Human Body Exam 1 (Ch.1-5)
The Cl- ion has a single negative charge and the atomic number of 17. How many electrons are on its innermost shell?
2
Oxygen, with an atomic number of 8, is a neutral atom and has ________ electrons in the first electron shell and ________ electrons in the second electron shell.
2;6
If I tested your intestinal fluid and found that it was basic, which of the pH values listed would best describe this solution? A) 6.8 B) 3.2 C) 1.2 D) 8.0
8.0
substance consists of weak acids or bases designed to maintain a specific pH of a solution within a cell or a biological system. Which of the following describes this substance?
A buffer
ionic bond
A chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions.
covalent bond
A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule
dehydration synthesis
A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.
molecule
A group of atoms bonded together
steriod
A lipid that is composed of 4 fused carbon rings, commonly found in cell membranes.
polymer
A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together.
Polypeptide
A polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. 10+
element
A pure substance made of only one kind of atom
monomer
A simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers
Compound
A substance made up of atoms of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds
protein
A three dimensional polymer made of monomers of amino acids.
ion
An atom or group of atoms that has a positive or negative charge.
How does a population differ from an ecosystem?
An ecosystem includes a community, whereas a population does not.
matter
Anything that has mass and takes up space
isotope
Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons
atom
Basic unit of matter that cannot be broken down into simpler substances
In what ways are hydrogen bonds and ionic bonds similar?
Both are based on attraction between atoms that carry differences in electrical charge
hydrolysis
Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water
polysaccharide
Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides, store energy and provide structure, starch in plants, glycogen in humans
What are humans made up up (elements)
Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen
peptides
Chains of amino acids
What is the difference between covalent and ionic bonds?
Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons, whereas ionic bonds involve the transfer of electrons from one atom to another.
An organic compound that provides instructions for the synthesis or production of polypeptide chains is referred to as which of the following? A) nucleotide B) lipids C) ATP D) DNA
DNA
A study shows that people who eat fish three times a week live longer. Based on this study, which of the following can you NOT conclude?
Eating fish causes longer life
Humans belong to which of the domains?
Eukarya
A scientist discovers an unidentified organism that is composed of multiple cells and has a membrane-bound nucleus. Of the choices listed, the most likely classification would be ________. A) Archaea B) Bacteria C) fungi D) Any of the above could be correct.
Fungi
Your roommate is experiencing heartburn and asks you to purchase her an antacid. Chemically speaking, how do you know that the antacid will help eliminate her pain?
It has a higher OH- concentration to increase the pH in her digestive tract.C) It is probably high in H+.
polarity
Molecules having uneven distribution of charges
The pH scale measures ________.
OH- concentration, H+ concentration, and buffer concentration
Which statement is incorrect? A) Only living things contain nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids. B) Only living things are composed of cells. C) Only living things can grow. D) Only living things maintain homeostasis.
Only living things can grow
What are the three R's of living things
Reproduction Respiration Response to enviro/stimuli
quaternary structure
The fourth level of protein structure; the shape resulting from the association of two or more polypeptide subunits.
secondary structure of protein
The way in which the chain of amino acids of the polypeptides of a protein is folded.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of all living things? A) They contain carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. B) They respond to stimuli. C) They are composed of multiple cells. D) They have adaptive traits.
They are composed of multiple cells. Why? Single celled organisms are living things as well!
"An athlete who uses dietary supplements will perform better than one who doesn't." This statement would be an example of which of the following?
a hypothesis
What is found in ATP?
a nitrogen containing base, sugar, and a phosphate group
A(n) ________ is a substance that appears to be identical to a drug being tested but has no known effect on the condition being studied.
a placebo
amino acids
a simple organic compound containing both a carboxyl (—COOH) and an amino (—NH2) group.
Any substance that when dissolved in water will give off H+ ions is referred to as a(n) ________.
acid
Traits that enable an organism to survive and reproduce in its natural environment are called ________.
adaptive traits
Which of the following monomers is not paired correctly? A) glucose-carbohydrates B) amino acids-proteins C) nucleotides-nucleic acids
all of these are paired correctly
primary structure of protein
amino acid sequence that dictates structure and function in a protein
By analyzing the chemical formulas, you can determine that this molecule, CH3CH(NH2)COOH, is a(n) ________, whereas the molecule C5H10O5 is a(n) ________.
amino acid;sugar
Dipeptidase is an enzyme found in your small intestine that helps break polypeptides down. What would its most likely products be?
an amino acid
A neutral atom must contain ________.
an equal number of protons and electrons
You are classifying an organism and trying to determine to which domain it belongs. The organism is unicellular and was isolated from a very unusual environment. This organism probably belongs in which domain?
archaea
Which of the following types of organisms are not composed of eukaryotic cells? A) fungi B) bacteria C) plants D) animals E) protists
bacteria
Triglycerides ________.
can provide twice the energy per gram than proteins
The smallest functional unit of life is known as a(n) ________.
