Human Development Final - Debbie's class
Invented spelling _____. a. means the child will struggle with reading b. is a precursor to reading c. should not be tolerated d. means there is a learning disability
b.
Joe's grandmother lives with his family. Both of his parents work, and on days she is sick, Joe must stay home from school to care for her. This is an example of the ______. a. exosystem b. mesosystem c. microsystem d. macrosystem
b.
Symptoms of milk intolerance include a. hives and fever. b. facial rash. c. gas, vomiting, and diarrhea. d. avoidance and binging.
c.
"I have a ton of homework" is an example of (a) _____. a. hyperbole b. sarcasm c. understatement d. rhetorical question
a.
11. Experience-dependent development is a. dependent on unique opportunities. b. the same fundamental milestones for all children. c. reaching predictable milestones. d. dependent on culture.
a.
19. Current researchers have found that today's children show ______ emotion during pretend play as did children several decades ago. a. about the same amount of b. more c. less d. different kinds of
a.
22. Experimental studies of violent video games reveal: a. exposure increases arousal, violent thoughts, emotions and behavior, and decreases helpful behavior shortly after playing. b. gaming provides a realistic view of hostile others and practice in self-defense. c. there are no significant effects of such gaming experiences. d. none of the above
a.
24. Derrida was a French philosopher who helped us understand _____. a. language and concepts frame perception, context is important in what we perceive, and every act of seeing is also an act of not seeing b. that children are valued innocents in need of protection c. some mothers think it inappropriate to play with children d. caregivers ethnotheory is an important aspect of the ecological niche
a.
26. Which theory of motor development says motor skills develop automatically because they are genetically predetermined? a. maturational b. dynamic c. evolutionary d. longitudinal
a.
27. Ester Thelen partially immersed infants in a tank of water to demonstrate which of the following is responsible for disappearance of the stepping reflex? a. changing ratio of weight to strength b. cortical maturation c. visual maturation d. motivation to kick
a.
32. Our bodies need to maintain physiological stability as events and activities produce day-to-day changes in our lives. We do this through a process called _____. a. allostasis b. disequilibration c. epigenetics d. Microbiotics
a.
36. A "premature infant" is a. a baby born before 37 weeks of gestation. b. a baby born at any time before the planned delivery date. c. a baby born in the first trimester. d. a baby born after 37 weeks of gestation.
a.
40. Coliforms are a. bacterial contaminants such as E coli. b. colorful shapes used to build bridges in children's Legos. c. used to hold back flood waters. d. inappropriate objects of study for a course in child development
a.
6. Freud believed children are influenced by the ____ which seeks to secure pleasure. a. id b. ego c. superego d. none of these
a.
7. Freud's psychoanalytic theory attributes personality development largely to a. unconscious sources in the mind. b. conscious sources in the mind. c. environmental factors. d. none of these
a.
8. Diana Baumrind's work on parenting styles embeds a cultural bias in advocating democratic decision- making and the provision of rationales when limiting children's freedom. While cultures vary in terms of the degree of control felt appropriate, _________________ is still perceived by most as poor parenting. a. providing no limits b. letting children supervise younger siblings c. allowing children under age 12 access to the internet d. authoritative parenting
a.
9. In contrast to classical conditioning, in which one stimulus is substituted for another, operant condition involves ____. a. selecting a response. b. substituting a preferred stimulus. c. subliminal messaging d. the pairing of an unconditioned stimulus with a conditioned stimulus
a.
A student with an incremental view of intelligence will tend to focus on _________ goals. a. mastery b. performance approach c. performance avoidance d. easily attainable
a.
According to Bandura, if you believe you can succeed then you have ______. a. self-efficacy b. self-esteem c. extrinsic motivation d. innate ability
a.
As a first-grade teacher reads a book about penguins in Antarctica, she points to Antarctica on a globe. Six-year-old John seems really puzzled. "How come they don't fall off the earth?" he asks. From Piaget's perspective, John can best be described as ____. a. experiencing disequilibrium b. having difficulty with conservation c. having difficulty with class inclusion d. accommodating when he should be assimilating
a.
Besides being illegal, male teens who use steroids to enhance athletic skills may also have ________. a. shrunken testicles and low sperm count b. high blood pressure c. increased heart rate d. poor appetite
a.
Besides diabetes, high blood pressure, and heart disease, another serious consequence of childhood obesity is __________________. a. chronic changes in the metabolism and immune system b. liver disease and scabies c. social skill deficits d. kidney disease and scurvy
a.
If you want your child to development language skills you should _____. a. rely heavily on educational television b. talk to her c. show her how to use technology and ensure she devotes significant time online d. use Baby Einstein
b.
By age 2 children typically have longer legs and a lower center of gravity. This physical development: a. improves balance. b. is critical in the child's ability to catching a ball. c. is responsible for the reemergence of the stepping reflex. d. explains why toddlers run with such speed and efficiency.
a.
David thought it would be cool to learn to speak Russian so he downloaded a program and is teaching himself in his spare time. What type of goal is this? a. mastery b. performance approach c. performance avoidance d. unbelievable
a.
