Human- Computer Interaction

What is the Uncanny Valley?

principles of aesthetics of a robot which features and movements are lifelike but not indistinguishable but gives feeling of revulsion (affects robot design and use/disuse) The Uncanny Valley •Principle of aesthetics •Features/movement are sufficiently life-like (but not indistinguishable) •Feeling of revulsion •Affects robot design + use/disuse

What is the difference between friendly and malevolent AI?

•Malevolent vs. Friendly AI -Assumption: AI would conform to human morality •Shaky -Issue of control

What is artificial intelligence (AI)?

-construct and field -intelligent agents exhibiting "intelligent" behavior (computers/software) "make computers more human like" another alternative option

What are the goals of HCI?

-effectiveness -safety -user-friendless

Know the components of the GOMS model

-goals -operators -methods -selection

What are some underlying causes of poor HCI interfaces?

-ignorance/misunderstanding of user capacities, limitations, needs, and environment -places undue stress in human user -intolerant of minor errors

What are neuroprosthetics?

Brain machine interfaces main focus: neuroprosthetics. neuroprosthetics compensate for damaged sensory motor systems (hearing, sight, movement)

What is machine ethics?

Ethical Considerations •Machine ethics -Autonomous agents -Treatment of humans + other machines

What are brain-machine interfaces?

an alternative option. let brain talk to computer. they are direct communication system between human neural system and an exogenous device

What is embedded computation?

automation aids beyond computers (smart devices)

What is human-computer interaction and where does its focus typically lie?

human factors principles in the understanding, design, and evaluation of human-computer-machine focus lies on interface

What is the Turing test, who created it, and how does it work?

task designed to determine if a machine can exhibit intelligent behavior created by alan turing done by a q and A written answers The Turing Test •Alan Turing -British computer scientist, cryptanalyst -Father of AI •Task designed to determine if a machine can exhibit intelligent behavior "equivalent to, or indistinguishable from, that of a human" •Q & A sessions -Written answers -Arbiter must make judgment about opponent •Human or machine

Know Fitts's List and the historical antecedents that led to its development

-human: detection, perception, judgement, induction, improvisation, long term memory -machine: speed, power, computation, replication, simultaneous ops, short term memory 1951; MABA-MABA •Developed in light of... -Increased understanding of limitations/dangers of automation -Increased understanding of human capabilities and limitations •Motivation, skill (change over time) •Health + well-being •Task allocation should depend on -Task type -Benefits + drawbacks of human contribution -Benefits + drawbacks of automation contribution

What is social computing?

-interactions (unit of analysis) -perceptions (report more positive with computers, gender issues) Social computing -Interactions = unit of analysis -Perceptions •Report more positive w/ computers -Same behavior •Gender issues -Name + cost perception

Know Nielsen's Usability Heuristics that do not correspond with Shneiderman's rules

-match between system and real world: common language vs system oriented terms -aesthetic and minimalist design: do not include irrelevant or rarely needed info -help and documentation: easy to search, focused on task at hand, concise, list concrete steps

Know the differences between the 3 types of BMIs and advantages/disadvantages of each

-partially invasive: with in skull and outside brain, moderate signal, no scarring -non-invasive (adv.: wearable, no surgery/dis-adv.: poor spatial resolution and signal quality) -invasive (adv.: largest, most reliable, signal to device/dis-adv.: produce scar tissue that weakens signal over time) Types of BMIs •Invasive -Implanted directly into the brain -Advantage: largest, most reliable signal to device -Disadvantage: can produce scar tissue that weakens signal conductivity over time -Examples •Artificial vision -Blind •Artificial limbs -Paraplegics/tetraplegics -BrainGate •Partially Invasive -W/in the skull, outside the brain -Moderate signal conductivity w/out risk of scarring -Examples •Locked-in syndrome -Restores communication •Non-Invasive -Wearable, no surgery necessary (advantage) -Disadvantages •Poor spatial resolution •Poor signal quality -Bone, muscles, scalp, hair -Examples •EEG •Eye movements

What are the human traits or capabilities that AI tries to replicate?

-problem solving -learning -natural language processing -motion and manipulation -social intelligence -creativity

Why does there remain a great need for HCI research despite great strides in technological innovation?

-rapid tech evolution -designers' understanding of user hasn't changed (main obstacle: no communication w/ end user) -ex. command based menu driven systems

Know Asimov's 3 Laws of Robotics

-robot may not injure/harm -robot must obey but not conflict first law -robot must protect; not conflict with first or second law

What are the effects on a human user who must engage with a poor HCI interface?

-stress -higher cognitive workload -higher absenteeism -lower safety/performance levels -decreased job satisfaction -increased system breakdown

Why is HCI research so important?

-tech innovation is rampant (mobile tech/ no current historical issues) -prevalent (academia, industry, military) - billions $

Know the four key ethical considerations affecting the development of AI

1. Ethical Considerations •Machine ethics -Autonomous agents -Treatment of humans + other machines 2. •Malevolent vs. Friendly AI -Assumption: AI would conform to human morality •Shaky -Issue of control 3. •Devaluation of humanity -Humans > processors -Machines incapable of emotion •Should not be used in emotional contexts -Therapy -Customer Service 4. •Decrease in demand for human labor -Ubiquitous automation -Huge impact on economy •Already w/ manual jobs •Potentiality: knowledge-based jobs Definition English

Identify 3 areas of future research for the development of BMIs

1. disorders of consciousness -Comas, vegetative states -Anesthesia awareness -Ability to engage cognitively •Decision-making -Treatment 2. stroke recovery -motor signal evaluation •Speech •Mobility 3. function brain mapping - epileptics, tumors - Determination of tissue to extract/leave intact

What are the 4 approaches for studying HCI?

1. empirical approach: Using experimentation to determine best design -Setting performance standards •Error rate •Allowable time -A/B Testing •Version 1 vs. Version 2. predictive modeling: -predicting performance w/ computers -Human performance metrics •Error rate •Time to completion •GOMS model -Based on human information processing theory -Goals •Desirable state/performance -Operators •Perceptual, motor, cognitive acts •Necessary for change in perception or environment -Methods •Procedure for carrying out goal -Selection •As always more than one metho 3. anthropometric approach: using human-human communication as a model for HCI -Gives the interface human-like qualities •Voice •Avatar -Affordances •Files - clicking •Scrollbars - scrolling •Pleasant vs. unpleasant sounds (feedback 4. cognitive approach: Based on •Cognitive science •Cognitive psychology •Information processing theories -Accounts for abilities of human sensory and perceptual systems to better design interface -Advocates for adaptive, flexible, active human ppt •Early in design process -Metaphoric Design •Better communicates how to interact w/ the system, basing it on real world -"Desktop"

Know Shneiderman's 8 Golden Rules of Interface Design

1. reduce short-term memory load: don't require re-entry of data, high visiblility 2. consistency: identical terminology, consistent color, layout, fonts 3. universal usability: design system flexible for users who are novices and experts (help screens and shortcuts) 4. informative feedback: every action should have feedback (amount should be dependent on frequency of action) 5. design dialogs to yield closure: beginning middle and end. confirmation ties back to feedback 6. prevent errors: gray out inappropriate options. give clear instructions to rectify mistakes 7. permits easy reversal of actions: relives anxiety, promotes exploration 8.support internal locus control: ppl don't like surprises, reinforces competence + autonomy

What is metaphoric design? (part of cognitive approach)

better communicates how to interact with the system, basing it on real world (desktop)