Human Geography: Exam 2 Homeworks; Zhang

Buddhism

a major religion that has essentially disappeared from its area of origin is ______________

Universalizing Religions - faiths that acclaim applicability to all humans and seek to transmit their beliefs through missionary work and conversion. (ex. Christianity, Islam, Buddhism) Ethnic Religions - has strong territorial and cultural group identification. One usually becomes a member by birth or adoption of a complex lifestyle and cultural identity, not just by declaration of faith. (ex. Judaism, Hinduism) Tribal (traditional) Religions - special forms of ethnic religions distinguished by their small size, their unique identity with localized culture groups, and their close ties to nature. (ex. Animism, Shamanism)

please describe and explain the three types of religions based on the geographical classifications

information processing, research, and administration

quaternary activities are concerned with ___________________________

material processing and the production of goods

secondary activities are concerned with ___________________________

Hispanic Americans

in terms of absolute population size, which ethnic group in the United States has experienced the largest growth in recent two decades?

first effective settlement

in the United States, English is the national language, English common law is the basis for the American legal system, and English place names dominate in much of the country. this pattern is a manifestation of ___________________________

cultivation of small landholdings through great amounts of labor per unit of land area

intensive subsistence agriculture is characterized by ___________________________

migration and conquest

linguistic diffusion is usually the result of _______________________

Christianity

of the major world religions, the one that has experienced the most diverse geographic diffusion is ___________________________

amalgamation

the _____________________ theory is the formal term for the "melting pot" concept of the merging of many immigrant ethnic heritages into a composite American mainstream

side-by-side clustered at the midpoint

the competitive equilibrium locations for two vendors who sell the same product at the same price in a linear market are ___________________________

regional specialization

the concept of comparative advantage provides an explanation for ___________________________

xenophobia

the deep-rooted and unreasonable fears of foreigners on the part of the host society

marks the region of satisficing locations for the firm

the spatial margin of profitability ___________________________

true

true or false: a pidgin is not the first language of any of its speakers

false

true or false: front-office tasks are now increasingly outsourced to developing countries such as India

false

true or false: in a subsistence economy, market competition is the primary force shaping production decisions and distributions

false

true or false: in the 11th century, Christianity split to Roman Catholic and Protestant branches

true

true or false: in the United States Native Americans concentrate in in Oklahoma, the Southwest, and the Northern Great Plains

true

true or false: just-in-time (JIT) manufacturing seeks to reduce inventories for production process by purchasing inputs for arrival just in time to use and producing outputs just in time to sell

true

true or false: manufacturing is no longer the mainstay of the economy of most developed countries

true

true or false: many developing countries depend on primary products for the majority of their export earnings

false

true or false: nomadic herding is an example of intensive subsistence agriculture

true

true or false: the language of English can be seen as a world lingua franca

true

true or false: the largest concentration of African American population remains in the South

false

true or false: when an ethnic cluster persists because of internal cohesiveness of the group and the desire to maintain an enduring ethnic neighborhood, the spatial result is a ghetto

1. Two firms in competition with each other 2. Each sells identical goods at the same price to customers evenly spaced along a linear market 3. Customers purchase the same amount of goods (demand is inelastic [not sensitive to a change in the price]) and will patronize the one closest to them.

what are the assumptions of Hotelling's locational interdependency theory?

Ethnicity - term derived from Greek ethnos, meaning a "people" or "nation". It is an identifying term assigned to a large group of people who share the traits of a distinctive common culture. Recognized by both members of the group and by the outsiders. Race - an outdated categorization of humans based on outward physical characteristics. Does not exist in a scientific or biological sense, but it persists as an idea and bases for group identity and differentiation. Race has no application to any human characteristics that are acquired through cultures. It has no bearing on differences in religion or language, while ethnicity is based on culture, religion, language, etc.

what are the differences between ethnicity and race?

External controls - the attitudes towards the minority by the charter group and other competing ethnic groups. Ethnic group tends to use external "blocking" tactics to resist the "invasion" of neighborhoods. Internal controls - group defensiveness and conservatism. Four principal functions: defense (reducing immigrant isolation and exposure within a limited area), support (ethnic neighborhood supports its residents), preservation (reflecting group's positive intent to preserve and promote elements of cultural heritage), and assertion (peaceful search for democratic political representation).

what are the external and internal controls of urban segregation?

Judaism - Originated in the New East. Divided into two different branches: Sephardim (Iberian Peninsula) and Ashkenazim (Eastern Europe). Diffused to Europe, Africa, and Western Hemisphere. Christianity - Originated in 1st century in Judea. Divided into two different sections: first, in 11th century, divided into Eastern and Western Churches; second, in 15th and 16th centuries, divided into Roman Catholicism, and Protestant denominations. Diffused to Spain, Portugal, Latin America, Philippines, India, Africa, France, North America, Australia, New Zealand, Asia (basically everywhere). Islam - Originated in Middle East. Divided into Sunni and Shi'ite (Shia) sects. Diffused to North Africa, Southwest Asia and Southeast Asia. Hinduism - Originated in the Indus Valley. Diffused to Indian subcontinent and parts of Southeast Asia. Buddhism - Originated from Northern India. Divided into Theravada, Mahayana, and Vejrayana sects. Diffused to Southeast Asia, China, Korea, and Japan.

what are the five principal religions? where did they originate? how did they diffuse to their current spatial distribution pattern?

