Human Development: Final Study Guide

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82. What is a DNR order?

"Do not resuscitate" - a written order from a physician (sometimes initiated by a patient's advance directive or by a health care proxy's request) that no attempt should be made to revive a patient if he or she suffers cardiac or respiratory arrest.

71. What is the closest but most vulnerable family relationship in late adulthood?

(From lecture review: Connection & conflict) mother and daughter

69. What is the relationship of aging, having a partner, and children?

(from lecture review: children & partner non essential for happiness) They are healthier and happier; married elders tend to live longer, happier, and healthier lives than unmarried ones.

Name and describe Sternberg's three forms of intelligence.

1) Analytic - is valuable in high school and college as students are expected to remember and analyze various ideas 2) Creative - creative intelligence allows people to find "a better match to one's skills, values, or desires" 3) Practical - Practical intelligence is useful as people age and need to manage their daily lives.

75. What are stages of dying, based on the work of Maslow? pg.575

1) Physiological needs (freedom from pain) 2) Safety (no abandonment) 3) Love and acceptance (from close family and friends) 4) Respect (from caregivers) 5) Self-actualization (spiritual transcendence)

70. Name three forms of grandparenting.

1) Remote grandparents: (aka distant grandparents) are emotionally distant from their grandchildren. They are esteemed elders who are honored, respected, and obeyed expecting to get help whenever they need it. 2) Companionate grandparents: (aka "fun loving" grandparents) entertain and "spoil" their grandchildren - especially in ways, or for reasons, that the parents would not. 3) Involved grandparents: are active in the day-to-day lives of their grandchildren. They live near them, see them daily, and provide substantial care 4) Surrogate parents: raise their grandchildren, usually because the parents are unable or unwilling to do so.

Describe Maslow's five stages of development. (457)

1. Physiological- Needs to satisfy hunger and thirst, shelter. 2. Safety - Net to feel that the world is organized and predictable; need to feel safe, secure, and stable. 3. Love and Belonging - need to love and be loved, to belong and be accepted, need to avoid loneliness and alienations 4. Success and Esteem- need for self-esteem, achievement, competence and independence; need to avoid loneliness and alienation 5. Self Actualization - need to live up to one's fullest and unique potential

42. What percentages of people at age 70 have some form of dementia?

14%

29. Name and describe Maslow's hierarchy of needs.

3. Same as #22?

41. What is the estimated number of those suffering from dementia in the U.S.?

4 million, less than 2% of the population

11. World wide, how much longer do females outlive males? (431)

5 years longer than men

83. What percentage of people died before the age of 5 a century ago?

50%

38. What is the percentage of adults who report they are close to their siblings?

66% (said in review) 2/3

32. By age of 40, what is the percentage of US residents that have married?

85%

16. How does the quality of adult friendships change with age? (465)

A comprehensive research study found that friendships tend to improve with age. Most adolescents and emerging adults rate their friendships as close, but a significant minority consider them ambivalent or problematic. By adulthood, almost all friendships are close, few are ambivalent, and almost none are problematic.

88. How is a good death defined?

A death that is peaceful, quick, and painless and that occurs after a long life, in the company of family and friends, and in familiar surroundings.

81. What is a living will?

A document that indicated what kids of medical intervention an individual wants or does not want if he or she becomes incapable od expressing those wishes.

56. What is "ageism?" (497)

A form of prejudice in which people are categorized and judged solely on the basis of their chronological age.

61. What is "assisted living." Who is most appropriate for this service? (559)

A living arrangement for elderly people that combines privacy and independence with medical supervision. It is most appropriate for someone who can still person acidizing of daily living but may have health problems that require medical supervision.

60. What does "stratification by age" mean? (533

A phenomenon whereby social forces segregate elderly people, gradually shunting them out of mainstream society as they grow older, creating "socialization deficits" for all age groups.

25. What is the "Flynn Effect?"

A rise in the average IQ scores that has occurred over decades in many nations; younger cohorts outscore older ones on IQ tests, due to changes in environment (education, nutrition, etc.) not changes in intelligence.

54. What is "compression of morbidity?" (502)

A shortening of the time a person spends ill or infirm before death; accomplished by postposing illness.