During a _____ task, 4-year-old David is asked if there are more apples or fruits in a group of two oranges,three bananas, and five apples. He will most likely answer that there are more ______. a. class inclusion; fruits. b. three mountain; apples. c. conservation of number; fruits. d. class inclusion; apples.
a.
Erikson believed identity development should include _____. a. a moratorium during which alternative futures are seriously considered. b. close supervision and guided participation to learn the customs important in one's culture. c. sexual experimentation. d. formal education and a series of supervised internships.
a.
Guided participation refers to the idea that ____. a. caregivers offer direction and supervision as children engage in everyday adult tasks and routines. b. parents arrange for structured activities, both inside and outside the home, to foster academic learning. c. caregivers value video and computer games that occupy children and teach values such as empathy. d. parents discuss school activities with children and assist with homework.
a.
Language delays often occur due to _____. a. teratogens b. lack of nutrition c. truancy d. lack of parental employment
a.
Parents must achieve a healthy balance between _to protect and encourage their children's development. a. safety and challenge b. right and wrong c. discipline and punishment d. spanking and time out
a.
People who spontaneously speak to infants in a simple, exaggerated manner and drop this style when it is no longer developmentally appropriate ____. a. help them understand language b. delay the child's ability to learn a language c. "dumb down" the baby d. have no different outcomes than those who don't
a.
Piaget's description of the sensorimotor stage is consistent with the motoric theory of mind because ___. a. the child's use of their senses and motor abilities is essential for the construction of knowledge b. mental representation is impossible until the brain is fully wired c. children who are blind are incapable of thought d. thinking precedes sensation
a.
Research shows that children raised in a bilingual home typically _____. a. outperform single-language children throughout life b. underperform single-language children throughout life c. outperform single-language children for 3 to 5 years d. underperform single-language children for 3 to 5 years
a.
Six-year-old Steven gained an understanding of conservation of number before conservation of liquid. The staggered construction of understanding is referred to as ____. a. horizontal decalage b. class inclusion c. scaffolding d. deconstruction
a.
The ability to deduce (draw logical inferences from given facts) is elementary! So what distinguishes formal from concrete operational thinkers? a. They can apply their logic to objects and situations that don't really exist. b. They can form hypotheses. c. They no longer need to have the objects in front of them to solve the problem. d. They can conserve.
a.
The ability to think about language in relation to its structure and use is referred to as _____. a. metalinguistic awareness b. comprehension c. literacy d. none of these
a.
The three most prevalent chronic conditions among school students that require nursing care are _____. a. asthma, diabetes, and allergies b. asthma, ADD, and allergies c. asthma, obesity, and ADD d. asthma, epilepsy, and allergies.
a.
What technique has research shown to be effective in reducing the effects of stereotype threat? a. self-affirmation b. self-esteem c. group counseling d. individual counseling
a.
When babies first become solidly attached to their caregivers they ___. a. typically experience separation anxiety b. cry when parents leave and are unable to be soothed c. cling to their mothers and refuse to play with others d. all the above
a.
When you first created summaries that paraphrased information from the textbook to post on the eLearning discussion board you demonstrated ____. a. receptive understanding b. conceptual understanding c. interpretive understanding d. expressive understanding
a.
Which of the following is NOT a component of care in Nodding's theory? a. moral sensitivity b. dialogue c. practice d. confirmation
a.
Young Judy sees mommy talk on the phone. Later Judy gets the phone and holds it to her ear and "talks." This is known as _____. a. deferred imitation b. object permanence c. tertiary reactions d. abstract thinking
a.
____ refers to the proper combination of words to form understandable phrases/sentences. a. Syntax b. Pragmatics c. Semantics d. Language
a.
39. Place the following correlation coefficients in order from strongest to weakest: 0.59, 0.87, -0.86, -1.0. a. -1.0 0.87 -0.86 0.59 b. 0.87 0.59 -0.86 -1.0 c. -1.0 0.87 -0.86, 0.59 d. 0.59 -0.86 0.87 -1.0
a. or c.
"Fast-mapping" refers to _____. a. the ability to draw a map after being given verbal directions. b. understanding a new word rapidly by forming a quick and reasonable guess about what the word means c. being able to learn a new language as a preschooler d. listening to several conversations at once with understanding
b.
1. When students drew pictures of the Cedar Falls Waterloo area no two maps were identical due to a. the distraction of music playing in the background. b. the diverse experiences and interests of each participant. c. the random selection of participants. d. the lack of a control group.
b.
12. Gallahue's depiction of rudimentary movement focuses on biological maturation and _____ movement skills. a. environmental-dependent b. environmental-expectant c. reflexive d. culturally dependent.
b.
18. Barbara Rogoff is known for her emphasis on human learning and development as _______ processes. a. natural b. cultural c. individual d. familial
b.
28. Eye color is an example of ____. a. a genotype b. a phenotype c. a karyotype d. gametes
b.
In conservation tasks Piagetians would expect most preschoolers to: a. readily decenter. b. attend to what is perceptually dominant. c. formulate and systematically test their predictions. d. engage in compensation.
b.