cell
What carbohydrate is made by plants and is not digested by humans?
cellulose
fatty acids
chains of carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms, acidic group COOH
A(n) ________ involves drug testing on humans.
clinical trial
A(n) ________ is all of the species in an ecosystem that can interact in a geographic area.
community
The term ________ variable refers to one of two variables involved in an experiment, in which neither variable can be isolated as having an effect.
confounding
A(n) ________ group is treated like an experimental group, except for the one variable being tested.
control
When making scientific decisions in one's life, it is best to ask questions, gather and evaluate information and evidence, and carefully consider the sources of the material. This process is called ________.
critical thinking
A statement such as "If human body temperature increases to a certain level, then critical proteins will be denatured" would most likely be associated with ________.
deductive reasoning
A community and its physical environment are often referred to as a(n) ________.
ecosystem
Cells that possess a nucleus and a membrane system that establishes internal compartments belong in which of the following groups?
eukaryotes
The domain Eukarya has ________ kingdoms.
four
cell theory
fundamental organizing principle of biology that guides the way biologists think about living things
________ is the ability to maintain a relatively constant internal environment.
homeostasis
Saturated fatty acids are so named because they are saturated with ________.
hydrogen
The interaction between two polar molecules would involve ________.
hydrogen bonds
An educated guess or a testable statement used to answer a question about observations is referred to as a(n) ________.
hypothesis
Which process used to solve problems in science involves accumulating facts through observation until the evidence leads to a general statement about nature?
inductive reasoning
________ reasoning involves gathering facts that lead toward a logical generalized statement or conclusion.
inductive reasoning
The compound magnesium chloride (MgCl2) turns into one Mg2+ and two Cl- when placed in water. You can guess that the Mg and Cl atoms are held together normally by a(n) ________ bond.
ionic
Water has very special properties that not all chemicals share. Which of the following is not a property of water? A) is nonpolar B) prevents wide temperature fluctuations C) requires a lot of energy to evaporate it D) interacts with lots of different substances
is nonpolar
Researchers testing new drugs usually give the drug to one group of people and give placebos, "sugar pills," to another group. The group receiving the placebo ________.
is the control group
An element with more or fewer neutrons than the same element as it appears on the periodic table is known as which of the following?
isotope
You have information about a particle that contains 7 protons, 8 neutrons, and 8 electrons. Which of the following statements would be true? A) It has an atomic weight of 23. B) It is an ion. C) It has 8 electrons in its outermost shell. D) It has an atomic number of 15.
it is an ion
Denaturation
loss of normal shape of a protein due to heat or other factor
what are the basic molecules of life?
macromolecules! Nucleic acids proteins carbohydrates lipids
During phase I clinical trials, a new drug is tested ________
on fewer than 100 human volunteers
In a double-blind experiment, ________.
participants are randomly assigned to a control or experimental group, the participants are unaware of whether they are in the experimental or control groups because of the use of placebos, and he researchers are unaware of which participants are in the experimental and control groups
These lipids have a hydrophobic part and a hydrophilic part.
phospholipids
A molecule consists of a long chain of glucose monomers linked by covalent bonds and serves as an energy source for plants and animals. Which of the following would describe this molecule? A) polysaccharide B) oligosaccharide C) monosaccharide D) sucrose
polysaccharide
All individuals of a species that can interbreed in an area are called a(n) ________.
population
Members of the domains Bacteria and Archaea are called ________ because they lack a nucleus and internal compartments.
prokaryotes
tertiary structure of protein
protein structure is formed when the twists and folds of the secondary structure fold again to from a larger 3D structure
You received your genetic material from your parents in the form of DNA. Your DNA provides your cells with instruction for making ________.
proteins
enzymes
proteins that act as biological catalysts
Information literacy involves the ability to ________.
recognize what you need to know, locate relevant information, and evaluate and apply information to a problem
If an object were collected on Mars by the rover Curiosity, it would be considered a living organism if it ________.
responded to stimuli, had metabolic activities, maintained homeostasis, contained DNA, and reproduced
Alteration of the ________ structure of a protein can transform the protein into an infectious agent known as a prion.
secondary
ogliosaccharides
short chains of covalently bonded monosaccharides ex: disaccharide
Monosaccharides
simple sugars (glucose, fructose, galactose)
A substance in which other substances are dissolved is known as a(n) ________.
solvent
The hydrogen, ionic, and covalent bonds that stabilize the shape of a protein contribute to which level of structure of a protein?
tertiary
A researcher suspects that the food in an ecosystem has been contaminated with radioactive phosphates over a period of months. What substance could be examined for radioactive phosphate to test the hypothesis?
the DNA of the organisms in the area
Living organisms are members of all of the levels listed; however, rocks are components of
the ecosystem
A(n) ________ is a group of similar cells that perform the same function.
tissue
Which levels of organization would a single-celled organism be excluded from?
tissue
Radioisotopes
unstable isotopes that emit radiation
hydrogen bond
weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and another atom