84. What is a "persistent vegetative state?"

A state of deep unconsciousness in which all cognitive functions are absent, although eyes may open, sounds may be emitted, and breathing may continue; the person in not yet dead. This state can be transient, with recovery possible, persistent, or permanent. No one has ever recovered after two years; most who recover (15%) improve within three weeks.

39. What is "cataracts?"

A thickening of the lens, causing vision to become cloudy, opaque and distorted.

87. What is a passage as regards death?

A time of "transition"; every culture and religion holds the idea that death is not an end, but a beginning of another time.

4. Compared to the past, what percentage of fertility problems has been solved? (423)

About half

58. Define "ADL." (554)

Activities of Daily Life. Actions that are important to independent living, typically, identified as five tasks of self-care: eating, bathing, toileting, dressing, and transferring from bed to a chair. The inability to perform any of these tasks is a sing if frailty.

77. When is death least feared?

Adolescence

46. What is the most common form of dementia? (518)

Alzheimer's

79. What is the "double effect" phenomenon?

An ethical situation in which an action (such as administering opiates) has both a positive effect, which is intended (relieving a terminally ill person's pain), and a negative effect, which is foreseen but not intended (hastening death by suppressing respiration.)

3. Cognitively, compare the novice with the expert. (444)

An expert has focused practice. That is, has repeated the action countless times and can perform the task(s) without instruction, based on past experiences, immediate contact's, more intuitively, and less stereotypic. Essentially automatically processing into and thus having better strategies to unexpected problems. The expert is flexible and strategic. They are better able to assimilate to different things, changes, environment, etc. A novice is one who is "new" to the task. Needs "how to" instructions. A novice is one who has not practiced at that particular skill.

5. What is the male counterpart to menopause? (425)

Andropause - a term coined to signify a drop in testosterone levels in older men, which normally results in a reduction in sexual desire, erections, and muscle mass.

64. What is the percentage today of adults still in the work force over the age of 65? (538)

As of 2007, 21% of men and 13% of women.

57. Today, when to older adults want to retire? (538)

As soon as they can

24. What conditions most affect a decline in exercise?

Availability to exercise, friendships, relationships, access to open space and a community that encourages it.

33. How often have jobs been changed by those between ages 25 and 42

Average 5x

14. What are considered the optimum, outer age limits of conception for men and women. (422)

Before 30 for women, and before age 40 for men.

35. What is "familism?"

Belief that family members should support one another, sacrificing individual freedom and success, if necessary, to preserve family unity

80. What is palliative care?

Care designed not to treat an illness but to provide physical and emotional comfort to the patient and support and guidance to his or her family.

8. Who proposed the existence of "g"? What does it mean? (436)

Charles Spearman proposed that there is a single entity of general intelligence "g." That is, that this is the one basic trait that involves cognitive abilities, which people possess in varying amounts.

18. What is the "social convoy?" (464)

Collectively, the family members, friends, acquaintances, and strangers who move through life with an individual. The people provide a "protective layer" of social relations to guide, encourage, and socialize individuals as they go through life.

44. What is "terminal decline?"

Decline in cognitive function that occurs 1 to 5 years before death.

74. What is disengagement and activity theory?

Disengagement theory: the view that aging makes a person's social sphere increasingly narrow, resulting in role relinquishment, withdrawal and passivity. Active theory: the view that elderly people want and need to remain active in a variety of social spheres - with relatives, friends, and community groups - and become withdrawn only unwillgly, as a result of ageism.

26. According to early, cross-sectional research, during WWI, when did intelligence peak?

During adolescence, 18 years old

62. What is the "continuity theory?" (532)

Each person experiences the changes of late adulthood and behaves toward others in a way that is consistent with his or her behavior in earlier periods of life.

20. Describe the findings of Schaie. What are his primary mental abilities? (438)

Environment critical after age 60 and 80. Schaie's ongoing project, the Seattle Longitudinal study, the first cross-sequential study of adult intelligence (1056-2005, every 7 years.) He categorized mental abilities as follows: (1) verbal meaning, comprehension, (2) spatial orientation, (3) inductive reasoning, (4) number ability, and (5) word fluency (rapid association.)

