Human Development Ch.10

About ______ of all children whose parents divorce will have a stepparent within four years of the separation.

half

According to Kohlberg, emotion

has negative effects on moral reasoning.

When gender differences in the brain have been revealed, in many cases they _______ psychological differences.

have not been directly linked to

Individuals have a moral ______ when moral notions and commitments are central to their life.

identity

Which of the following are aspects of the development of the self-understanding in middle and late childhood?

increased recognition of social aspects of self increased use of psychological characteristics in self-description increasing social comparison

In terms of Erik Erikson's fourth stage of development, the term summarizes children's interest in how things are made and how they work.

industry

Which of Erik Erikson's stages typically occurs during middle to late childhood?

industry versus inferiority

In the postconventional reasoning level, morality is more

internal

In contrast to Kohlberg, Haidt believes that moral thinking is more

intuitive

Carol Gilligan questioned Lawrence Kohlberg's perspective of moral development and argued for a perspective which views people in terms of their connectedness with others.

justice, care

Developmental psychologists have come to Melissa's classroom and are asking all the children to fill out surveys asking them whom they like best in the class and whom they like least. This technique is

known as the sociometric status technique.

Which of Kohlberg's levels of moral reasoning have NOT been found in all cultures?

level 3

In middle and late childhood, secure attachment is associated with which of the following?

lower level of internalized symptoms lower levels of anxiety lower levels of depression

Positive peer relationships in middle and late childhood involve which of the following?

maintaining quality friendships resolving conflicts in nonaggressive ways

One important aspect of development in middle and late childhood is the ability to self-regulate, which is the ability to

manage behavior, emotions, and thoughts.

In middle and late childhood, parents begin to function more as

managers.

Dweck argued that an individual's influences whether they will be optimistic or pessimistic, shapes their goals and motivation, and affects many aspects of their lives.

mindset

Piaget's cognitive stages of development serve as the underpinnings for Kohlberg's theory, but in this Kohlberg's model suggested that there were three levels of

moral development.

According to Kohlberg, development of ______ is not ensured by a child's advances in cognitive development.

moral reasoning

The fact that not all of Kohlberg's levels have been found in all cultures indicates that

moral reasoning may be more culture-specific than he thought.

A rule regarding which fork to use when eating salad is an example of the focus of social conventional reasoning, while a rule about murder is an example of the focus of

moral reasoning.

In remarriages, divorces are ______ in first marriages.

more common than

Who is most likely to undertake a managerial role in parenting?

mother

According to Kohlberg, the effect of family on moral development is

not as important as peer relations.

Moral reasoning asserts that rules are

obligatory, widely accepted, and somewhat impersonal.

According to Carol Dweck, which of the following traits are affected by an individual's mindset?

optimism achievement motivation

Select all the consequences of low self-esteem in adolescence that may show in adulthood.

overweight high levels of anxiety lower life satisfaction

Which of the following family problems contribute to lower achievement among low-income students?

parents who don't set high educational standards family's lack of money for educational materials and experiences parents who can't read

Because learning occurs during give and take, as children move through elementary school

peer reciprocity becomes increasingly important.

Which term refers to the ability to assume other people's points of view and understand their thoughts and feelings?

perspective taking

Recent research indicates that emotion

plays an important role in moral thinking

School has a ______ influence on children's development.

profound

In Haidt's view, much of morality begins with

rapid evaluative judgments.

Which of the following becomes especially important in peer interchanges during the elementary school years?

reciprocity

Compared with schools in higher-income areas, schools in low-income areas are more likely to encourage ______ learning.

rote

The global evaluation we make of ourselves is called

self-esteem.

Between the ages of 8 and 11, children's descriptions of themselves become more psychological and less concrete, demonstrating the development of

self-understanding.

Friendship in childhood is typically characterized by

similarity

Research has shown that in general, girls and women have ______ verbal skills than boys and men.

slightly better

In middle and late childhood, the development of which of the following provides children with information about their peers and peer relationships?

social cognition

Which of the following refers to the extent to which children are liked or disliked by their peer group?

sociometric status

Five-year-old Billy should like to rough-house and play with trucks, while his twin sister, Becky, is supposed to be kind to others and enjoy playing with dolls. These are examples of gender

stereotypes.

What does the role of parents as managers involve?

structuring the family environment setting up routines and schedules monitoring and encouraging academic progress

Nine-year-old Aaron used to get really angry with his classmates, but that is not the case now. This particular example illustrates that in middle-to-late childhood, children learn to

suppress or conceal negative emotional reactions.

Kohlberg believed that an individual's development from one moral stage to the next is fostered by which TWO of the following factors?

taking on the perspectives of others experiencing conflict between one's current level of moral reasoning and a higher level

According to critics, Kohlberg's theory ignored which of the following?

the role of emotion the importance of gender whether moral reasoning is conscious or automatic

Based on answers that interviewees gave for the moral dilemmas that they were presented, Kohlberg described ______ levels of moral thinking.

three

Kohlberg's theory has been criticized for placing ______ emphasis on moral thought and ______ emphasis on moral behavior.

too much; not enough

True or false: Although Kohlberg's approach does capture much of the moral reasoning voiced in various cultures around the world, it fails to capture important moral concepts in particular cultures.

true

True or false: Kohlberg believes that the give and take among peers gives children an opportunity to identify the perspective of another person.

true

The preconventional reasoning has sometimes been described as _____.

"What's in it for me?"

By the time students graduate from high school, they will have spent ______ hours in the classroom.

