphyseal plate used to be between the diaphysis and epiphysis. Was cartilage, in maturity it's bone
Periosteum
The connective tissue covering/protecting the outside of the bone
Endosteum
The connective tissue layer covering the inside of the bone (one cell thick)
osteocytes
mature bone cells main cell in bones tissue maintain metabolism doesn't undergo cell division
Which cavities are present within the thoracic cavity?
mediastinum, pleural and pericardia
What type of bone is the patella
sesamoid bone
What type of bones are the tarsals
short and irregular bones
Functions in secretion and absorption
simple columnar epithelium
What organs make up the muscular system?
skeletal muscles
Bone that protects your brain
skull
What type of bone is the clavicle
Long bone
Kevin has been asking twice as many calcium pills a day as he should be taking. He develops hypercalcemia, a condition where his blood calcium levels are far above the homeostatic/normal level. What physiological events will occur? 1. What hormone is secreted to counteract this condition? 2.What is the name of the gland that secretes this hormone? 3.What effect does this hormone have on bone? 4.What cells, thus, are activated? 5.What effect does this hormone have on the kidneys? 6.What effect do all of these events have on blood calcium levels?
1. Calcitonin 2. thyroid gland 3. stimulates deposition 4. osteoblasts 5. decrease uptake of calcium 6. decrease calcium levels
How many vertebrae are in the thoracic vertebrae
12
What skin color Indicates an increased number of blood cells carrying insufficient oxygen content.
Blue
Which branch of anatomy is defined by the study of body structures that can be examined using unaided eye?
Gross anatomy
Tissue that connects muscle to bone.
Tendon
What layer of the skin are merkle cells present?
stratum basale
What bone is the zygomatic process on
temporal
How many vertebrae are in the sacral vertebrae
5 fused
Organ that absorbs nutrients from food
Small intestine
What are the steps of endochondral ossification
1. Development of the cartilage model: mesenchymal cells develop into chondroblast, which form the cartilage model 2. Growth of the cartilage model (cell division of chondrocytes) 3. Development of the primary ossification center. In diaphysis bone tissue has replaced most of cartilage 4. Development of the medullary (marrow) cavity: bone breakdown by osteoclasts form the medullary cavity 5. Development of the secondary ossification centers (these occur in epiphysis of the bone) 6. Formation of articular cartilage and the epiphyseal plate (consist of hyaline cartilage)
Jennifer hates dairy. She rarely consumes dairy products and avoids other dietary sources of calcium, such as green vegetables. She develops hypocalcemia, a condition where her blood calcium levels are far below the homeostatic/normal level. What physiological events will occur? 1. What hormone is secreted to counteract this condition? 2.What is the name of the gland that secretes this hormone? 3.What effect does this hormone have on bone? 4.What cells, thus, are activated? 5.What effect does this hormone have on the kidneys? 6.What effect do all of these events have on blood calcium levels?
1. parathyroid hormone 2. parathyroid gland 3. stimulates reabsorption 4. osteoclasts 5. increase uptake of calcium 6. increase calcium levels
How does the skeletal system help in mineral storage and release?
99% of calcium and some phosphorous is stored in bone
Osteoprogenitor cell function
Bone stem cells
Mast cells
Abundant along blood vessels. They produce histamine, which dilates small blood vessels during inflammation and kills bacteria
Reticular fibers
Are made of collagen and glycoproteins. They provide support in blood vessel walls and form branching networks around various cells.
Osteoblasts
Bone-building cells Synthesize collagen fibers for extracellular matrix of bone tissue Initiates calcification to transform to osteocytes
What are two extracellular layers that form the basement membrane
Basal lamina and Reticular lamina
What body region is the arm in?
Brachial
What skin color Indicates either a local or general increase in melanin production by melanocytes
Brown
tissue has significant networks of blood vessels Epithelial tissue or connective tissue?
CT
What body region is the wrist in?
Carpal
Basic building block of all living organisms
Cells
Osteoblast function
Cells that build bones
Osteoclast function
Cells that degrade bones
Osteocyte function
Cells that maintain bone tissue
What body region is the neck region in?
Cervical
Which vertebrae are lordosis
Cervical and lumbar
Gap junctions
Connexins form tiny fluid-filled tunnels called connexons that connect neighboring cells allowing passage of ions and small molecules
What does red bone marrow consist of and where is it found?
Consists of blood cells, adipocytes, fibroblasts, macrophages, and fibers. In fetuses its found in the developing bones and in adults its found in the hip bones, ribs, sternum, vertebrae, skull, and long bones (becomes yellow with development)
Adherance Junction
Contain plaque that attaches both to membrane proteins and to microfilaments of cytoskeleton
Desmosomes
Contain plaque that attaches to intermediate filaments
What plane separate the gluteus and the pubis?
Coronal or frontal
What body region is the hip in?
Coxal
always forms surface layers and is not covered by another tissue, except within blood vessels Epithelial tissue or connective tissue?
ET
many cells are tightly packed together with little or no extracellular matrix. Epithelial tissue or connective tissue?