3. Super and Harkness describe ethnotheories as an important aspect of one's ecological niche. From their perspective ethnotheories typically include ______. a. the perceived importance of on-time development across universal milestones. b. beliefs about what children are like and what they need, aspirations for the child, and strategies to bring about these desired outcomes. c. perceptions of intergroup relations and the importance of demonstrating the superiority of one's group. d. the universal desire to protect children from the influence of others so as to out compete in a world where only the fittest can survive.
b.
31. The ____ may get larger when children experience chronic stress . a. limbic system b. amygdala c. hippocampus d. cerebrum
b.
34. Sally is rushed to the hospital with severe cramping and gives birth despite thinking it is too soon for her baby to be due. The baby weights five pounds. Her midwife: a. is not surprised as Sally has a small stature and seems particularly disorganized so missing the date is easily explained. b. is concerned because children this small are at risk. c. thinks diabetes has caused fluid to accumulate, explaining her babies' weight. d. encourages Sally to immediately breastfeed her child to rapidly increase her babies' weight.
b.
38. One reason for the dramatic increase in multiple births is ___. a. the increase in STDs. b. more women delaying childbirth until their 30s. c. cost increase of IVF. d. less risk than there used to be.
b.
According to Piaget, "preoperational" thinking is so named because it is: a. pre-abstraction. b. pre-logical. c. pre-schema. d. preschool.
b.
Alex and Sarah are competing in a three-legged-race. Mid-race, Sarah trips and they finish the race in last place. Walking away upset, Alex states "great job, Sarah." Alex's comment to Sarah is an example of (a): a. hyperbole. b. sarcasm. c. understatement. d. rhetorical question.
b.
An example of secondary prevention is a. immunizations. b. hearing screening. c. wearing a helmet. d. asthma management.
b.
Balls come in different sizes and shapes. This is an example of _____ in the development of motor skills. a. essential gender differences b. demands of the activity itself c. contextual differences that have little role d. Asynchrony
b.
Because he believed in a universal invariant sequence some students assume Piaget viewed development as purely maturational. In fact Piaget believed ____. a. cognitive development is largely independent of environmental influences b. experience is an essential aspect of development c. cognitive development is largely dependent on formal education d. children simply absorb information as if they were little sponges
b.
Dual-language learners are _____. a. bilingual b. stronger in a language other than English c. proficient in English but have skills in a second language d. proficient in two languages
b.
Eccles says that if a school environment fits a student's developmental needs then there is: a. success b. stage-environment fit c. motivation d. self-efficacy
b.
Evidence suggests the most powerful way to enhance children's cognitive and linguistic development is: a. routine use of educational TV. b. learning two or more languages. c. computer games. d. Baby Einstein.
b.
Five-year-old Billy is working on the "3 Mountains Problem." When he is asked to point to the picture that shows what the doll can see, he will most likely: a. choose the correct picture and explain why he chose it. b. choose the one that shows what he is looking at. c. choose the correct picture but not be able to explain why. d. know the correct one is different from his but not know which one to pick.
b.
For students who have studied human relations the meaning of assimilation and accommodation for developmental psychologists can be confusing. Assimilation is an example of what Vygotsky called: a. spontaneous concepts b. scientific concepts c. the zpd d. decalage
b.
From Piaget's perspective socialized speech differs from egocentric speech in that: a. it is more verbose. b. it takes others' perspectives into account. c. it occurs in adulthood. d. it occurs in the sensorimotor stage.
b.
From Piaget's perspective when does a child first begin to think like a scientist? When they _____. a. understand the difference between opinion and fact and arrive at certain conclusions b. work to discover new ways to fulfill their goals c. when they acquire formal reasoning and can systematically track observations d. acquire the ability to become skeptical about the beliefs of themselves and others
b.
From Vygotsky's sociocultural perspective scaffolding is ____. a. the provision of structural support when building a house b. gradually decreased until the child can succeed independently c. designed to eliminate the need for social support d. designed to ensure dependence of a child on the adults around him or her
b.
Given appropriate experience children can typically place numbers on a number line at about age _____. a. 5-6 b. 7-8 c. 9-10 d. 11-12
b.
Gross motor skills such as sitting without support and walking require postural control. Postural control means having the ability to _____. a. control one's impulses b. control one's body position and balance c. regulate one's environment d. regulate one's attitude such that authority figures will allow for freedom of movement
b.
How many years does it typically take for English-language learners to move from the lowest level of ability to speak English to the proficient level? a. 3-5 years b. 4-7 years c. 5-8 years d. 5-7 years
b.
If given a choice between a small piece of candy now or a big piece later, most 3-year-olds will choose a. the big one. b. the small one. c. both. d. Neither.
b.
If you believe you have the skills necessary to succeed at learning a new task, Bandura would say you have ____________. a. self-efficiency b. efficacy expectations c. motivation d. modeling skills
b.
If you think that intelligence can change, then you believe that intelligence is _____. a. fixed b. incremental c. stable d. an entity
b.