The potential impacts are that income can be larger, income can be more regular, it can help the environment through better biofuel resources, and it can be easier upkeep. The potential challenges are that it can provide an environmental cost, it is not sustainable, and there might be a food shortage in the future.

what are the potential impact and challenges of palm oil plantation agriculture to the local economy in the developing countries

the economic reality that when a resource is available to all, each user in the absence of collective controls, thinks he or she is best serves by exploiting the resource to the maximum even though this exploitation means its eventual depletion

what is the "tragedy of the commons"?

coal miner

which of the following is engaged in primary economic activities

livestock ranching

which one of the following is classified as extensive commercial agriculture?

Shia (Shi'ite)

which sect of Islam is mainly concentrated in Iran and Iraq?

Norman Borlaug

who was the Father of the Green Revolution

states bordering the Pacific

Asian population in the United States are disproportionately concentrated in ___________________________

market; weight gain

breweries tend to be _______ oriented since water is considered a ubiquitous input; hence ______ is a reason for this orientation of breweries

First wave - lasted from pioneer settlement to about 1870. Made up of two different groups: white arrivals from Western and Northern Europe and African slaves brought involuntarily to America. Second wave - lasted from 1870 to 1921. Mostly consisted of eastern and southern Europeans and Scandinavians. Ended with congressional adoption of a quota system in 1921, which regulated both the number of individuals who would be accepted and the countries from which they would come. Third wave - 1965-today. Hispanics, particularly Mexicans, dominated this immigrant wave and became the largest segment of new immigrants. Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, which replaced the old quota system with one that was more welcoming to newcomers from Latin America, Asia, and Africa.

what are the three major immigrant waves to the United States? please identify the geographical origins of the immigrants and the approximate time period for each wave, and the related policy change associated with the second and third waves.

subsistence economy, market (commercial) economy, and planned economy

what are the three types of economic systems?

The first wave of IT outsourcing to India pioneered the use of call centers and basic software development. Indian Outsourcing 2.0 is characterized by the Indian companies which can even support their clients at an overall front office level. Rather than engaged in the middle-office or back-office transaction-oriented process, they are actually taking knowledge process and moving up along the value chains through innovations.

what did the first wave of IT outsourcing to India pioneer? how is Indian Outsourcing 2.0 different from the first wave of outsourcing to India?

The Least-Cost Theory explains the optimum location of a manufacturing establishment base on minimizing three basic expenses: transport, labor, and agglomeration costs. Assumptions: 1. A uniform, or isotropic plain. 2. A single product to a single market. 3. Input of raw materials from more than one resource 4. Labor infinitely available but immobile. 5. Transportation routes not fixed but connecting placed by the shortest path. Conclusions: Transport costs are the major consideration determining location. The optimum location will be found where the costs of transporting raw materials to the factory and finished goods to the market are at their lowest.

what is Weber's least cost theory for industrial locations? what are the assumptions and conclusions of this theory?

a dialect is a variation of the standard language that reflects the ordinary speech of regional, social, professional, or other subdivisions of the population. Professional Dialect - medical terms used by doctors specifically. Regional Dialect - British, Americans, Indians, and Australians all speaking English.

what is a dialect? please identify two types of dialect and give one example to each type.

A protolanguage is common ancestor of multiple different languages. A language family is a group of languages related by a protolanguage. Can contain many branches and subfamilies. The answer to the question "how many languages are there?" can be anywhere between 3,000 and 8,000 because languages tend to transition gradually between borders and classifications. Also, the difference between a language and a dialect is a matter of changing political and national considerations, rather than linguistics. And, the farther we move up towards protolanguages, the less evidence and information we have.

what is a protolanguage? what is a language family? why the answer to the question "how many languages are there?" can be anywhere between 3,000 and 8,000"?

Material orientation is the tendency of an economic activity to locate near or at its source of raw material. Raw material may attract the industries that process them when they are bulky, undergo great weight loss in the processing or are highly perishable. Example: Fruit and vegetable canning in California

what is material orientation of industrial location? please give one example of material orientation

According to American sociologists, race is the connection of meaning to inherited physical characteristics like skin color, hair texture, hair color, eye shape, etc. The term "race" is socially constructed because we made it up. The characteristics and the meanings are arbitrary, and random. The sociology professor argues that we can't combat racism if we avoid talking about it because if we stop talking about it, it doesn't make it go away, it just makes it harder to combat. You can't counter racism without a good understanding of race. We need to come up with language to more effectively study the idea of race. The step toward combating racism is understanding it, and you can't understand race without talking about it. We have to do it with language, listening to each other, and talking about the idea of race.

what is race according to American sociologists? why is the term "race" socially constructed? why does the sociology professor in the video argue that we can't combat racism if we avoid talking about race?

The model of agricultural location is a spatial model to explain the pattern of concentric rings of agricultural activity. The use to which the parcels were put was a function of the differing "rent" values placed on seemingly identical lands. The differences reflected the costs for transporting farm products to the central market town. The assumptions are isolation (one isolated market in an isolated state, no interactions [trade] with the outside), ubiquitous land characteristics (land surrounding the market is entirely flat with uniform fertility) and transportation (no transport infrastructures such as roads or rivers; farmers transport their products to the market using horses and carts). The conclusions are that a set of concentric rings of different farm products around each major urban market. The ring closest to the market specialized in bulky or perishable commodities expensive to ship and in high demand. Surrounding rings of farmlands farther away from the city for less perishable commodities with lower transport cost, reduced demand and lower market prices. A simple trade-off emerged, the greater the transportation costs, the lower the rent could be paid for land. And the relationship between land rent and distance form market can be calculated easily by reference to each competing crop's transport gradient.

what is the von Thunen model of agricultural location? what are the assumptions and conclusions of this model?

Indo-European

which language family is the most widely spread over the world?