Human Geography Chapter 10

What are the four markers of a nation?

1) Shared cultural heritage 2) Loyalty to a nation 3) Territorial expression 4) Political goals

What is the relationship between a border region and a boundary?

A border region is the area that surrounds a boundary. Boundaries are lines that separate states. Nearly all states today have clearly defined boundaries.

What is a diaspora?

A diaspora occurs when a group of people who consider themselves to be part of a nation are not consolidated spatially. Members of a diaspora feel a sense on national commonality, but without any form of spatial connections.

What is the difference between an ethnic nation and a civic nation?

An ethnic nation is based more on cultural similarities while a civic nation is based on shared principles

What are some of the centripetal and centrifugal forces that affect a nation?

Centripetal forces are forces that unify and bring a nation together. Nationalism is considered a centripetal force as it bonds together individuals within a nation. A sense of nationalism, education, a national military, or a national church can all act as centripetal forces. Centrifugal forces are forces that pull apart and disperse.

Name the different types of political entities that existed in the history of the world. Which of these are territorial?

Chiefdoms, feudal systems, city-states, empires, & colonies. All of these are territorial excluding chiefdoms. These tribal groups inhabited particular places but were less likely to demarcate rigid boundaries.

What is the relationship between an empire and its colonies?

Colonies were parts of empires that were subordinate and had very little right to self-determination.

What is the relationship between ethnoregionalism and irredentism?

Ethnoregionalism occurs where a minority national group is concentrated in a particular region of a country. In most cases, the national group is too small to pose a threat to the entire state. An irrdentist movement is different from a boundary dispute. Irrdentist movements automatically involve a neighboring country.

What has been the role of decolonization in creating new countries?

Following the United States' declaration of independence, several other New World colonies also declared themselves independent. In the 19th century, Spanish colonies in Central and South America became separate states, Brazil became independent from Portugal, Haiti became separate from France, and Canada became independent from Great Britain. There are over 4 times as many states today as their were in 1939

Compare a true nation-state, a multinational state, a multi state nation, and a stateless nation. Which of these fits better within the nation-state ideal?

Nation state; Japan. Multinational state; Canada. Multi state nation; Iraq. Stateless nation; Kurdistan. The nation state fits better unto the nation state ideal as the state contains a single nation that is not disputed by anyone inside or outside.

Compare natural boundaries, geometric boundaries, antecedent boundaries, and subsequent boundaries.

Natural boundary; occurs when there are natural features that divide one country from another. Bodies of water are an example of a natural boundaries. Geometric boundaries; boundaries that are drawn up as lines on a map without much interest in whatever natural or cultural features are present. The line diving the United States and Canada at the 49th parallel is a geometric boundary. Antecedent boundary; created before an area is known or populated. Many antecedent boundaries were drawn with no recognition of the populations living there. Subsequent boundary; Created after recognized settlement. Meant to separate existing cultural groups and may signify an attempt to align the boundaries that exist between nations.

Contrast external legitimacy with internal legitimacy:

Outside recognition by all other governments gives a government external legitimacy. The consent of the people gives a government internal legitimacy.

What are the differences between theories of primordialism, constructivism, and instrumentalism when considering how nations emerge?

Primordialism; the view that nations are organically grown entities, that the world is divided into different national groups that have persisted for some time. Constructivism; the view that nations are artificial creations that result from modernization, elite aspirations, or a series of events that makes nation building a much more viable approach than anything else. Instrumentalism; the view that nations emerge for a particular purpose, to meet the demands of a situation.

How did nationalism help change the allegiance from vertical loyalty to horizontal loyalty?

Prior to the development of nations, people were expected to owe allegiance to a ruler. Nationalism shifted the allegiance of the people from a ruler to a nation

What is the importance of self-determination to the ideology of nationalism?

Self-determination animates the ideology of nationalism through allowing members to form their own sovereign state.

How does legitimacy of states vary?

Some states are recognized only by a few countries, or even just a single country.

How does sovereignty work within a territory?

Sovereignty allows a government to determine exactly what goes on within its territory

What is the relationship between sovereignty and authority?

Sovereignty and authority are closely related. Sovereignty indicates that a particular government has complete control of a defined area

Describe some of the scales of a political unit:

Sovereignty, Legitimacy, and Territoriality

How has Europe impacted the non-European world in terms of political geography?

The European legacy includes the shape of many modern countries; the balance of political, economic, and cultural power; and diffusion of the Westphalian state system and the nation state ideal. Spain, Portugal France, England, and the Netherlands developed a series of overseas empires, When these empires dissolved, they left a huge legacy.

How did the Schengen Agreement in the European Union affect boundary crossings?

The Schengen agreement lifted all border control between several European countries thus allowing unimpeded access across international boundaries.

What are some of the functions of international boundaries?

The basic purpose of international boundaries is to separate one state from another. International boundaries disrupt traffic, represent division, and help embody the edge of national identity.

When did the modern state system come into effect? How is this related to nationalism and that nation-state ideal?

The modern state system came into effect between the 12th century and the 17th century. Nationalism grew within this time period. There was a change in attitude of what constitutes the state, the role of residents, and the role of a government.