Human Growth and Development Finals (ch. 1-10)

Which statement most closely represents a major criticism of Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

Some researchers question the stage conception that forms the basis of Piaget's theory.

One strong piece of evidence in support of Chomsky's nativist approach to language development is that __________.

recent research has identified a specific gene related to speech production

After finishing her social studies project, Delia is excused from her least favorite chore, folding the laundry. Delia's parents are incorporating __________ with the goal of increasing Delia's focus on her schoolwork.

reinforcement

Five-year-old Tyree is able to pay attention to his coach's detailed instructions and concentrate on maintaining proper kicking form much longer now than he did last soccer season. Tyree's improved attention and concentration are likely due to increased myelination in the __________.

reticular formation

Darla's father remarried last year, and his new wife has three children around Darla's age. Darla is often uncomfortable at home because she is uncertain how to behave toward her stepsiblings and is unsure about her own place in the family, a situation referred to as __________.

role ambiguity

Kavya's father notices that when he lightly strokes his newborn daughter's cheek, she turns her head toward his hand. Kavya is most likely displaying the __________ reflex.

rooting

Harlow's parents are going out for the evening and you have been asked to babysit. When you are in the living room with his parents, Harlow is happy and contented. However, when they go back into their bedroom to finish getting dressed, he cries, and is not comforted when you pick him up. As soon as his mother comes out, she picks him up and he immediately calms down. Harlow is exhibiting signs of a(n) __________ attachment.

secure

Ellen and Stacy have been in a relationship for 13 months, and Ellen is interested in making a commitment to Stacy. She wants them to move into a house together and has even suggested they adopt a puppy together. On the other hand, Stacy has consistently avoided any mention of making such a commitment and is uncomfortable at the notion of sharing a house. According to Shaver, Ellen likely has a(n) __________ style of attachment, while Stacy appears to have a(n) __________ style.

secure; avoidant

Two-year-old Elysa laughs at the reflection of herself in the mirror and then rubs off a smear of birthday-cake frosting from her cheek. Elysa is displaying a keen sense of __________.

self-awareness

A child who remarks that she is very good at tennis, but not so good at art is reflecting her __________, while a child who notes that he has a great sense of humor and never cries at sad movies is referencing his __________.

self-concept; self-esteem

As a young boy, Sergei lived in a country that endured years of civil unrest. As a result, he was unable to attend elementary school on a regular basis, leading to deficits in reading and writing. As an adult, Sergei enrolled in adult learning classes to improve his reading and writing skills. Sergei's story illustrates what developmentalists refer to as __________ periods.

sensitive

Children in the third grade are more likely to segregate friendships according to __________.

sex

The letters "DNR" on a patient's medical chart indicate that medical personnel __________.

should not try to resuscitate the patient if his or her heart stops beating long enough to cause permanent damage

Aaron complains to his parents that he is experiencing significant pain in his right leg, and he does not have much of an appetite. Aaron's father takes him to the doctor for a thorough exam. After getting lab results, the doctor reports, "The pain is his leg is likely due to the presence of misshapen red blood cells." Of the following disorders, which is the most likely diagnosis of Aaron's condition?

sickle-cell anemia

Since the American Academy of Pediatrics developed guidelines recommending that infants __________, the incidence of death from sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) has decreased.

sleep on their backs

__________ is an example of a fine motor skill, while __________ is an example of a gross motor skill.

stringing popcorn and cranberries; climbing stairs

Although men do not experience "menopause" as such, they do experience age-related declines in __________ levels, often referred to as the male climacteric.

testosterone

Dr. Ryan has spent his career studying the topics of death, dying, and the grieving process. As a result of his research, he believes schools should incorporate some form of death education into the curriculum. Dr. Ryan is likely to be a __________.

thanatologist

One of the more recent threats to children's safety and well-being comes from __________.

the Internet

Unlike many of his schoolmates, Mason does not own a laptop or home computer. He is a victim of __________, a term that describes the fact that poorer adolescents and some minority groups have less access to computers than more affluent groups.

the digital divide

Which of the following most closely represents nurture's influence on development?