Judy's baby weighed 7 lbs. and 9 oz at birth. By the end of the first week the baby weighed 7lbs 3 oz and she rushed to the doctor. The doctor said ______________. a. "You need to feed this baby!" b. "We expect newborns to lose weight the first week" c. "Does someone smoke in your home?" d. "You should supplement with formula"
b.
Oliver North had his secretary help him destroy documents important for the Iran-Contra investigation. When asked whether North should destroy the tapes Jackson replies, "No, the tapes cost money to make and they'll be worth even more money in the future. Destroying the tapes would be like destroying money and even the president should not do that." Jackson's reasoning reflects which of Kohlberg's levels of moral judgment? a. pseudoconventional b. preconventional c. conventional d. postconventional
b.
Orthographic awareness involves _____. a. how a word sounds b. the visual representation of words c. A and B d. none of these
b.
Piaget believed children go through invariant stages of cognitive development. Vygotsky emphasized that children ____. a. are all different b. learn through the co-construction of knowledge c. reverse and mix up the stages d. do not need adults' help to learn
b.
Preoperational children cannot conserve because ____. a. their thinking is egocentric b. they focus on only one aspect of the problem c. they can't categorize d. animistic thinking confuses them
b.
Print awareness is ____. a. being aware of books b. a factor in reading success c. determined by age d. unnecessary
b.
Research indicates having a job during high school becomes more detrimental than beneficial to the student if the student works more than ________hours per week. a. 16 b. 20 c. 24 d. 32
b.
Research shows that ________levels of employment during high school may produce positive skills. a. minimum b. moderate c. intensive d. maximum
b.
Since 1900 the average age for puberty's onset in the United States has __________. a. increased b. decreased c. stayed about the same d. Puberty is too unpredictable to tell.
b.
The Eriksonian concept of psychological moratorium is best exemplified by an adolescent who... a. is deeply depressed over the death of his dog. b. Liked country music last month but recently shaved his head and is attending his first "heavy metal" concert c. was rejected by his mother when he was an infant and so has little to do with her as an adult. d. has always been interested in money and just got his first job as a banker.
b.
The ability to reason through a series of premises to reach a conclusion using logic even when the premise is false is known as _______. a. conditional reasoning b. contrary to fact or logical necessity c. hypothetical deductive reasoning d. logical thinking
b.
The first baby teeth usually make an appearance around ______. a. 3 months. b. 6 months. c. 8 months. d. 1 year.
b.
The higher level thinking demonstrated in your graphic representation of significant ideas and their relationship is an example of ___. a. receptive understanding b. conceptual understanding c. interpretive understanding d. expressive understanding
b.
The men in Ralph's family have always been ministers, and it is assumed that Ralph will be one as well. This describes the situation that James Marcia describes as identity ______. a. diffusion b. foreclosure c. moratorium d. achievement
b.
What is an affordance? a. toys and opportunities parents can afford for their child b. opportunities for exploration c. visual acuity d. perceptual skills
b.
What triggers the sudden growth spurt in preadolescence? a. myelination b. hormonal interplay c. age of the child d. neuron development
b.
When Jefferson was in elementary school he could recite the words to the Pledge of Allegiance but did not understand their meaning. Now as an adolescent he can explain how liberty and justice are important ideals that we have yet to fully realize as a country. Such abstract reasoning requires ____. a. concrete operational thinking b. formal operational thinking c. spontaneous knowledge d. heteronomous morality
b.
Which is greater, the infants' ability to produce or to understand language? a. produce b. understand c. the two are equal d. neither is very good
b.
While an 11-12-year-old may begin to demonstrate skilled movements at the core of athletic performance it is important to remember: a. talented youth will soon lose momentum as peer relationships take precedence. b. they are still growing and developing in ways that will influence their performance. c. children at this age detest competition and will defy adults who attempt to encourage such play. d. none of the above
b.
While repetitive drill can facilitate the quick retrieval of facts Vygotsky believed ______ is necessary to support development. a. the eventual abandonment of intersubjectivity b. mediated activity that is challenging but within the child's ZPD c. literacy goals should be abandoned because interaction with real world community mentors d. peers are better able to stimulate the conceptual conflict that
b.
Who is the most likely to get an ACL injury? a. Bill, a football player b. Sarah, a soccer player c. James, a wrestler d. Bob, a soccer player.
b.
Who proposed that individuals who adopt an identity handed down to them from their parents are purveyors of the culture? a. James Marcia b. Ruth Josselson c. Erik Erikson d. Bakhtin
b.
Years after being diagnosed with human papillomavirus (HPV), many women are also diagnosed with __________________. a. syphilis b. cervical cancer c. chlamydia d. Herpes simplex
b.
____ refers to the meaning of sentences or phrases within sentences. a. Syntax b. Semantics c. Pragmatics d. Definition
b.
__________________ have been found to be responsible for more baby injuries than any other product. a. Car seats b. Baby walkers c. Pacifiers d. Johnny jump-ups
b.
10. In operant conditioning, the introduction of something that a person finds unpleasant is referred to as a. positive reinforcement. b. negative reinforcement. c. positive punishment. d. negative punishment.
c.