ET
tissue has no blood vessels Epithelial tissue or connective tissue?
ET
Diaphysis
Elongated shaft of a long bone.
Organ system that regulates growth by producing hormones
Endocrine
what cells secrete the basal lamina
Epithelial
Cell junction that holds the epithelial cells to the basement membrane
Hemidesmosomes
What is the difference between vitiligo and albinism? Which cells are being affected and how? Explain using your own words.
In vitiligo melanocytes are dead in certain areas while in albinism melanocytes are still alive but they are not producing melanin. In vitiligo the dead melanocytes result in white patches on some areas of skin such as the neck, hands, face, etc. In albinism the lack of melanin production leads to an individual who is lacking in color both in the skin and sometimes in the hair.
What cells would you find in the stratum granulosum
Keratinocytes
What cells would you find in the stratum spinosum?
Keratinocytes and Langerhan cells
What cells would you find in the stratum basale?
Keratinocytes, melanocytes, merkel cells, stem cells
Fibroblasts
Large flat cells that move through connective tissue and secrete fibers and ground substances.
Organs that help you breath
Lungs
What bone is the Mandibular condyle on
Mandible
bone(s) that forms the chin
Mandible
What bone is the hypoglossal canal on
Occipital
bone(s) that contains foramen magnum
Occipital
How many cell layers does simple epithelia have?
One cell layer
What bone cells become osteoblasts?
Osteoprogenitor cells
What body region is the sole of the foot in?
Plantar
Boone process
Projections or outgrowths on bone that form joints or attachment points for connective tissue Condyle, facet, head, crest, epicondyle, line, spinous process, trochanter, tubercle, tuberosity
What skin color results from blood vessels in the dermis and a function of the thickness of epidermis.
Red
What plane separate the right nose from the ear?
Sagittal
Which plane divides a structure or the body vertically into right or left portions?
Sagittal
Alveoli are located in the lungs and assist with gas exchange and diffusion. The tissue found in the alveoli are made up of
Simple squamous epithelium
Bone depressions and openings
Sites that allow the passage of soft tissue or formation of joints Fissure, foramen, fossa, sulcus, meatus
Organ system that gives your body structure
Skeletal
Organ system that gives your body structure.
Skeletal
Organ that contains acid and breaks down food
Stomach
Adipocytes
Store fats. They are found below the skin and around organs (heart and kidney)
How does the skeletal system store triglyceride?
Stored in yellow bone marrow which consists if adipose cells which store triglycerides
Functions in protection
Stratified and transitional epithelium
Most stem cells differentiate into keratinocytes in which skin layer?
Stratum basale
What epidermal layer Contains scattered intermediate filaments also known as tonofilaments
Stratum basale
What are the layers of thin epidermis (from top to bottom)
Stratum corneum Stratum granulosum Stratum spinosum Stratum basale
What are the layers of thick epidermis (from top to bottom)
Stratum corneum Stratum lucidum Stratum granulosum Stratum spinosum Stratum basale
In what epidermal layer do Keratinocytes start to undergo apoptosis.
Stratum granulosum
In what epidermal layer is there a Presence of darkly staining protein granules called keratohyalin
Stratum granulosum
In what epidermal layer is there a Presence of membrane-enclosed lamellar granules that release a lipid-rich secretion.
Stratum granulosum
What epidermal layer is Composed of 3-5 cell layers
Stratum granulosum
What epidermal layer Consists of four to six layers of clear, flat, dead keratinocytes that contain large amounts of keratin.
Stratum lucidum
What epidermal layer is Present in the thick skin of areas such as the fingertips, palms, and soles.
Stratum lucidum
In what epidermal layer are there Live, rounded cells with an abundance of tonofilaments, that shrink when prepared for microscopic examination.
Stratum spinosum
What epidermal layer appears to be covered with thornlike spines.
Stratum spinosum
What epidermal layer is arranged in 8-10 cell layers of keratinocytes
Stratum spinosum
what epidermal layer has Presence of melanocytes projections in every individual independent of skin color.
Stratum spinosum
Elastic fibers
Stretchable but strong fibers made of proteins, elastin, and fibrillin. They are found in skin, blood vessels, and lung tissue.
nonciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Structure Single layer of cells with varying heights
Where does the head of the rib articulate?
Superior and inferior costal facets of thoracic vertebrae
What are the functions of the skeletal system?
Support, protection, assistance in movement, mineral storage and release, blood cell production, and triglyceride storage
How does the skeletal system provide protection for the body?
The skeletal system protects internal organs: Cranial bones protect the brain, the vertebrae protects the spinal cord, and the rib cage protects the heart and lungs
How does the skeletal system provide support to the body?
The skeletal system serves as a structural framework that supports soft tissue and provides a point of attachment for muscle tendons
Central canal
The space in the center of the osteon to allow blood flow into bone tissue
Medullary cavity
The space inside bone that houses bone marrow
Metaphysis
The widened portion of the diaphysis where bone is added during growth
Cortical bone
Type of bone tissue with few spaces. Harder/denser. Has osteons
Trabecular bone
Type of bone with many spaces. Lighter, organized into trabeculae
What body region is the belly button in?
