Human Bio Exam 3

Insufficient production of acetylcholine in the synapses of the brain, abnormal tangled neurons, and large deposits of beta amyloid are problems associated with

Alzheimer's disease.

Which of the following is characteristic of the autonomic nervous system?

Axons of postganglionic neurons synapse with the target organ.

The type of cells responsible for producing and releasing antibodies is

B lymphocytes

Which of the following is true regarding HIV and AIDS?

Due to improved education and prevention methods in the United States, the number of newly diagnosed cases of AIDS is rapidly declining.

T/F: All cells that make up the nervous system have excitable membranes.

False

T/F: Deoxygenated blood is transported to the pulmonary capillaries of the lungs by the pulmonary veins; oxygenated blood is transported away from the pulmonary capillaries by the pulmonary arteries.

False

T/F: During periods of stress or increased activity, the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system predominates; during periods of rest, the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system predominates.

False

T/F: Hemoglobin in red blood cells can bind both oxygen and carbon dioxide, but not at the same time since they use the same binding site.

False

T/F: Histamine is released by neutrophils to induce an inflammation response when tissues become damaged.

False

T/F: In some countries, there is not enough money to support the development of vaccines; those that are developed are difficult to administer. Therefore, researchers are attempting to genetically engineer apples to produce oral vaccines, making it easier to deliver the vaccine to individuals.

False

T/F: Insulin helps regulate blood sugar levels by stimulating the release of glucose from glycogen stores.

False

T/F: Oxygen moves from the lungs into the blood during internal respiration.

False

T/F: Snus is used to treat chronic bronchitis.

False

T/F: Tears and saliva contain the enzyme dermicidin, which is effective in preventing bacteria from entering the human body.

False

T/F: The best way to reduce bacterial pathogens in the blood stream is to reduce a fever as quickly as possible.

False

T/F: The first type of white blood cell to arrive at the site of an infection is the eosinophil.

False

T/F: The functional barrier between blood and the brain is cerebrospinal fluid.

False

T/F: The responsiveness of cells to calcitonin increases as an individual ages; maximum responsiveness occurs in elderly individuals as a mechanism to improve the stability and strength of bones.

False

T/F: The two major subdivisions of the nervous system are the central nervous system and the limbic nervous system.

False

Which of the following antibodies would most likely be involved with the immune response against a microorganism entering the digestive or reproductive tract?

IgA

Which of the following classes of antibodies activates the inflammatory response by causing the release of histamine?

IgE

Antibodies are classified by size, location and function, and ________ represents the most common type of immunoglobin.

IgG

________ are located in the tonsils to filter out many of the microorganisms that enter the throat.

Lymphocytes

When a person changes form one level of sleep to another during the night, neuronal activity in this brain region increases.

RAS

Which of the following is true regarding the spleen?

Red pulp of the spleen stores excess blood.

Which of the following occurs during the absolute refractory period?

The neuron cannot generate an action potential.

Which of the following best explains why people get so many colds in their lifetime?

The viruses that cause colds evolve rapidly, which results in a change in their antigenic structure.

T/F: An increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in the body will result in a decrease in the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid, which will result in an increase in breathing rate.

True

T/F: Bacterial pathogens cause symptoms of a disease by invading host cells or by producing toxins that damage host cells.

True

T/F: In African nations, HIV testing is not required, making it difficult to identify people with HIV infection/AIDS.

True

T/F: In order to reduce the number of cases of bovine spongiform encephalopathy, many countries around the world are using improved detection methods as well as banning the incorporation of animal tissues in animal feed.

True

T/F: Indicators of "self" to your immune system are referred to as MHC proteins.

True

T/F: Lung capacity is typically measured with the use of a spirometer.

True

T/F: Lung diseases, such as emphysema, can be diagnosed by measuring lung volumes and the rates at which these volumes change.

True

T/F: Prions are infectious proteins that cause normal proteins in the brain to misfold.

True

T/F: Steroid hormones typically move across the cell and nuclear membranes to bind to receptors in the nucleus.

True

T/F: Surfactant is released to reduced surface tension in the alveoli.

True

T/F: There is substantial evidence that children who live with smokers are at an increased risk for asthma.

True

When comparing viruses and bacteria, which of the following is correct?

Viruses and bacteria contain genetic material.

The bubonic plaque epidemic that swept through Europe between 148 to 1350 A.D. was induced by

a bacterium

An increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in the body will cause

a decrease in the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid.

Ventilation refers to the process by which

air moves into and out of the lungs.

Which of the following disorders is described as follows: damage to motor nerves innervating skeletal muscle; skeletal muscles weaken; death usually results within five years of diagnosis?

amytrophic lateral sclerosis

Vaccines contain

antigens of the pathogen.

During a brain surgery, the surgeon passes an instrument through the dura mater. Which of the following does he pass through next?

arachnoid

Oligodendrocytes are similar to Schwann cells in that they

are a type of neuroglial cell.