15. Urie Bronfenbrenner made an important, transformative contribution to the study of human development when he noted ____________. a. how significant our biological make up is in both the process and outcomes of development b. how essential fathers' participation in parenting is for healthy development c. that culture, social policy, and resource distribution influence developmental outcomes d. that the child's perceptions are important in determining the outcomes of development
c.
17. Many environmentalists are concerned about teratogens in the nation's rivers and lakes caused from agricultural and industrial pollutants. A teratogen is ____. a. another name for a fetus b. a drug that prevents deformity in a fetus exposed to thalidomide c. a substance that can permanently damage an embryo's growth d. the technical term for a deformed fetus
c.
2. Choose the answer that is true regarding the major domains of development. a. Each period has separate domains. b. The domains are separate and unique. c. They are broadly divided into physical, cognitive, and psychosocial. d. Psychosocial has little relevance to the others.
c.
21. Use of media by children should be limited and monitored _____. a. but socially inappropriate material is unlikely to be accessed by preschool or elementary aged children b. because it inevitably fosters aggression and social isolation c. to allow for educational programs that boost academic achievement and model prosocial behavior d. but most young children soon habituate to media and quickly lose interest.
c.
30. The limbic system is ____. a. best known for its role in memory b. best known for its role in cerebral primacy c. a network of connections between the thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdale, and hippocampus d. all of the above
c.
33. Epigenetics influences are: a. phenomena studied by Sandra Scarr suggesting parents influence genetic expression by the traits they actively and passively support. b. bacterial changes in the gut caused by over-eating. c. the study of changes in gene activity that do not involve alterations to the genetic code but still get passed down to at least one successive generation. d. anti-science.
c.
4. "Enculturation" means a. considering the impact of culture on a child's development. b. customs, values, and traditions. c. transmitted culture across time and generations. d. learning the customs of other cultures.
c.
5. When parents, teachers, and peers share the same values, mutually reinforcing a message about the importance of certain beliefs or practices, __________ is present in their socialization. a. thematic elaboration b. microsystem harmony c. contemporary redundancy d. the epigenetic fallacy
c.
A child who asks a question but does not wait for an answer before continuing with the conversation lacks of understanding of ____. a. semantics b. syntax c. pragmatics d. prosody
c.
A helpful researcher emphasized the superordinate category in an assessment task by asking, "In a forest of 8 pines and 2 oaks, are there more trees or pines?" The original assessment was most likely designed to look for what quality of thinking? a. horizontal decalage b. socialized speech c. class inclusion d. conservation
c.
A student who believes intelligence is _________ will be ________ motivated in the classroom. a. entity; more b. entity; equally c. incremental; more d. incremental; less
c.
According to Brofenbrenner the committee that establishes policies and procedures about student retention is part of the_______. a. microsystem b. mesosystem c. exosystem d. macrosystem
c.
Adults and peers can inadvertently interact with children based on their perceived age rather than chronological age. Sometimes this results in children who are tall and heavier being ___. a. placed on too strict a diet b. held back a grade c. introduced to activities and behavior more socially advanced than environmentally expectant d. prohibited from engaging in age appropriate activities
c.
An adolescent complains her feet are too big, her nose is huge, and she seems "out of proportion". This uneven rate of growth is termed ____. a. pubescent growth b. secular growth c. asynchronous growth d. derivative growth
c.
At the junior high school dance, Sarah is much taller than her date Kevin. This is ___________. a. suggestive of a growth hormone imbalance in Sarah b. suggestive of a growth hormone imbalance in Kevin c. typical d. Menarche
c.
Athletic coaches can anticipate that by the age of eleven children will be ____. a. too consumed with academic endeavors to participate in physical activity b. so competitive and aggressive that no winners or losers should be publicly acknowledged c. better able to coordinate their physical skills with strategy and teamwork d. at their peak in agility, strength, and endurance
c.
Baillargeon advanced our understanding of infant cognition by demonstrating ____. a. children are capable of simultaneously perceiving and responding to multiple perspectives b. children habituate to moving objects and are easily distracted c. children expect objects to be substantial and permanent d. all the above
c.
Bone growth occurs _____________. a. all over the body b. not until puberty c. in the epiphyseal plates d. until age 20
c.
Children hold up artwork so that we can see it. This suggests that with simpler and more familiar tasks children appear less ____ than Piaget assumed. a. artistic b. creative c. egocentric d. trendy
c.
Children who have corticosteroids in their asthma inhalers may feel and act __________ in class. a. better b. calmer c. more jittery and anxious d. Grumpy
c.
Chomsky's nativist approach imagines we have a hypothetical device called the_____ or LAD ? a. learning acquisition device b. least arborized device c. language acquisition device d. language accumulator device
c.
Doug works hard in school so that his friends won't think he is stupid. His goal is _____. a. mastery b. performance approach c. performance avoidance d. self-centered
c.
During the "strange situation" children with ___________ attachment are distressed when mother leaves, and when she returns they gesture to be held but they try to pull away at the same time. a. secure b. insecure-avoidant c. insecure-resistant d. disorganized
c.
