Human Growth & Development Final Study Guide
Accommodation of the eye experiences its sharpest decline between:
40 and 59 years of age
All of the following are associated with older adults using the internet EXCEPT:
Increased fear of technology
All of the following are associated with volunteering in late adulthood EXCEPT:
Increased mortality risk
_____ is the number of years that the average person born in a particular year will probably live.
Life expectancy
_____ refers to a legal document that reflects the patient's advance care planning
Living Will
_____ becomes less frequent in males with age, occurring in every second to third attempt rather than every time.
Orgasm
Which of the following is a difference between formal operational thought and postformal thought?
Realistic thinking
Which of the following is NOT a biological theory explaining aging?
Reverse neurogenesis theory
Which of the following was considered to be a clear sign of death in the past?
Rigor mortis
In late adulthood, which type of attachment is associated with greater psychological and physical well-being?
Secure attachment
The model of selective optimization with compensation proposes that successful aging is related to three main factors. Which of these factors is based on the concept that, in old age, there is a reduced capacity and loss of functioning that mandate a reduction of performance in most domains of life?
Selection
Which of the following aspects of life do middle-aged adults feel they have less control over?
Sex life
Which of the following statements about intergenerational relations is TRUE?
Similarity between parents and an adult child is most noticeable in religion and politics
Crystallized intelligence is:
an individual's accumulated information and verbal skills.
Abdiel has had three children. According to Erikson, he has achieved:
biological generativity
A flat EEG (electroencephalogram) recording for a specified period of time is one criterion of:
brain death
Obesity is linked to increased risk of
cardiovascular disease
Middle-aged adults feel they have less control over their:
children
Data from a recent longitudinal study found that internet use by older adults was associated with a decrease of one-third in the likelihood of developing:
depression
According to Lachman, researchers have found that on average a sense of personal control peaks in _____ and then declines.
midlife
Some theorists have pieced together cognitive changes in young adults and proposed a new stage of cognitive development termed:
postformal thought
A recent study revealed that _____ improves the sleep profile of older adults.
regular exercise
Guillermo has taught his apprentices all the specialized techniques he has developed over the years as a carpenter. According to Erikson, he has achieved _____ generativity.
work
The slowdown in learning new information has been linked to changes in _____ where individuals manipulate and assemble information when making decisions, solving problems, and comprehending written and spoken language.
working memory
Approximately what percentage of U.S. women 65 years of age and older were living in poverty in 2010?
11
The transition from adolescence to adulthood has been referred to as emerging adulthood, which occurs from approximately _____ years of age.
18 to 25
According to a recent study, binge drinking peaks at:
21 to 22 years of age
What was the average life expectancy in 1900?
47 years
Muscle tone and strength usually begin to show signs of decline around the age of:
30
According to Levinson, which of the following should occur at the end of one's teens?
A transition from dependence to independence
What is the "triple jeopardy" faced by African-American and Latino women when it comes to income and financial levels of support in the elder years?
Ageism, sexism, and racism
Which of the following is a sign of aging for the average adult in middle adulthood?
Brittle fingernails
Which of the following is the leading cause of death in the 75-84 and 85 and over age groups?
Cardiovascular disease
_____ theory states that cells can divide a maximum of about 75 to 80 times, and that as we age our cells become less capable of dividing.
Cellular clock
Which of the following organizations created a legal document that reflects the patient's advance care planning?
Choice in Dying
Studies on the Big Five factors of personality found that transition into late adulthood was characterized by increases in the aspects of impulse control, reliability, and conventionality. To which Big Five personality factor do these aspects belong?
Conscientiousness
_____ can be used to avoid the destructive impact of shock by delaying the necessity of dealing with one's death.
Denial
Angelique is in the terminal stages of cancer. She feels that the pain has now become unbearable, so she requests her doctor to end her life painlessly through medication. Which of the following acts is Angelique requesting her doctor to perform?
Euthanasia
Diana is fun-loving, sociable, and affectionate with all her friends and acquaintances. Identify the Big Five personality factor that describes this aspect of Diana's personality.
Extraversion
Which of the following is one of the Big Five factors of personality?
Extraversion
All of the following are associated with optimal adjustment to retirement EXCEPT:
Financial dependency
Which of the following biological theories of aging states that people age because their cells' normal metabolism produces unstable oxygen molecules?
Free-radical theory
_____ encompasses adults' desire to leave legacies of themselves to the next generation.
Generativity
According to new studies, which of the Big Five factors of personality was linked to older adults' medication non-adherence across a six-year time frame?
High level of neuroticism
Which of the following is NOT a thought associated with surviving spouses who did not believe they would be reunited with their deceased spouse in the afterlife?
Hope
The health-care needs of older adults are reflected in _____, the program that provides health-care insurance to adults over 65 under the Social Security system.
Medicare
In 2011, which of the following countries had the highest life expectancy?
Monaco
What percentage of Americans considers themselves to be religious?
More than 70 percent
Identify the region of the human brain in which neurogenesis has been documented in adults.
Olfactory bulb
According to the Institute of Social Research, which of the following describes extreme binge drinking?
Ten or more drinks in a row
Which of the following were considered to be clear signs of death 25 years ago?
The end of certain biological functions
Just as the transition from elementary school to middle or junior high school involves change and possible stress, so does the transition from high school to college. The two transitions have many parallels. Which of the following is one of them?
The top-dog phenomenon
Most of the highest-paying occupations require:
a college degree.
