Human Anatomy Exam 3

Which of the following is not a branch of the superior mesenteric artery?

the left colic artery

49) External oblique

C

Where is the oblique pericardial sinus located?

Posterior to left atrium

Which of the following is not a segment of the large intestine?

ileum

50) Camper fascia

A

Briefly describe one of the possible pathways taken by preganglionic sympathetic axons after they exit the spinal cord as they travel to synapse with the postganglionic neuron.

A preganglionic axon exiting the chord will travel to the postganglionic neuron via a white ramus.

Which one of the segments of small intestine above is from the jejunum? Why?

B. Long vasa recta, small arcades, more surface area due to ridges

The abdominal aorta passes through the diaphragm at which vertebral level?

T12

What are the three layers of the heart wall, in order from external to internal?

epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

In the coronary circulation, all venous blood returns to the heart through the

coronary sinus

The esophagus enters the abdominal cavity through an opening in the diaphragm, the ______________ before it connects to the stomach.

esophageal hiatus

Motor innervation to the diaphragm is the

phrenic nerve

What are the prominent folds of mucosa within the stomach?

rugae

Name the structures labeled A and B above.

A: major duodenal papilla. B: hepato-pancreatic ampulla

Briefly describe the components of the rectus sheath a) above the umbilicus and b) below the umbilicus.

Above: rectus abdominus Below: pyramidalis

Which two layers of fascia combine to make the conjoint tendon?

Common aponeurosis of internal oblique and transverse abdominal

The head of a rib articulates with the bodies of adjacent vertebrae while the tubercle of the rib articulates with the transverse process.

True

The left lung is made up of how many lobes?

Two

The medial umbilical folds are remnants of what embryonic structure?

Umbilical arteries

Define the components of the spermatic cord.

Vas deferens, tunica vaginalis, pampiniform plexus, and nerves and arteries of the testicles and cremaster muscles

The ligamentum arteriosum is

a fibrous remnant of a fetal channel connecting the left pulmonary artery to the aorta

47) Scarpa fascia

B

In the lungs, gas exchange occurs in tiny one-celled air sacs called

Alveoli

Which of the following structures is not found in the posterior mediastinum?

Aortic arch

46) Internal oblique

D

Which of the following structures is retroperitoneal?

Descending colon

From the superior end downward, what is the correct order of the three segments of the small intestine?

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum

48) Transversalis fascia

E

The vagus nerve accompanies which of the following through the diaphragm

Esophagus

Which structure in the posterior mediastinum leaves a deep impression on the medial surface of the left lung?

Esophagus

When considering the structures that make up the thoracic wall, which of the following is most superficial

External intercostal muscles

The hemi-azygous vein is located on the right side of the posterior thoracic wall while the accessory hemi-azygous vein is located on the left side.

False

Parasympathetic innervation to the descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum is provided by the vagus nerve.

False (splanchnic nerves)

From outermost to innermost, name all the layers of the pericardium and the heart.

Fibrous pericardium, Serous pericardium(parietal and visceral), epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

Every spinal nerve receives a ___________ ramus that carries postganglionic axons from ganglion of the sympathetic trunk.

Gray

Which mesentery covers most of the abdominal organs, extending inferiorly like an apron from the greater curvature of the stomach.

Greater omentum

The structure that shortens to aid the descent of the gonads is called

Gubernaculum

Ribs 11 and 12 are called floating ribs because they

Have no connection to the sternum

Name two branches of the common hepatic artery.

Hepatic artery proper and right gastric artery

Name the two openings within the cecum and where they lead.

Ileocolic orifice: large intestine (from small intestine) Appendiceal orifice: Appendix

Which of the following is not a function of the fibrous skeleton of the heart?

It promotes the conduction of electrical impulses throughout the heart wall

What are the teniae coli? How many are there?

Longitudinal muscles on the colon that cause peristalsis. Three.

The three parts of the sternum are the

Manubrium, xiphoid process, and body

Where is the location of the omental bursa (also known as the lesser sac)?

Posterior to the stomach (formed by lesser and greater omentum)

What kind of autonomic nerve fibers make up the thoracic splanchnic nerves? Where do they synapse?