From her perspective, how is Nodding's caring relationship different from personal virtue? a. It is believed to make people better. b. Rather than just fulfilling one's duty, it is believed to lead to a better life. c. Virtues emerge within the situation and relationship rather than being specified in advance. d. All the above
c.
In the movie "Reality Bites" Sammy comes out to his mother. The response of his mother complicates his identity formation because: a. she wants him to dress in drag and he is uncomfortable doing so. b. only a few careers such as actor, hairdresser, and interior decorator are appropriate for gays. c. identity enactments are contingent on acceptance by those who count. d. Sammy's expressed ideology forecloses acceptance of his mother.
c.
Jackson was riding his bike when he lost control and crashed. Walking into the kitchen, Jackson showed his mom his skinned-up knees and hands, but told his mom "it is only a scratch" and insisted on returning to his friends. Jackson's downplaying of his injuries is an example of (an) _____. a. hyperbole b. sarcasm c. understatement d. rhetorical question
c.
Mark volunteered to help Mary sort seeds collected from last year's seed pods. When sorting the first batch Mary frequently has to remind Mark to separate the diploids from the tetraploids, the spiders from the bagels, and one hybridizer's seeds from another. As Mark becomes more familiar with the organizational scheme, Mary provides less assistance, and Mark no longer needs to reference the signs Mary has pasted on each box. This scenario best illustrates: a. disequilibrium and equilibration. b. imitation and vicarious reinforcement. c. guided participation and scaffolding. d. mismanagement.
c.
Phonological awareness is _____. a. unnecessary b. awareness that books are made of words c. awareness that words are a sequence of sounds d. taught by teachers
c.
Piaget's theory is known as constructivist because: a. he constructed it by building on Freud's theory. b. children are always growing and changing like constructing a building. c. children construct their cognitive abilities through action and interaction. d. he is against evolutionist theories.
c.
Preschooler's physique is longer, leaner, and flatter bellied. This physical maturation is accompanied by: a. an increased desire to remain thin. b. a weakening immune system. c. better posture and agility. d. rapid growth in height and weight
c.
Sandy persists in mixing toxic chemicals without a face mask and can be seen out spraying pesticides and weed killer with abandon. She believes she is too young and healthy for any of this to have any negative consequences. This demonstrates the concept of ___ that is typical of adolescents' thinking. a. the imaginary audience. b. trial and error problem solving. c. the personal fable. d. hypothesis testing.
c.
School readiness skills are _____. a. environment dependent b. parent dependent c. experience dependent d. independent of all factors
c.
Some philosophers think character education is inappropriate for public schools in democratic societies because ______. a. virtues have no place in the kinds of relationships that occur in schools b. happiness is more important than being virtuous c. any consensus is likely to mask real differences in values d. All the above
c.
Typically, the ability to draw progresses from _____. a. reaching for a coloring book, to creating one's own cartoon figures, to use of water colors b. tracing, to figure drawing, to abstract art c. mark making and scribbles to representing people, objects, and scenes d. reflexes to rudimentary to gross motor development
c.
Vygotsky reconceptualized Piaget's_____ speech as internal or private speech used to guide behavior. a. outer b. social c. egocentric d. inner
c.
Vygotsky viewed intersubjectivity as a key aspect of learning. Intersubjectivity means: a. talking to one's self in difficult situations. b. thinking alone after an interaction. c. the creation of shared meaning. d. interdisciplinary thinking.
c.
What are the dual determinants Erikson believed brought about the crisis of each age? a. parents and the media. b. moratorium and cultural differences. c. biological maturation and social demands. d. puberty and peers.
c.
What happens if a child does not get enough calcium? a. Nothing will happen. b. The child will be short. c. The body will break down bones and teeth to get it. d. The child will die.
c.
When 3-year-old Katie says her tricycle is sad because it is in the garage all alone, she is demonstrating: a. object permanence. b. propositional thought. c. animistic thinking. d. centration.
c.
When children apply general language rules when they should not, it is an example of ____. a. how defiant children can be b. underregularization c. overregularization d. overgeneralization
c.
Which of the following best characterizes Piaget's concept of decalage? a. Transitions from one stage to another are instantaneous. b. No stages are ever skipped. c. Thinking typical of a particular stage eventually comes to pervade thinking across diverse content areas. d. Thinking typical of a particular stage is qualitatively different from thinking typical during the previous stage.
c.
Who is known for the ethological theory of attachment? a. Sigmund Freud b. Erik Erikson c. John Bowlby d. Conrad Lorenz
c.
Young children are more at risk for ear infections than adults because a. of hygiene. b. they put their fingers in their ears more often. c. of the anatomy of their ears . d. of Q-tips.
c.
13. Some critics of Piaget's stage theory believe ____. a. development is more continuous than Piaget's stage theory suggests b. Piaget underestimated the abilities of younger children c. Piaget did not use a large enough sample when testing his theory d. all of the above
d.
14. Sandra Scarr's work on genetic and environmental interactions is well known among developmental psychologists. She suggests: a. individuals may be genetically predisposed to excel in certain activities. b. care providers such as parents and teachers are likely to notice and support the talents of individuals in their care. c. eventually individuals can self-select environments that best support their interests and talents. d. all of the above.
d.