the effects of parental discipline

Which of the following best illustrates the protective value of infant reflexes?

the eye-blink reflex, which protects the eye from direct light

As people progress through old age, they can typically expect the most amount of decline in the ability to recall __________.

the first trip to Boston they took as a child

According to the information-processing approach to development, the memory 6-year-old Andres is most likely to recall into his adult years is __________.

the horse-riding accident at age 5 when he broke his leg

Terrance and Jayson are identical twins who were adopted at birth into two separate families. Despite these environmental differences, both boys are painfully shy as reflected in results of an assessment of shyness. The similarity in assessment scores suggests that shyness is a result of __________.

the interaction between nature and nurture

Older adults between the ages of 75 and 84 are referred to as __________.

the old old

A cesarean section is most accurately considered __________.

the surgical removal of a fetus

Keaton is asked to solve the following physics problem: What determines the speed at which a ball will drop from a five-story building? He is given six balls and a tall box. Demonstrating his ability to think within the formal operational stage, Keaton will likely __________.

think about the problem first, systematically consider all factors, and form a hypothesis

Over the last century, researchers have observed that puberty __________.

trends toward starting at a slightly younger age

Davidson is an infant who expresses a sense of hope. Which stage of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development has Davidson successfully resolved?

trust versus mistrust

An adolescent's inability to inhibit risk-taking behavior is most likely explained by a(n) __________.

underdeveloped prefrontal cortex

Natasha, an energetic and active 76-year-old, is excited about her upcoming classes at the local community college. Although she is thrilled to be back in the classroom, she is a bit nervous about her ability to keep pace with her younger classmates. According to research, what aspect of the college classroom may prove to be the most challenging for Natasha?

using the online learning management system

Sudden deaths are often the result of __________, which occur(s) more frequently among __________ individuals.

violence; younger

A researcher has a hypothesis that watching pornography causes aggression toward women. If the researcher conducts an experiment in an effort to test this, what is the independent variable?

watching pornography

A woman's age plays a role in the health of the newborn. Research suggests that older mothers are at increased risk of giving birth to children __________.

with Down syndrome

Lena, a 51-year-old wife and stay-at-home mother, is contemplating divorce after 25 years of marriage. She feels distant from and no longer sexually attracted to her husband. Research on divorce in middle adulthood suggests that __________.

women are apt to find that developing a new, independent self-identity is a positive outcome of divorce

A significant adjustment for retired couples occurs as __________.

women become more independent

A strong sense of __________ identity during adolescence is tied to higher levels of self-esteem.

racial

Which statement is true about health and wellness in aging adults?

Some research shows that having sex after age 75 correlates with an increased life span.

Which term describes the sleep pattern often observed in infants that is characterized by closed eyes seemingly moving in a back-and-forth motion?

rapid eye movement (REM)

Which statement best represents a kindergarten teacher's understanding of Vygotsky's zone of proximal development?

Advanced readers may be paired with slow readers in order to reinforce and practice reading skills.

Peter wants to be part of the popular crowd. What advice would you give Peter to help him be considered "popular" among his peers?

"Be cooperative."

Which slogan would most pediatricians endorse for patients with newborns?

"Breast is Best!"

In the event of being issued a speeding ticket, which of the following most accurately illustrates secondary appraisal of the situation?

"Do I have enough money to pay the fine?"

Eleven-year-old Amir is demonstrating his grasp of pragmatics when he states which of the following in response to his grandmother's gift?

"Grandmama, thank you for the new socks! I can't think of anything I'd like more!"

Ten-year-old Allison is asked how she might describe herself. Which of the following statements is most likely to be her response given her growing sophistication?

"I am kind-hearted."

Barbara tells her doctor that she is concerned about her declining interest in sex. She has not had a menstrual cycle in more than 5 months, and intercourse is painful and much less pleasurable than it once was. What is Barbara's physician likely to say if she suspects Barbara is experiencing female climacteric?

"I hope you're not planning to have more children."

Sixteen-year-old Alexis is asked to complete a personal statement for a college scholarship application. Someone her age is likely to describe herself, in part, by which of the following statements?

