Human Biology - Concepts and Current Issues Chapter 13 & 14

Gastric juice in the stomach is composed of:

HCL, gastric gland fluid, pepsin

One type of diabetes mellitus is autoimmune and one type is due primarily to lifestyle choices and genetics.

True

Malfunction of the lower esophageal sphincter may result in _______________.

acid reflux

Which is not a region of the small intestine? duodenum ileum sigmoid colon jejunum

sigmoid colon

The gastrointestinal tract is composed of _________________.

the hollow organs of the digestive system

The adrenal gland is similar to the hypothalamus because _________________.

they are both neuroendocrine glands

Water-soluble vitamins are stored in the liver so they do not need to be consumed daily.

False

Which hormone below is released by an organ, the stomach, to regulate digestive processes?

Gastrin

Follicle stimulating hormone will not be released from the anterior pituitary until ________________ is released by the hypothalamus PRL ACTH LH GnRH

GnRH

The chemical signals used by the endocrine system are called?

Hormones

Uptake of blood glucose by liver cells is stimulated by Insulin Aldosterone Glycogen Cortisol

Insulin

Which vitamin is produced by the bacteria of the large intestines?

K

Considered accessory digestive organs

Liver, Salivary Glands, Gallbladder, and Pancreas

Insulin helps regulate blood sugar at homeostatic levels by

Promoting the entry of glucose into cells.

The pancreas aids in the chemical digestion of food by

Releasing digestive enzymes and bicarbonate into the duodenum.

Which one of the following causes the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal medulla?

Sympathetic nerves

Which statement correctly describes a negative feedback loop?

The effect reduces the change in a variable and brings it back to normal.

All of the following statements describe the pineal gland EXCEPT which one?

The hormone melanin is responsible for pigment in our skin.

All of the following statements are TRUE regarding estrogen and progesterone, EXCEPT which one?

They are produced by the ovaries in response to hormones from the posterior pituitary gland.

Digestion of food begins in the mouth.

True

Obesity is a worldwide epidemic.

True

All of the following are involved in the digestion of proteins EXCEPT which one? chymotrypsin trypsin pepsin amylase

amylase

A goiter results from low dietary iodine levels

because thyroxine cannot be made, which results in high levels of TSH

Bile assists in the chemical digestion of triglycerides by

emulsifying large fat droplets into tiny ones, providing more surface area for enzymes

Which organ concentrates and stores bile?

gallbladder

The target cells of an endocrine gland ______________________.

have specific receptors for the hormone

Mucin, a component of saliva, functions to ______________.

hold food particles together

The blood calcium regulator function of which gland is most important in adulthood?

parathyroid gland

Stomach gurgling is due to

peristaltic contractions

The nervous system and endocrine system interact through the ______________.

pituitary gland and the hypothalamus

Cortisol is a glucocorticoid that helps maintain blood glucose levels during fasting by

promoting fat utilization

The advantage of using complex carbohydrates as an energy source rather than simple carbohydrates in that complex carbohydrates...

release energy slowly and so provide a sustained source of energy

Testosterone __________________.

secretion is stimulated by LH

The digestion of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates is completed in the

small intestine

Hormones act upon specific target tissues because

target tissues display the appropriate receptor for a particular hormone

During swallowing

the epiglottis bends to close the trachea

Both Addison's disease and Cushing's disease involve which endocrine gland?

Adrenal

Essential amino acids are those that _______________.

Amino acids that are needed, but cannot be made by the body; they must be eaten in foods

The anterior pituitary gland produces all of the following EXCEPT which one? Antidiuretic hormone Prolactin Adrenocorticotropic hormone Luteinizing hormone

Antidiuretic hormone

Which of the following can cause stomach ulcers? Insufficient dietary fiber NSAIDs Helicobacter pylori Both NSAIDs and Helicobacter pylori

Both NSAIDs and Helicobacter pylori