9. What is the main hormone involved in menopause? (424)

Estrogen

50. What are the "control processes" in the information-processing model? These are also referred to as the ____functions?

Executive. Information storage & retrieval, selective attention.

10. What affects the development of expertise? (447)

Experience, focused practice and attention. Talent alone isn't enough. Lengthy practice (for at least 10 years, according to some researchers) is needed to develop and maintain expertise. With "intense, well-focused practice to attain expertise, there may be no aging decline of abilities in the domain of that expertise."

34. What is Erikson's stage of conflict during adulthood?

Generativity vs. Stagnation

45. What is the term for the scientific study of old age? (497)

Gerontology

76. What is grief? What is mourning? What is bereavement?

Grief is the powerful sorrow that an individual feels at the deaths of another. Mourning is the ceremonies and behaviors that a religion or culture prescribes for people to employ in expressing their bereavement after a death. Bereavement is the sense of loss following a death.

67. What influences positive feelings of the elderly?

Having a sense of accomplishment; also the fact that they can have control over a decision.

78. What is hospice care? What is their model and goal for achieving a good death?

Hospice care is an institution or program in which terminally ill patients receive palliative care; caregivers provide skilled treatment to relieve pain and discomfort, including massage, bathing, and so on. They avoid measure to delay death; their focus is to make dying easier. The two principles for hospice care: 1) each patient's autonomy and decisions are respected. For example, pain medication is given when requested, not on a schedule. 2) Family members and friends counseled before the death, shown how to provide care, and helped after death.

40. What is Erikson's first stage of early adulthood?

Intimacy vs. Isolation

21. What percentage of US resident marry before the age of 25? (468)

Less than 15%

30. Describe the mood and behavior of married teenagers.

Likely to become depressed and aggressive with reduced chances of higher education, professional employment, successful children and satisfying relationships

63. What is the disposition of never-married, older adults? (552)

Myth is they have moved into despair. Just as happy, healthy and maybe slightly less wealthy than married or older couples. ??

52. If an adult can function, are they still considered demented? (518)

No, possibly mild cognitive impairment if they are exhibiting some decline in mental faculties.

28. Name and define the Big Five Personality traits. OCEAN

OCEAN 1) Openness: imagination, curious, welcoming new experiences 2) Conscientiousness: organized, deliberate, conforming 3) Extroversion: outgoing, assertive, active 4) Agreeableness: kind, helpful, easygoing 5) Neuroticism: anxious, moody, self-critical

53. What are centenarians? (510)

People 100 years or older

48. Define primary and secondary aging. (504)

Primary aging: The universal and irreversible physical changes that occur to all living creatures as they get older. Secondary aging: The specific physical illnesses or conditions that become more common with aging but result from poor health habits, genetic vulnerability, and other influences that vary from person to person.

31. Describe the relationship challenges of same-sex partners.

Same problems as heterosexuals - finances, communication, domestic abuse. Less battles over the division of labor.

6. What affects diseases and chronic conditions associated with aging? (427)

Secondary ageing and lifestyle. Age related declines are accelerated by years of engaging in self-destructive behavior or living in an unhealthy community, high in stress and pollution. Among these are smoking (tobacco and/or marijuana), alcohol abuse, drug abuse, overeating, and inactivity.

49. How did Maslow define "self-actualization?" How does it relate to older adults? (523)

Self-actualization is the final stage in Maslow's hierarchy of needs, characterized by aesthetic, creative, philosophical, and spiritual understanding. Older people are more likely to reach this stage, although an adult may reach this stage before old age, and some older adults may never reach this stage due to unsatisfied needs lower in the hierarchy.

47. Describe the findings of Schaie as regards the trajectory and age for mental ability performance.

Similar to question 2. Schaie emphasized the importance of crystallized intelligence to the IQ test and tested 5 mental abilities: 1) verbal meaning, (2) spatial orientation, 3) inductive reasoning, 4) word fluency, and 5) numerical ability. The first three abilities increased up to age 60, at which point there was a slight decline to age 80 followed by a more rapid decline after age 80. Numerical ability began to decline at age 40. While fluid intelligence did indeed decline after age 18. Schaie demonstrated that the gains in crystallized intelligence made up for those declines, resulting in overall higher IQ scores in middle age.