Presynaptic sympathetic fibers. They synapse in the celiac ganglion plexus.

What is the difference between and organ that is primary retroperitoneal and and organ that is secondarily retroperitoneal?

Primary retroperitoneal organs start out as retroperitoneal and remain this way throughout development. Secondary retroperitoneal organs are originally suspended in the abdomen but migrate posterior to the peritoneum during development.

Oxygenated blood from the lungs is carried back to the heart by the

Pulmonary veins

Which of the following rib costal cartilages does not directly articulate with the body of the sternum?

Rib 8

Name the two arteries that run along the greater curvature of the stomach.

Right and left gastro-omental arteries

The sinu-atrial node is located in the

Right atrial wall

Which muscles elevate the ribs in respiration?

Serratus posterior superior and external intercostals.

Describe the difference in shape (and movement) of the costotransverse joints in a) ribs 1-7 and b) ribs 8-10.

The joint of ribs 1-7 is essentially rounded, causing rotational movement so the ribs move superolaterally. Ribs 8-10 have more of a flat costotransverse joint that allows for gliding up and down, causing raising and lowering of ribs.

Which of the following is a branch of the inferior mesenteric artery?

The left colic artery

Describe the courses of the right and left recurrent laryngeal nerves.

The left loops around the aortic arch and the right goes around the subclavian artery. Both ascend to the groove between esophagus and trachea.

Which of the following arteries supplies blood to the upper part of the anterior abdominal wall?

The musculophrenic artery

Where are the papillary muscles located and what is their function?

The papillary muscles are located in the ventricles and connect to the AV valves, keeping them closed to prevent backflow of blood from the ventricles back to the atrium.

What is the function of the costal groove along the inferior border of the internal surface of the ribs?

The path of the intercostal nerves and vessels.

Briefly describe the course of the phrenic nerves through the thorax.

The phrenic nerves pass by on either side of the heart, traveling between the mediastinal pleura and the pericardium to the diaphragm.

The celiac trunk typically has three major branches. Which of the following is not one of them?

The right gastric artery

Briefly describe how the difference in shape (and movement) of the costotransverse joints in ribs 1-7 and ribs 8-10 (described above) translate into movements of the ribs.

The superolateral movement of ribs 1-7 results in movement of the sternum like a pump handle (outward and up). The movement of ribs 8-10 is like a bucket handle, rotating up and down.

Briefly describe the arterial blood supply to the thoracic wall.

The thoracic wall is supplies by the posterior and anterior intercostal arteries, the internal thoracic artery, and the subcostal artery.

Briefly describe how the aortic and pulmonary valves prevent the backflow of blood

These valves are pressure controlled. When the pressure in the left ventricle increases due to contraction, the aortic valve is pushed open. After contraction, the pressure in the ventricle drops below the pressure in the aorta and the valve is pushed close. The pulmonary valve works by a similar mechanism between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery.

What is the hepatic portal system? Name its three major branches.

The vein system of the gut which carries all blood to the liver. Hepatic portal vein, splenic vein, mesenteric veins

The inguinal ligament runs between the

anterior superior iliac spine and pubic tubercle

Which list proceeds from the superior to inferior end of the stomach?

cardia, fundus, body, pylorus

Which structures prevent the AV valves from everting and flipping into the atria when the ventricles contract?

chordea tendineae and papillary muscles

The external spermatic fascia is derived which one of the following?

external oblique aponeurosis

After birth, the foramen ovale of the fetal heart is replaced by a small depression in the interarterial septum called the

fossa ovalis

The thoracic duct usually drains into the

junction of the left internal jugular and subclavian veins

Name two branches of the left coronary artery.

left circumflex artery and left anterior descending artery

What are the only adult remnants of the embryonic ventral mesentery?

lesser omentum and falciform ligament

On each side of the chest, the ___________ pleura lines the internal thoracic wall while the __________ pleura tightly covers the lung.

parietal, visceral

What are the prominent ridges on the internal surfaces of the auricles and the anterior atrial walls?

pectinate muscles

The moist, two-layered serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity is called the

peritoneum

The azygos vein drains into the

superior vena cava

The right coronary artery generally gives rise to

the posterior interventricular artery