"My friends think I am grounded and always calm, but they don't know that I am often nervous and have to work hard to balance my emotions."

The average funeral and burial in the United States costs approximately __________.

$7,000

Which of the following accurately illustrates current cultural differences in the response to death?

Dominique, an African American mourner, is encouraged to openly display her feelings during the funeral.

Obesity is defined as body weight more than __________ percent higher than the average weight for a person of a given age and height.

20

If you are looking through a microscope at a normal sperm cell, you should see __________ chromosomes.

23

In terms of mortality, the age of __________ represents a major milestone in early adulthood.

35

According to Roger Gould, at approximately what age do adults begin to feel a sense of urgency about attaining life's goals?

35 to 43

The share of college students who earn a degree within four years is approximately __________ percent.

40

__________ argues that people need to maintain their desired level of involvement in society to maximize their sense of well-being and self-esteem.

Continuity theory

Within minutes after Mackenzie was born, the attending nurses quickly assessed her pulse, her respiration, the color of her skin, her muscle tone, and her reflex irritability. Mackenzie received a score of 8. What type of assessment were the nurses using?

Apgar scale

Which statement accurately reflects the alternatives for end-of-life care?

About half of the people in the United States who die do so in hospitals.

Which statement accurately reflects recent research relative to sexual activity?

Adolescent sexual activity often leads to cases of STIs.

Which person is at greatest risk of dying in early adulthood?

Arturo, a 28-year-old, poor, homeless Hispanic male who lives in the inner city of a large metropolitan area

Which scenario may offer some predictive value of future intelligence?

Barron, who scores high on speed and efficiency of processing new stimuli

Four-year-old Blake and 9-year-old Blair are returning from their favorite uncle's funeral service. Who is most likely to understand that they will never see Uncle Jack again?

Blair

Which statement is true concerning the diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?

Boys are more likely to be diagnosed with ADHD than girls.

At five months pregnant, Paige is energetic and quite active, working full-time and maintaining her own floral shop. One afternoon, Paige is surprised to feel what seem to be contractions, but she is assured by her physician that she is likely experiencing __________, a response by the uterus as it accommodates the growing fetus.

Braxton-Hicks contractions

Which statement best characterizes infant reflexes?

Reflexes are genetic mechanisms important to survival.

Chen and Chad are playing with a group of their 4-year-old peers on the playground. While playing kickball in the school yard, their classmate, Omar, falls and scrapes his knee. Chen quickly helps Omar up and calls the teacher over for a bandage. Chad chides Chen for stopping mid-play and suggests his helping Omar caused Chad to lose the game. An observer of this interaction may conclude that __________.

Chad has an individualistic orientation while Chen has a collectivist orientation

Which adolescent is most likely to suffer from anorexia nervosa?

Charlize, an attractive white female honor student from an upper-income family

Which statement reflects the latest research on the most effective method of teaching reading?

Children who are taught the basics of language production-such as letter sounds and how sounds combine to make words-tend to demonstrate significant gains in reading ability.

Chuck has always been hard-driving, ambitious, and dedicated to his career. After 30 years in the financial industry, he is finding that his well-known tendency to become impatient and verbally lash out at members of his staff is increasing in frequency. He discusses his emotional outbursts with his physician during his annual wellness exam, and his doctor tells him that __________.

Chuck should consider enrolling in an anger management course as he is at greater risk of death due to heart attack

__________, performed on nearly 75 percent of males born in the United States, is generally considered medically unnecessary.

Circumcision

__________ development examines the influences of learning, memory, problem solving, and intelligence and how each changes over time.

Cognitive

Which statement best captures critics' assessment of Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

Cognitive development is not as discontinuous as Piaget suggested.

Derron's mother is interested in learning more about her son's brain development. She has read about the process of "pruning" and is intent on providing the perfect environment for her son's optimal brain growth. Which statement best describes Derron's brain development relative to synaptic pruning?

Connections that are used will be strengthened.