Once a prion enters a nerve cell, it essentially

becomes self-propagating

A condition in which wheezing occurs with breathlessness, a persistent cough, and yields yellowish or greenish phlegm is

bronchitis

Axons branch into axon terminals, which have ________ located at the terminal ends.

bulbs

Antibodies are generated

by B cells

Burning of carbon-based fuels can produce ________, an odorless gas that competes with oxygen for binding to hemoglobin.

carbon monoxide

Which of the following is associated with the specific defenses of the body?

cell-mediated immunity

Which of the following events associated with the transmission of an impulse across a synapse occurs last?

chemically gated channels for sodium open

Which of the following results from the stimulation by nerve impulses generated in the respiratory center when they arrive at the muscles involved in inspiration?

contraction of the diaphragm

The left and right sides of the cerebrum are interconnected by the

corpus callosum.

What is is characteristic of T lymphocytes but not B lymphocytes?

direct attack of antigen-bearing cells

The central nervous system is enclosed by membranes or meniges called the

dura mater, pia mater and arachnoid.

This type of neurotransmitter functions as an inhibitory agent, typically suppressing the sensation of pain.

endorphins

Which of the following leukocytes is most likely to be directly involved in the destruction of flukes?

eosinophils

During the ingestion of food or liquid, the ________ tips to block the opening to the trachea.

epiglottis

The three main anatomical and functional divisions of the brain are the

forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

Convergence occurs when several presynaptic cells

form a synpase with a single postsynaptic cell.

A small amount of fluid is contained in the pleural cavity to

function as a lubricant as the lungs move during ventilation.

Which of the following chemicals released by cytotoxic T cells is used to treat hepatitis C?

gamma interferon

Skin is able to prevent most microorganisms from entering the body by

having keratin in the uppermost layer.

From an evolutionary standpoint, this structure is considered the oldest, most primitive division of the brain.

hindbrain

Regulation of the production of breast milk, carbohydrate metabolism, and temperature control are some of the functions of the

hypothalamus.

The advantage of having memory cells in our specific defenses is

if exposed to an antigen a second time, they quickly become plasma cells.

In which of the following situations is hemoglobin most likely to bind oxygen?

in a tissue with a neutral pH

During exhalation, the pressure inside the lungs

initially is higher than atmospheric pressure, but drops as air leaves the body.

Passive immunity differs from active immunity in that passive immunity

involves the administration of preformed antibodies.

Snus is a new product developed in Sweden that

is a type of smokeless tobacco.

Carbaminohemoglobin differs from hemoglobin in that carbaminohemoglobin

is bound to carbon dioxide.

Bronchioles differ from bronchi in that bronchioles

lack cartilage in their walls.

During puberty, the increased production of testosterone in males causes the rapid enlargement of which of the following structures of the respiratory system?

larynx

When air leaves the pharynx, it next enters the

larynx.

The release of chemicals from injured cells triggers histamine release from

mast cells.

The respiratory control center is located

medulla oblongata.

Which of the following would result in passive immunity?

movement of antibodies across the placenta from mother to child

As air moves through the nasal cavity, it is humidified by

mucus secreted by the epithelial mucosa.

Which of the following is a symptom of botulism?

paralysis of muscles used for breathing

During cytotoxic T cell attack of a target cell, ________ is released to pierce the cell membrane of the foreign cell, which ultimately kills the target cell.

perforin

Insulin helps regulate blood sugar at homeostatic levels by

promoting the entry of glucose into cells

Which of the following nonhormonal chemical messengers is important in local control of blood flow and blood clotting?

prostaglandins

During inspiration, intercostal muscles function to

pull the rib cage up and out, so that lung volume increases.

During which of the following phases of an action potential do the sodium channels close and potassium channels open, releasing potassium from the neuron?

repolarization

Which of the following body fluids does not transmit HIV from human to human?

saliva

Breast feeding has been shown to have no effect on causing breasts to sag later in life, however ________ does contribute to sagging.

smoking

During a cough, what is responsible for constricting the size of the trachea?

smooth muscle contractions

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a disease that results from nerve damage in the

spinal cord.

Excitatory neurotransmitters encourage the generation of new electrical impulses by

stimulating depolarization of postsynaptic neurons

Which of the following best describes Phase I of HIV infection?

swollen lymph nodes, chills, fever, body aches

Preganglionic motor neurons of the ________ division of the nervous system originate in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord.

sympathetic

Until recently, athletes who have attempted to cheat by taking growth hormone (GH) thought it was undetectable. However, anti-doping agencies can now detect in blood samples because

the body produces multiple forms of the hormone, so by comparing the ratios of these different forms, it is possible to determine whether a pure synthetic form is present.

The central nervous system is composed of

the brain and spinal cord.

With each cycle of the sodium-potassium pump,

the net effect is removal of one osmotic particle and one positive charge from inside the cell.

Saltatory conduction is

the process of conduction leaping along myelinated neurons

A little girl was playing in the snow one day and found that she was wiping her nose quite often. The "runny nose" that she was experiencing due to the cold temperatures resulted from

the slowed activity of nasal cilia.

Oxygen rich blood flows through the heart

via the left atrium and ventricle before leaving on the systemic circuit.

The reticular formation is associated with

wakefulness, posture, and muscle tone.