Human Engineering Week 9 (Anthropometry)

(Anthropometric Tools) Examples

- High Tech Scanners - Photometric equipment - Hand Tools

(Case Study - Anthropometry and Ergonomics in Airline Seating) Anthropometric measurements of interest include:

- Limb length - Trunk dimensions - Popliteal height - Hip dimensions - etc.

(Anthropometry) Measurement positions

- Standing upright naturally (slumping effect) - Standing upright erect (2 cm difference) - Seated erect - Lying supine (tallest measurement)

Anatomical Directions/Positions

- Superior - Inferior - Anterior - Posterior - Medial - Lateral - Proximal - Distal

(Case Study - Anthropometrics in Women's Clothing) How is it that a 5'8", 150lb. woman, a 5'6," 135lb woman and a 5'9," 125lb. woman all claim to wear a size 8?

- This, and many other fitting anomalies are the reality today for the US clothing industry, where a comprehensive analysis of body shapes and sizes HASN'T been conducted for several decades. - This lack of research, in addition to the growing practice of vanity sizing - adding inches to clothing to make it appear that a woman wears a size smaller than she actually does - has created a disparity between the clothes available to the consumer and their actual body shapes and sizes.

(Anthropometry Applications) Design Applications include...

- Workplace design - Equipment design - Hand tool design - Product design

(Anthropometrics in Motion) movements associated with rotation or motion for a joint include...

- extension - flexion - abduction - adduction

(Anthropometry) Special Considerations - examples of Fudge factors not accounted for in direct measurements

- heels of shoes - clothing - gloves, helmets, coats - etc.

factors affecting human body size

- race (individuals differ significantly) - age - gender (female smaller than male counterparts) - occupation (heavy manual work vs office work) - long term changes - clothing & personal equipment

(Anthropometry) Types of Anthropometric data

- segment lengths - segment mass, volume, weight, density - segment center of mass - range of motion - strength capabilities

Anthropometry Data Collection Procedure

1. Determine the applicable body parts 2. Determine the user populations 3. Determine the percentile to consider 4. Calculate the appropriate dimensions 5. Determine the range of adjustability

Anthropometry Design Rules

1. Use data for the primary user group 2. Design for universal operability (reach distances, clearances, etc.) 3. Design to accommodate a large range of users (90-95%) - except in certain cases 4. Design for extreme individuals

age becomes maximum at what age decreases slightly between what ages

25-30 20-60

(Anthropometrics Confidence Intervals) The empirical rule states that approximately ... % of the data set will be within 1 standard deviation

68.76%

(Anthropometrics Confidence Intervals) The empirical rule states that approximately ... % of the data set will be within 2 standard deviation

95.65%

(Anthropometrics Confidence Intervals) The empirical rule states that approximately ... % of the data set will be within 3 standard deviation

99.73%

(Anthropometric Tools) Measuring Tapes

Circumference measurements

(Anthropometric Tools) Calipers

Contoured surfaces

Anthropometric Planes

Coronal/frontal (anterior and posterior) Plane Sagittal (Medial/Lateral) Plane Transverse/cross horizontal (superior and inferior) Oblique Plane

(Anthropometric Tools) Anthropometers

Straight link measurements

anthropometry

a branch of physical anthropology dealing with human body measurements, including body size, range of movement, and muscle strength

(Anthropometric Terminology) Circumference

a closed measurement that follows a body contour

(Anthropometric Terminology) Reach

a point-to-point measurement following the long axis of the arm or leg

(Anthropometric Terminology) Depth

a straight line, point to point horizontal measurement running fore-aft the body

(Anthropometrics Confidence Intervals) Generally Confidence intervals (CI) are established which attempt to ...

accommodate 95% or 90% of the population (counter top).

biological factors affecting muscle strength

age gender race body build/position handedness fatigue exercise health diet drugs

environmental factors affecting strength

altitude acceleration

(Anthropometric Tools) It is very important to remember that anthropometric guidelines represent ...

averages of populations and that this information should simply be used as a gage not as a hard and fast rule (Be prepared for occasions that are exceptions)

physical anthropology

concerned with body characteristics of individual persons or groups

(Factors Affecting ROM) what increases ROM?

exercise occupation

(Factors Affecting ROM) what restricts ROM?

fatigue joint/nerve disease

(Anthropometric Terminology) Curvature

is a point-to-point measurement following a contour

(Anthropometric Terminology) Distance

is a straight line, measurement between landmarks on the body

(Anthropometric Terminology) Height

is a straight line, point -to-point vertical measurement

(Anthropometric Terminology) Breadth

is a straight line, point-to-point horizontal measurement running across the body or a segment

(Factors Affecting ROM) Females exceed males in all joints except the ...

knee

(Rotation of Joints in Anthropometrics) The operating space of a limb is a factor of it's...

length and angle of rotation of it's joint.

(Anthropometric Tools) Expensive anthropometric tools are used to obtain ...

lengths, widths, breadths, and joint angles of the human anatomy

(Anthropometrics Confidence Intervals) Assuming normality the following applies ... 90% CI =

mean + 1.65 standard deviation

(Anthropometrics Confidence Intervals) Assuming normality the following applies ... 95% CI =

mean + 1.95 standard deviation

(Anthropometrics Confidence Intervals) To construct a confidence interval you must first know the ...

mean and standard deviation for a data set

psychological factors affecting strength

motivation emotional state

(Anthropometrics Confidence Intervals) Confidence Intervals are based on ...

normal distributions and the old empirical rule.

occupational factors affecting strength

occupation clothing/personal equipment work space

Division of Anthropometry) Dynamic anthropometry

operational measurements, applications include controls of equipments/ machines, reach envelope

(Anthropometrics in Motion) Often times we need to understand the anthropometrics associated with ...

rotation or motion for a joint

(Division of Anthropometry) static anthropometry

static body measurements, applications include seats design, furniture design, equipment design, etc

(Anthropometric Terminology) Transverse, cross horizontal

the horizontal plane that divides the body into upper (cranial) and lower (caudal) parts.

(Anthropometric Terminology) Median plane

the midline plane dividing the body into left/right halves

(Anthropometric Terminology) Coronal, Frontal

the plane dividing the body into equal/unequal front and back parts.

(Anthropometric Terminology) Sagittal (median and lateral) plane

the plane dividing the body into unequal left and right parts and parallel to the median plane.

Definition of Anthropology

the science of human concerning human and his/her biological and social aspect

(Rotation of Joints in Anthropometrics) Work efficiency is severely inhibited by ...

work spaces which challenge the anthropometric limitations of employees.