__________ intelligence reflects one's knowledge, skill sets, and strategies learned through experience.

Crystallized

Which statement is most reflective of current childbirth techniques for reducing pain and discomfort during delivery?

Deep breathing and relaxation training are useful practices.

__________ is a way teens learn how to establish intimacy with another person.

Dating

What is an effective way for educators to reduce prejudice and discrimination among majority and minority groups?

Design activities that encourage contact among all groups.

__________ change is development that occurs in distinct steps or stages, with each stage resulting in behavior that is qualitatively different from behavior at previous stages.

Discontinuous

Which statement is true of cohabiting couples relative to marriage and divorce?

Divorce rates are higher for couples who previously lived together.

Several teens were asked if they had ever experienced doubts about their religion. Based on the responses below, which student has arrived at identity achievement?

Dominic, who responds, "Yes, I even started wondering if God really existed. However, I've pretty much resolved that question now."

Which statement is true regarding infant memory?

Early infant memory based on motor skills, habits, and activities are easier for infants to recall.

Which statement best reflects the current trends in education in the United States?

Educators believe the presence of cultural diversity enriches the educational experience for all students.

Which statement is true about elder abuse?

Elderly people with Alzheimer's disease or other neurocognitive disorders are particularly likely to be targets of abuse.

__________ is the process by which information is recorded into a form usable to memory.

Encoding

Which statement best exemplifies researchers' understanding of wisdom?

Experience over time results in a more refined interpretation of others' thoughts, feelings, and intentions.

__________ research establishes a causal relationship between factors, while __________ research seeks to discover whether a relationship exists between factors.

Experimental; correlational

Which statement accurately reflects researchers' understanding of expertise?

Experts may find it challenging to articulate how they arrived at their solutions.

What do experts conclude regarding the impact of children's prolonged exposure to violent behavior on television?

Exposure to violent behavior on television leads to an increase in subsequent aggressive behaviors.

__________ intelligence shows declines with age.

Fluid

Abby, who has been at the same company for 15 years, is considering her career options at age 53. Given the research on career development, what information would you share with Abby?

Forecasters believe career changes will become the rule, not the exception.

One summer on the family farm, Sarah assisted an ailing sow with the birth of her litter. Unfortunately, the sow died due to a post-birth infection. Sarah was in charge of feeding and tending to the piglets and, over time, the piglets began to follow Sarah around. Which statement best explains this scenario?

From an evolutionary perspective, the piglets have attached to Sarah like they would to a mother.

Which action best supports Jared's teacher's suspicion that Jared may have attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?

He frequently shouts out the answer to the teacher's question when he is supposed to raise his hand first.

Which statement most accurately reflects the impact of child care outside the home?

High-quality child care outside the home does not adversely affect the security of infants' attachments to their parents.

Richie belongs to a crowd at his high school but does not belong to a clique. Which statement is likely true about Richie's group?

His group is likely made up of people he may or may not know who share a desire for academic success.

Which statement do most researchers accept to explain differences in IQ test scores?

IQ is the result of the complex interaction of nature and nurture.

Which statement inaccurately characterizes contemporary views in lifespan development?

Infancy is the most relevant stage of development.

Which statement best explains the current understanding of the role of nature and nurture in intelligence?

Intelligence is strongly influenced by genetics but is impacted by environmental factors.

Which statement best represents a third-grade teacher's understanding of Vygotsky's sociocultural theory?

Inviting children to share how their families celebrate holidays aids in cognitive development.

__________, which is characterized by constant fatigue, is one of the prevalent nutritional problems in developed countries.

Iron-deficiency anemia

Which statement accurately reflects the impact of exercise in early adulthood?

It increases flexibility.

Which of the following challenges is LEAST associated with longitudinal research?

It is difficult to generalize to the larger population.

Which statement most accurately reflects worker experiences with burnout?

It often strikes those who once were the most driven.

Which scenario most closely illustrates constructive play?

Jackson, Sam, and Rayna are working together to create a fort out of sheets.

Which of the following acquaintances is LEAST likely to progress to being a friend?

Jasmine, a colleague you met at a conference who lives two hours away

Which student is at greatest risk for low school performance?