As a minister, being conscientious about the welfare of her parishioners, Reverend Douglas creates many roles in her church for retired church members. Reverend Douglas appears to be applying:
activity theory
Prejudice against others because of their age, especially prejudice against older adults, is known as:
ageism
Brain death occurs when:
all electrical activity of the brain has ceased for a specified period of time.
A recent study of older adults who had depression and anxiety found an increase in ______ secretion when these individuals were confronted with daily stressors.
cortisol
Daniel Levinson's studies suggest that most adults feel that middle age is a time of:
crisis
John Horn maintains that in middle adulthood, _____ intelligence continues to increase.
crystallized
Attachment anxiety _____ as one ages.
decreases
The vision of older adults can be affected by age-related changes. One of these changes, which can make steps and curbs difficult to manage, is a decline in:
depth perception
In one study, both parents and college students agreed that taking responsibility for one's actions and _____ are important aspects of becoming an adult.
developing emotional control
Emerging adults fail to develop health-promoting habits because they:
do not think about how their lifestyle will affect them later in life.
Emerging and young adults are more likely than adolescents to understand that their thinking is influenced by:
emotions
Improvements in _____ memory in older adults were linked to sustained engagement in cognitively demanding, novel activities.
episodic
A recent study demonstrated improved executive function in females 50- to 75-years-old who took:
fish oil
According to John Horn, _____ steadily declines from middle adulthood onward.
fluid intelligence
According to Levinson, the transition from dependence to independence is marked by the:
formation of a dream
James, an American, will most likely consider himself an adult when he _____, whereas Nirmal, an Indian, will most likely consider himself an adult when he _____.
gets a full-time job; gets married
Condoms are less effective against the spread of:
herpes
During middle age, the ability to hear _____ sounds declines first.
high-pitched
The _____ is involved in memory
hippocampus
In Erik Erikson's theory, adults strive for generativity to achieve a sense of:
immortality
Adeline, age 90, still drives her car to the senior center every Friday. Last week she told you that someone you know from her church died. When you ask her for the person's name, she says, "I can't remember her name. She sits near the front and always has a hat on." Clearly Adeline has better _____ memory than _____ memory.
implicit; explicit
Robert Butler states that life review is set in motion by:
looking forward to death
Before Jane has sex with her boyfriend, she asks if he has tested positive for HIV and also requires that he use a condom. Given our knowledge of HIV and the sexual behavior and attitudes of most adults, we can conclude that Jane's practice is:
not completely safe, because condoms can fail and many people lie to have sex
Prolonged or complicated grief is associated with grief that lasts:
six months
All of the following are characteristics associated with centenarians EXCEPT:
smoking
Joaquin believes that older adults deliberately withdraw from social contact with individuals peripheral to their lives while maintaining or increasing contact with close friends and family members with whom they have had enjoyable relationships. He is a proponent of:
socioemotional selectivity
Voletta believes that older adults become more selective about their social networks as they age. She is a proponent of:
socioemotional selectivity theory
"Many emerging adults are optimistic about their future, and, for emerging adults who have experienced difficult times while growing up, emerging adulthood presents an opportunity to direct their lives in a more positive direction." These are the two ways described by Jeffrey Arnett in which emerging adulthood can be viewed as:
the age of possibilities
Color vision declines with age due to:
the yellowing of the lens of the eye
Cal and Lacy are friends; they have occasional sex, but are not in a committed relationship. This style of relationship is called:
"friends with benefits."
Which of the following is a benefit of working during college?
It can offset some of the cost of schooling
One study explored links between health behavior and life satisfaction in more than 17,000 individuals 17 to 30 years of age in 21 countries. The young adults' life satisfaction was NOT found to be positively related to:
alcohol consumption
One study found that _____ of the individuals 65 to 69 years of age considered themselves middle-aged
almost half
Most of us reach our peak physical performance:
before the age of 30; often between the ages of 19 and 26
Factors at age 50 that were linked with being in the "happy-well" group at age 75 to 80 years of age included all of the following EXCEPT:
being wealthy
According to research on intergenerational relationships, in which of the following ways is an adult child most likely to be similar to his or her parents?
in politics
According to Erikson, the _____ stage of development involves reflecting on the past and either piecing together a positive review or concluding that one's life has not been well spent.
integrity vs. despair`
In middle age, the role of work _____ in people's lives.
is very central
According to the socioemotional selectivity theory, selective narrowing of social interaction as individuals get older:
minimizes emotional risks
One study revealed that an important factor among older adults who showed a higher level of emotion regulation and successful aging was:
reduced responsiveness to regrets
When working with older clients, some clinicians use _____ therapy. Vanda is in one such therapy program and her clinician has her discussing past activities and experiences with other individuals in her group.
reminiscence
According to evolutionary theory, natural selection is linked to _____, which is present in the earlier part of adulthood.
reproductive fitness
The term _____ is given to age-related loss of muscle mass and strength.
sarcopenia
Frank, age 67, recites a poem that he learned in grade school, much to the amazement of his grandchildren. This is an example of Frank's _____ memory.
semantic
The gradual decline in men's testosterone levels in middle age can reduce their:
sexual drive
Telomeres and telomerase are increasingly thought to be key components of the _____ process, providing a possible avenue to restrain cancer and delay aging.
stem cell regeneration
New studies revealed that cardiovascular disease in middle-aged women was linked to:
stressful life events