12,000

In terms of developmental changes in peer interaction, children's preference for same-sex peer groups increases until the age of

12.

There has been a special call for single-sex public education for ______ because of their historically poor academic achievement and high school drop-out rate.

African American boys

Which of the following are generally true regarding gender differences and school?

Boys are in special education more. Girls earn better grades. Girls complete high school more often.

Which of the statements is FALSE regarding emotional development in middle and late childhood?

Children in middle and late childhood do not understand that more than one emotion can be experienced in a particular situation.

Which of the following is true of autonomy in middle and late childhood?

Control is coregulated by both child and parent.

According to Kohlberg, which of the following are true of the timing of the three levels of moral development?

Conventional reasoning begins to appear in early adolescence. Only a small number of individuals in early adulthood reason in postconventional ways. The levels occur in a sequence.

Regarding the relationship between self-esteem and school performance, which statements are TRUE?

Efforts to increase self-esteem do not necessarily lead to improved school performance. There are moderate correlations between self-esteem and school performance.

Which of the following are some of the gender differences that research has found in brain structure and activity between the genders?

Female brains have more surface brain tissue than males. The area of the parietal lobe that functions in visuospatial skills tends to be larger in males. Female brains are approximately 10 percent smaller than male brains.

How did Kohlberg formulate his theory of moral development?

He interviewed children, giving them theoretical moral dilemmas to solve

preconventional - conventional - postconventional -

Individuals' moral reasoning is controlled primarily by external rewards and punishment. Individuals abide by the standards of others such as parents or society. Individuals recognize alternative moral courses, explore the options, and then decide on a personal moral code.

Which of the following is true of correlational research?

It does not establish causation.

Which of the following statements describes the balance of control in middle and late childhood?

Parents exercise general supervision and control, while children engage in moment-to-moment self regulation.

________ is defined as the ability to discern another's inner psychological state.

Perspective taking

______ cognitive stages of development serve as the underpinnings for ______ theory, but in the latter model there are three levels of moral development.

Piaget's; Kohlberg's

reasoning is the highest level in Kohlberg's theory of moral development.

Postconventional

_______ reasoning is the lowest level of moral reasoning, according to Kohlberg.

Preconventional

Which of the following statements about parent-child interaction during middle and late childhood is accurate?

Some control is transferred from parent to child.

What is a major criticism of Kohlberg's theory?

There is too much emphasis on moral thought, not moral behavior.

Which of the following are possible disadvantages of schools in low-income areas?

They are more likely to have low achievement test scores. They may have environments that aren't conducive to learning. The buildings are more likely to be older and in disrepair. They are more likely to encourage rote learning.

A person with ______ does not want to go against his or her moral notions and commitments because it would violate the integrity of the self.

a moral identity

One of the most important aspects of the self in middle and late childhood is:

an increased capacity for self-regulation.

Studies have shown that insecure attachment is likely to result in greater ______ during middle and late childhood.

anxiety

According to Kohlberg, as individuals progress through the levels of moral development, their morality

becomes more internal.

Positive peer relations in childhood have been linked to which of the following in adulthood?

better relationships with coworkers higher occupational status

The term refers to verbal or physical behavior intended to disturb someone less powerful.

bullying

In contrast to Kohlberg's justice perspective, Gilligan developed a perspective in regard to moral reasoning.

care

Which of the following types of children tend to get bullied?

children who are anxious children who are aggressive children who are socially withdrawn

The longer children experienced poverty, according to one study, the more detrimental the poverty was to their

cognitive development

In middle and late childhood, self-description increasingly involves psychological and social characteristics, including social

comparison.

In Ms. Ahmed's eighth-grade class, the students work collaboratively in groups to discover knowledge, reflect, and think critically about different topics. Ms. Ahmed is most likely using the ______ approach to education.

constructivist

Most of the research on self-esteem is

correlational

Low and decreasing self-esteem in adolescence has been linked to which of the following in adulthood?

depression

Perspective taking is thought to be important in determining whether children will:

develop prosocial or antisocial attitudes and behaviors.

Two contemporary approaches to student learning are the ______ approach (a structured, teacher-centered approach), and the constructivist approach (a learner-centered approach).

direct instruction

Which of the following are contemporary approaches to student learning?

direct instruction constructivist

Which concept of moral development states that children's and adolescents' moral, social conventional, and personality knowledge and reasoning emerge from their attempts to understand and deal with different forms of social experience?

domain theory

Kohlberg argued that family processes are _______ in children's moral development.

essentially unimportant

Self- is also referred to as self-worth, or self-image.

esteem

Kohlberg's conventional reasoning level is characterized by which of the following?

expectations about social roles

Most people have begun to reason in postconventional ways by early adulthood.

false

True or false: According to research, single-sex education successfully promotes high academic achievement by eliminating the distraction of the other sex and reducing sexual harassment.

false

True or false: Critics think Kohlberg's theory stresses moral behavior too much and does not stress moral thought enough.

false

True or false: In middle and late childhood, children become less skeptical and more accepting of claims made by others, particularly those that involve social desirability.

false

True or false: Kohlberg argues that emotion has positive effects on moral reasoning.

false

Carol Dweck describes what she calls a(n) mindset, in which children believe that their qualities are carved in stone and cannot change.

fixed

Micaela believes she is not doing well in science because she is simply not good in science, and that any effort she makes would be wasted. She is exhibiting a ______ mindset.

fixed

A broad category that reflects generalizations and widely held beliefs about females and males is known as a

gender stereotype.