Jessica, whose mother earns the minimum wage and has little time to interact with her children

Laurent is 17 years old. He is frustrated that he cannot seem to remember anything that happened to him before the age of 3. According to memory research, __________.

Laurent is normal, as most adults cannot remember experiences occurring before 3 years of age

Three-year-old Jordan and 5-year-old Dylan are watching a magic show. The magician places a rabbit in a large black hat, then asks his assistant to go offstage. While she is away, the magician takes the rabbit out of the hat and hides it in a red basket. When the assistant returns, she is asked to find the rabbit. According to the false belief task, which statement best describes where Jordan and Dylan believe she will look for the rabbit?

Jordan believes she will look in the basket, while Dylan believes she will look in the hat.

Which baby is most likely to be insecurely attached?

Jordan, whose parents tend not to respond to her crying

Josette typically weighs more than others in her peer group. However, she is not considered overweight given her large frame and muscular build. Josette sees a very thin model in a fashion magazine and, determined to slim down, spends $250 for a 12-week fitness program at the local gym. Why is Josette unlikely to achieve the same figure as the fashion model?

Josette's natural body type is genetically determined.

Which statement regarding childhood obesity is most accurate?

Lack of exercise is a major factor in childhood obesity

Native Nebraskans Beatrice and Maud are enjoying dinner out with their neighbors, Li Na and Zhang, both of whom grew up in Taiwan. The conversation centers on childhood memories, specifically coming of age in the 1950s. Which statement best reflects the likely overall memory abilities of this group of elderly adults?

Li Na and Zhang will show less memory loss overall than Beatrice and Maud.

Which statement reflects the most precise view regarding developmental perspectives?

Many developmentalists advocate the use of an eclectic approach to human development.

Which statement best exemplifies the reality surrounding euthanasia and assisted suicide?

Many people disagree about who controls life: the individual, the family, the doctors, the government, or a god.

Which of the following questions reflects the spirit of developmentalists with a nature-nurture focus?

Omar asks, "How do genes and environmental factors interact to influence sexual orientation?"

Fiona is concerned about her friend Anne, who recently confided that she has experienced multiple incidences of domestic abuse, the most recent after her husband, Mark, was fired from his job. Anne has talked about leaving Mark. Based on research on domestic violence, Fiona knows that __________.

Mark appears to be in the tension-building stage, and Anne's efforts to escape may escalate his anger

Which statement accurately reflects the health of the average middle-aged adult?

Middle-aged adults are less likely than younger adults to experience infections and allergies.

Miranda, once a bubbly, happy, and active 4-year-old, has begun to complain regularly of stomachaches, is agitated during class, and is falling behind in her reading group. When asked about the scratches on her left forearm and neck, she tells her teacher, Mr. Killian, that her dog scratched her. Mr. Killian's concern is likely warranted due to which of the following reasons?

Miranda is in one of the age groups more likely to be abused than children of other ages.

__________ neurons may help infants understand others' actions and develop a theory of mind.

Mirror

Which statement is true regarding the death of a child?

Miscarriage may evoke profound feelings of grief.

Throughout the course of the school day, 4-year-old Joshua's teacher encourages him to move freely from playing with play dough, to counting colored sticks, to painting with watercolors, to watching a puppet show. Joshua's school environment reflects the __________ approach to preschool.

Montessori

Which statement is true about college students in the United States?

More women than men attend college.

Which statement best describes U.S. schooling in the twenty-first century?

Most educators believe immigrant children are best served by developing a bicultural identity.

Which statement most accurately reflects the research on the origins of sexual orientation?

Most experts believe sexual orientation develops out of a complex interplay of genetic, physiological, and environmental factors.

Which statement is true about funeral rites in the United States?

Most people make funeral arrangements according to social norms and customs.

According to Costa and McCrae's "Big Five" personality traits, which person is most likely to have challenges getting along with others?

Nancy, who is low on agreeableness

__________ is the most frequent form of child abuse.

Neglect

Which statement best describes the impact the arrival of a child has on a couple?

New parenting results in a state of near-constant fatigue.