66. What are the three parts to stratification? (533)

Stratification by age, gender, ethnicity. Stratification theories: theories that emphasize that social forces, particularly those related to a person's social stratum, or social category, limit individual choices and affect a person's ability to function in late adulthood as past stratification continues to limit life in various ways.

19. What are the physical changes that result in menopause? (424)

Sudden drop in hormones, estrogen, osteoporosis. Women (average 51): ovulation/menstruation stops, hormonal shifts, hot flashes, hot flushes (looking hot), cold sweats

36. Define "gender convergence."

Tendency for men and women to become more similar as they move through middle age.

59. What happens to older women after losing a spouse? (546)

The first two years especially difficult, but eventually many older widows come to enjoy their independence and few seek another man, preferring instead the campership of women friends and grown children.

85. Today, where is death most likely to occur?

The hospital, a hundred years ago, it used to occur at home.

17. What is meant by the reference to "relative deprivation?" (479)

The idea that people compare themselves to others in their group and are satisfied if they are no worse off than the group norm.

86. What is the "locked in syndrome?"

The person can't move, except for eyes, but brain waves are still apparent; the person isn't dead.

1. Define "selective optimization with compensation." (443)

The theory developed by Paul and Margaret Baltes, that people try to maintain a balance in their lives by looking for the best way to compensate for physical and cognitive losses and to become more proficient in activities they can already do well. Example, is the speedy reaction of young people, this may explain why younger ball players steal more bases and older athletes prefer golf. Qualities we achieve over focused practice overtime.

What is suggested by the continuity theory and the Big Five personality traits?

The theory that each person experiences the changes of late adulthood and behaves towards others in a way that is consistent with his or her behavior in earlier periods of life.

What happens to neighborhoods that still have the original occupants? (541)

They become NORCs: naturally occurring retirement communities.

37. Define "empty nest."

Time in lives of parents when their children have left the family home to pursue their own lives.

23. What is hormone replacement therapy (HRT).

Treatment to compensate for hormone reduction at menopause or following surgical removal of the ovaries. Such treatment, which usually involves estrogen and progesterone, minimizes menopausal symptoms and diminishes the risk of osteoporosis in later adulthood.

7. What are the elements involved in analytic intelligence? (441)

Verbal, logic, and analytical skills. Prefrontal lobe, central processing (executive functions), planning, organizing, and use of selective attention in regards to the task at hand.

13. What is the developmentalists' definition of "expert?" (444)

We use the word expert to signify an extraordinary talented and skilled individual, to developmentalists the term means more- or less- than that. Experts are more skilled, proficient, and knowledgeable at a particular task than the average person, especially the novice who has not practiced the skill.

12. What factors of senescence affect appearance during middle adulthood? (420)

Wrinkles, gray hair, hair thinning out, people get shorter, back muscles, connective tissue, and bone lose density, making vertebrae in the spine shrink. People lose about an inch of height by age 65. That loss occurs not in the leg bone, but in the trunk, as the cushioning between the spinal disks becomes compressed - another reason that waists widen during adulthood.

2. What are the first physical signs of senescence? (420)

a.) First physical sign is vision. Difficulty seeing things at a distance (nearsightedness) begins in one's 20s. Presbyopia (farsightedness, difficulty seeing things up close) happens in the 40s. Outward signs of senescence appear long before old age. b.) The "first visible" physical changes are in the skin. Collagen, the connective tissue of the body, decreases by about 1% per year, starting in early adulthood. As a result, by age 30 the skin is already becoming thinner and less flexible, and wrinkles become visible, particularly around the eyes. c.) Middle age spread, 10 lbs per decade in the midsection. d.) Presbycusis or AKA Artherosclerosis - Hearing loss 45 to 65. e.) Skeletal system degradation: Women - Osteoporosis (loss of bone density), middle aged adults become shorter, lose an inch by 65.

15. Hearing is most acute at what age? (421)

age 10

43. Which emotional disorder may mask dementia?

anxiety

51. What is the leading cause of death for men and women?

cardiovascular disease

72. Which theory focuses on gender divisions promoted by society?

feminism

73. When does integrity versus despair occur?

late adulthood

55. What is the main symptom of Lewy body dementia? (520)

loss of inhibition


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