Umbilical
Organ system that removes waste from your body
Urinary
What bone is the lower portion of the nasal septum on
Vomer
bone(s) that forms the nasal septum
Vomer and ethmoid
How does the skeletal system assist in movement of the body?
When muscles contract they pull bones to produce movement
Which of the bone feature below is found in the sacrum? (choose ALL that apply) spinous process ala dens articular facet foramen hiatus canal
ala articular facet foramen hiatus canal
What body region is the forearm in?
antebrachial
What body region is the armpit in?
axilla
produces movement of material
ciliated epithelium
How does the skeletal system produce blood cells?
connective tissue is red bone marrow which produces RBC, WBC, and platelets through the process of hemopoiesis.
Tight junctions
consist of weblike strands of transmembrane proteins that fuse adjacent plasma membranes to seal off passageways between cells
What bone features are found only in the thoracic vertebrae spinous process transverse process dens articular facets costal facets transverse foramen largest centrum when compared to other vertebrae smallest centrum when compared to other vertebrae smallest vertebral foramen when compared to other vertebrae largest vertebral foramen when compared to other vertebrae
costal facets
What bone features are found only in the cervical vertebrae spinous process transverse process dens articular facets costal facets transverse foramen largest centrum when compared to other vertebrae smallest centrum when compared to other vertebrae smallest vertebral foramen when compared to other vertebrae largest vertebral foramen when compared to other vertebrae
dens transverse foramen smallest centrum when compared to other vertebrae largest vertebral foramen when compared to other vertebrae
What organ systems does the pharynx belong to?
digestive and respiratory system
The hand is __________ to the shoulder.
distal
What organ systems does the pancreas belong to?
endocrine and digestive
Which structure gives us the unique characteristics of fingerprints?
epidermal ridges
What organs make up the digestive system?
esophagus, liver, gallbladder, salivary glands, stomach
What bone is the crista Galli on
ethmoid
What shape are squamous cells
flat
What type of bone is the ox coxa
flat and irregular bone
What type of bone are the ribs
flat bone
Ossification (osteogenesis)
formation of bone
bone(s) connected by the coronal suture
frontal and parietal
Osteon
functional unit of compact bone
What body region is the big toe in?
hallux
What type of bone is the vertebrae
irregular bone
Histology of compact bone
know where interstitial lamellae, osteon, concentric lamellae, canaliculi, lacuna, and osteonic canal are
What facial bones are part of the orbit
lacrimal, maxilla, zygomatic, palatine
The epidermis consists of stratified squamous epithelium. Which cell type found within these layers are a type of macrophage?
langerhans cells
osteoclasts
large cell derived from fusion of monocytes bone resorption help regulate calcium used as target cell in osteoporosis
What bone features are found only in the lumbar vertebrae spinous process transverse process dens articular facets costal facets transverse foramen largest centrum when compared to other vertebrae smallest centrum when compared to other vertebrae smallest vertebral foramen when compared to other vertebrae largest vertebral foramen when compared to other vertebrae
largest centrum when compared to other vertebrae smallest vertebral foramen when compared to other vertebrae
Organ that gets rid of toxins in blood
liver
What are the 7 types of bones?
long bones short bones (hands) flat bones (ribs, scapula, sternum, ox coxa, skull) irregular bones (skull, pelvis, feet, vertebrae, ox coxa) sesamoid bones (knee caps) pneumatized bones (bones with pockets) sutural bones (skull)
What organ systems does the thymus belong to?
lymphatic and endocrine
What skin color Indicates the presence of carotene, which can result from eating a lot of carrots
orange
What bone cells function in bone reabsorption
osteoclasts
What bone cells are the mature bone cells
osteocytes
If a needle pokes your skin and results in instant bleeding, which skin layer has the needle reached?
papillary layer
articular cartilage, periosteum, medullary cavity, endosteum
parts of a long bone
What type of bone is the ethmoid
pneumatized bone
What body region is the thumb in?
pollex
intramembranous ossification
process by which bone forms directly from mesenchymal tissue
endochondral ossification
process in which bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage
What organ systems do the gonads belong to?
reproductive and endocrine
What shape are transitional cells
rounded cells; ballon-shaped
What suture unites the right and left parietal bones
sagittal
Shaft
same as diaphysis
butterfly shaped bone(s)
sphenoid
What organs make up the lymphatic system?
spleen, lymph nodes, and tonsils
What suture unites the left temporal bone and the left parietal bone
squamous
When epithelial cells are flat they are referred to as _____________ cells.
squamous
Collagen fibers
strong, flexible bundles of the protein collagen, the most abundant protein in your body
ciliated simple columnar epithelium
structure: single layer of ciliated column like cells with oval nuclei near base of cells
What organs make up the urinary system?
urinary bladder, kidney, ureter, and urethra
What organs make up the reproductive system?
uterus, prostate, vagina, ductus deferens
Eosinophils
white blood cells that migrate to sites of parasitic infection and allergic responses