Your maternal grandparents had been married for 75 years when your grandfather died recently. Your mother fatalistically predicts that your grandmother also will likely die soon. Is your mother overreacting?

No-research suggests that widowed people are at greater risk of death.

Which statement best captures the usefulness of the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS)?

Norms are useful only to the extent that they are based on data from a large, heterogeneous, and culturally diverse sample of children.

Which statement relating to threats to the fetal environment is true?

Over-the-counter drugs can have injurious consequences to the developing fetus.

Which individual exemplifies Erikson's concept of generativity?

Pam, who remarks, "I will help young people, because they are the future."

__________ love is a state of powerful absorption in someone.

Passionate

Yousef notices he is having trouble remembering the names of people he recently met. He also has misplaced his keys several times. Yousef, who recently celebrated his 50th birthday, is concerned he may have dementia or a serious memory disease. Which statement best explains the changes Yousef is experiencing?

People become less efficient at retrieving information in middle age.

__________ are most likely to marry someone who has been previously divorced.

People who have been divorced themselves

Which newborn is at greatest risk of developing blindness?

Piper, born weighing 4 pounds, 14 ounces, who received highly concentrated oxygen following birth

__________ is learned primarily by observing others and modeling their behavior.

Practical intelligence

__________ is a nearly universal change in eyesight that results in some loss of near vision.

Presbyopia

What is the major difference between primary aging and secondary aging?

Primary aging is irreversible and is due to genetic predisposition; secondary aging is potentially reversible and is a result of illness, health habits, and other individual differences.

__________ is the period of development in which sexual organs mature.

Puberty

Which statement describes a successful coping mechanism that may result in a couple remaining together happily?

Rather than keeping your feelings to yourself, it is best to calmly let your partner know what is bothering you.

Which of the following is a criticism of Kübler-Ross's theory on the stages of dying?

Reactions to impending death differ and are dependent on many factors.

At 8 months old, Rodrigo is alert, enjoys listening to his father read books, crawls around the room much more quickly than his 9-month-old cousin, and loves watching his reflection in the mirror. His score on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development were quite high. Which of the following does Rodrigo's high developmental quotient (DQ) indicate?

Rodrigo is healthy and appears to be developmentally ahead of his same-age peers.

Which of the following children is most likely to express stranger anxiety?

Samaira, a 10-month-old meeting a stranger in a research laboratory

Which statement is true regarding memory in middle age?

Schemas aid people in knowing what to expect in a given situation and, thus, how to behave.

__________ describes the stress displayed by infants when a customary care provider departs.

Separation anxiety

Seventy-eight-year-old Zahra, an avid fan of Spanish-speaking television programs, is experiencing significant inability to recall what happened in the last episode of her favorite novella. Worried about her memory problems, Zahra makes an appointment with her doctor. What is the most likely explanation for Zahra's lapse in short-term memory?

She is reacting to a new medication her doctor recently prescribed.

Which of the following examples best illustrates fluid intelligence?

Shoshana, who is experimenting with ways to change the headlamp in her car

Which statement is true about Alzheimer's disease?

Some evidence suggests that taking certain vitamins may result in lower risk of developing Alzheimer's disease.

Which statement best reflects the grandparenting and great-parenting roles?

Some people view great-grandchildren as a concrete indicator of their family's longevity.

__________ in adolescence leads to lower grades, more depression, and greater difficulty regulating moods.

Sleep deprivation

Given the health warnings listed on cigarette packages and the limited smoking areas in public spaces, which explanation most accurately reflects why some adolescents continue to smoke?

Smoking is seen as a rite of passage.

Which statement is accurate regarding sensory impairments?

Stutterers should be given ample time to finish their sentences.

Which individual with a genetic predisposition toward introversion appears to have chosen a suitable career?

Tawana, who is an archive specialist in the Library of Congress

Which statement describes a potential danger voiced by researchers regarding teens' use of the Web?

Teens are exposed to opportunities to bet on sports events, which may lead to a gambling problem.