16. The agricultural revolution led to changes in our diet, the way we get food, and the dynamics of our society. Such change is best viewed as ____. a. syncretism b. contemporary redundancy c. thematic elaboration d. a change in paradigm
d.
20. While generally well-intentioned, media images of children living in difficult contexts such as poverty and war too often provide distorted, demeaning, and stereotypic representations. Child advocates such as Aida Izadpanah suggest it is more helpful when we: a. present positive, agentic images of others. b. encourage and provide the means for self-representation. c. steer away from "deficit" portrayals of others. d. all of the above
d.
23. Research suggests which of the following is a realistic concern about the influence of violence and aggression in electronic media (music, film, video games, etc.)? a. Aggressive acts in virtual contexts can linger in the form of heightened vigilance, increased attributions of hostile intent, and a decreased willingness to help others. b. Violent individuals and groups use the media to spread awareness of their acts. c. Our imaginations may create unwarranted fears and misperceptions. d. All of the above
d.
25. The dynamic systems theory suggests: a. universal linear milestones provide the best picture of individual growth. b. reinforcements in the child's environment best define the path of development. c. depicting nested levels of environmental influence is a bird-brained idea. d. the body is an active, living system, embedded in multiple, interconnected environments.
d.
29. How the genotype sets upper and lower limits for possible outcomes is known as ____. a. niche picking b. canalization c. active effect d. range of reaction
d.
35. Baby Sam weighs 11 pounds, was born preterm, and his mother had eclampsia. What is the likely reason for his large weight and early delivery? a. The doctor miscalculated the due date. b. His parents are large. c. He has gigantism. d. His mom is diabetic.
d.
37. How long can a sperm survive in the female body? a. 2 hours b. 24 hours c. 48 hours d. 72 hours
d.
A formal operational thinker faced with a logical necessity problem where the basic premise is false will: a. consider the reasoning also to be false. b. not be able to understand that the reasoning violates their own experience. c. be able to suspend their disbelief to follow through with the logic of the reasoning. d. not be able to suspend disbelief to follow the reasoning.
d.
According to Chall's model of reading, at the age of 7 years Alex should _____. a. be able to read word by word b. be able to make reasonable guesses to figure out new words c. have print awareness d. all of the above
d.
Activity is mediated by the tools of the culture and through the support provided by more expert others. "Tools" in this usage refers to a. systems of communication. b. computers and other technological devices. c. conceptual frameworks. d. all the above
d.
Anxiety is typical for teenagers, Erikson would argue, as the result of an attempt to resolve what crisis? a. initiative versus guilt b. generativity versus stagnation c. autonomy versus shame and doubt d. identity versus identity confusion
d.
Benjamin is enrolled in a Piagetian-based preschool. He will most likely: a. spend long hours being read to by the teacher. b. be using computers. c. be tested on a daily basis. d. interact with the objects he is learning about.
d.
Brain development and muscle memory supports an athlete who is capable of _____. a. performing fundamental movements without conscious attention as these skills are now automatic b. regulating emotions and focusing attention c. utilizing game and problem-solving strategies honed through practice d. all the above
d.
Catching a ball is more difficult than throwing because to be successful you must ____. a. track the path of the ball over time and space b. move to where you anticipate the ball will be and adjust to the ball's forward moving force c. position your hands and body to accommodate the size and shape of the ball and pull it toward you d. all the above
d.
Central to Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development is the idea that children make sense of their world: a. through the mental processes of assimilation and accommodation. b. by repeatedly encountering both pleasant and unpleasant events in their daily lives. c. through their independent explorations of their physical and social environments. d. by interacting with more experienced people who mediate their understandings.
d.
During the big game, John appears dazed and confused, is awkward, and can't remember how he got this way. A well-informed person would logically conclude he ____________. a. is drunk b. has a tumor c. is goofing around d. has a concussion
d.
Erikson believed it is the challenge of each adolescent to fashion an adult identity that is fitting within their society. From his perspective an identity crisis is a... a. period of abnormal self-doubt. b. process experienced only in tribal communities. c. psychopathological disturbance. d. normal process in the successful establishment of an identity.
d.
Ester Thelen helped identify a complex system of interacting components in motor development. These components include _____. a. brain organization, muscle strength, joint structures and range of motion b. arousal and motivation c. the task and surface support d. all the above
d.
In middle childhood vocabulary improves through _____. a. conversations with friends b. instruction in an educational setting c. reading d. all of these
d.
Ms. Rushing, a middle school science teacher, wants her students to develop a good understanding of principles related to the concepts of force and velocity. Three of the following strategies are consistent with Piagetian beliefs about development. Which strategy would be acceptable to Vygotsky but rejected by Piagetians? a. Have students experiment with objects to observe the effects that force has on velocity. b. Perform classroom demonstrations that illustrate the concepts of force and velocity, and have students discuss alternative interpretations of the phenomena they observe. c. Have students apply principles of force and velocity to a task in which they must move a heavy object across the room. d. Make sure students can recite definitions of both force and velocity, and that they can state basic principles regarding how the two are interrelated.
d.
One of Stephanie's chores is taking out the trash. Her mom is frustrated because she continually has to remind Stephanie to complete the chore. One day, Stephanie's mom asks, without expecting an answer, "How many times have I told you to take out the trash?" Stephanie's mom's comment is an example of (a) _____. a. hyperbole b. Sarcasm c. understatement d. rhetorical question
d.
One of the best ways to develop a child's brain is by____________. a. Baby Einstein b. music c. computers d. physical exercise
d.
Students in a fourth-grade reading group are reading a passage about snakes. Their teacher asks, "Who can think of a good title that summarizes what this passage is about?" After hearing several good suggestions, the teacher says, "The author says that snakes are helpful to farmers. What evidence does she give to support her statement?" If we consider Vygotsky's concept of internalization, we might predict that such a discussion will: a. be more beneficial for students who are working outside their zones of proximal development than for students working within their ZPDs. b. help students develop a greater interest in learning for its own sake. c. be confusing and counterproductive for students who are not yet capable of abstract thought. d. help students acquire effective reading comprehension strategies (e.g., summarizing, looking for supporting statements).
d.
The Physical Activity Guidelines recommend that children get about _______ minutes of exercise per day. a. 20 b. 30 c. 45 d. 60
d.
The goal of bilingual education is to _____. a. teach English b. improve the academic achievement of English-language learners c. permit English speakers to learn a second language d. all of these.
d.
The stage of cognitive development Piaget ascribed as developmentally appropriate for teens is ___. a. Sensorimotor b. Preoperational c. Concrete operational d. Formal operational
d.
To better ensure physical activity contributes positively to health promotion adults need to: a. monitor the fit between bodies, tasks, and abilities. b. provide appropriate equipment. c. set challenging but realistic expectations d. all the above
d.
To minimize injuries, student athletes should be matched by ____________. a. age b. grade c. ability d. body mass
d.
Vygotsky made a distinction between lower mental functions (in which attention is in reaction to stimuli and memory mere association) and higher mental functions (where the individual can focus attention and use strategies to deliberately remember). In the early childhood years children typically ____. a. learn to deliberately focus their attention and shift attention from one task to another b. are unskilled in the use of strategies to deliberately remember c. improve in their ability to pay attention and to inhibit automatic responses d. all of these
d.
What are the three traits of parenting that most support their teen students' achievement? a. warmth, responsiveness, and autonomy granting b. warmth, discipline, and responsiveness c. warmth, discipline, and autonomy granting d. warmth, supervision, and autonomy granting
d.
What does Piaget's theory mean for educational settings? a. Children learn through engaged activity. b. Children need multiple opportunities to explore objects and their properties. c. Children's reasoning grows through questions. d. All of these
d.
Which of the following aspects of physical development contribute to the infant's ability to achieve milestones of motor development? a. muscle mass, fiber, and tone b. body composition c. body proportion d. all the above
d.
Which of the following aspects of the Piagetian perspective have met with acceptance by the critics? a. The belief that people actively construct knowledge b. The recognition that errors in thinking are useful when attempting to understanding how a person is reasoning c. The ability to empirically test aspects of the theory has led to important advances in our understanding of cognitive development d. all of these
d.
Which of the following is an aspect of evil from Nodding's perspective? a. causing pain b. separation and neglect c. helplessness d. All the above
d.
Which one of the following is NOT true? a. During the first year of life the infant can learn any language, but after the first year the infant is primed to learn only the language(s) to which he or she is exposed to daily. b. Deaf babies who are taught sign language can "babble" with their hands. c. It is important for parents to talk with their children if they want to increase their child's vocabulary. d. Research shows that children benefit from having Smart phones, email and, Twitter.
d.
Which one of the following is NOT true? a. Sesame Street has been shown to increase school readiness. b. Technology and social media have the potential to isolate a parent from their child. c. Teaching a child to be bilingual is easier in the first few years of life and is ultimately beneficial. d. If a child isn't speaking by age 3 the child will never learn to talk. Therefore it is called a critical period.
d.
Which philosopher has written extensively about the ethic of care? a. Lawrence Kohlberg b. Elliott Turiel c. Aristotle d. Nel Noddings
d.
Which reply would suggest 15-year-old Rich is experiencing identity diffusion when asked, "What do you want to be when you grow up?" a. An engineer, because I am good at math. b. A doctor, just like my mom. c. I have several options I am currently exploring. d. I haven't really thought about a career that much.
d.
Why did the American Academy of Pediatrics recommend putting babies to sleep on their backs? a. so that they can breathe easier b. so that they can improve their visual skills by watching their mobile c. so that they can make eye contact d. so that the risk of Sudden Infant Death syndrome can be reduced
d.
Words are ___. a. Objects b. ideas c. actions d. symbols
d.
Young children are vulnerable to infection because _____. a. they enjoy touching people and things and often put things in their mouth b. their immune systems are immature c. they probably need to wash their hands more often and even when they do wash sinks can be dirty d. all of the above
d.