Jose and Cecelia both work outside the home and have recently relocated to a new city. They have two young children and are looking to find a child-care center close to their home. Cecelia understands how important a quality child-care environment is to her children's well-being. Jose is worried that teachers at child-care centers will not pay enough attention to his children and would prefer that Cecelia stay home to care for them. In order to reduce Jose's concerns, which of the following aspects of child care should Jose and Cecelia be looking for?

The child-to-teacher ratio is a maximum of 10:1.

Which statement is true regarding eating disorders?

The origin of eating disorders is unclear.

Which statement best captures the impact of sensory disabilities on children's learning?

The origin of learning difficulties is associated with some form of brain dysfunction.

Which statement most accurately reflects cultural impacts on leisure time?

The pace of life in the United States results in the perceived reduction of leisure time.

Which statement best reflects the relationship between middle-aged adults and increased leisure time?

The prospect of increased leisure hours results in a significant number of people taking early retirement.

Which statement provides a good rationale for using the scientific method when conducting research?

The scientific method allows for careful, controlled, and orderly collection of data.

__________ research is designed to test some developmental explanation while at the same time expanding scientific knowledge.

Theoretical

Which statement most accurately reflects the impact of same-sex parenting on children's sexual identity?

There are no significant differences in sexual orientation between children raised by heterosexual parents and children raised by gay or lesbian parents.

Psychological factors, such as __________, contribute to the development of coronary heart disease.

Type A behavior

Which statement provides an accurate explanation for gender differences in the rates of depression among adolescents?

Traditional gender roles still give higher status to males than females.

Which statement most accurately reflects the use of alcohol and drugs by adolescents?

Twenty-five percent of women have reported being the target of unwanted sexual advances by a drunk classmate.

In which of the following countries do newborns have the lowest chance of survival?

United States

Which statement accurately reflects health and safety concerns in middle childhood?

Unsupervised access to the Internet can pose a threat to children's safety.

Which statement best reflects the impact of parenthood on a couple's relationship?

Women are more dissatisfied than men with their marriages after the arrival of children.

Which statement is most reflective of postpartum depression?

Women with a history of depression are at higher risk of developing postpartum depression.

Carla is a newly hired CEO at a large Wall Street brokerage house. Upon her arrival, she made changes to the computer monitoring system in order to restrict employees from surfing social media, shopping online, or listening to streaming music. Furthermore, personal email accounts have been deactivated. According to factors that affect job satisfaction, Carla should expect which of the following in response to the changes?

Worker dissatisfaction will increase.

An infant who expresses an inability to adjust to new surroundings, is irritable, and shows signs of withdrawal when in a new environment would likely be characterized by Chess and Thomas as __________.

a difficult baby

Brahm has just learned to pull himself up to a standing position. His accomplishment is an example of __________.

a gross motor skill

Micah, typically a reserved 2-year-old, begins to regularly repeat what he hears from commercials aired during his 8-year-old brother's favorite television show. Micah's father is stunned one night during dinner when Micah correctly rattles off the tag lines from several popular commercials. Micah's increased language abilities can likely be attributed to __________.

a growth spurt in the brain

Although the average child is exposed to many illnesses between 3 and 5 years of age, __________ is the most frequent health problem in the preschool years.

a runny nose

Corbin, founding partner of a prestigious law firm, has just learned his client and friend, Wynn, unexpectedly died of a massive stroke. Corbin was in the process of collecting a past due debt of $100,000 from Wynn. Which function is Wynn's funeral LEAST likely to serve for Corbin?

a time for Corbin to meet with Wynn's estate planner about the debt owed

Hospice care practitioners are most likely to provide __________.

a warm, supportive environment for the dying

The __________ parenting style encourages children to behave independently but still places limits and controls on their actions. Verbal give-and-take is allowed, and parents tend to be warm and nurturing.

authoritative

According to Kübler-Ross's theory, the stage of death at which a person may request to be left alone is __________.

acceptance

Sven knows he has less than 6 months to live. He appears calm and seems most concerned about how to help his family deal with his death. He is disconnecting himself from people and tells his friends and family that he is at peace. Sven is most likely in the __________ stage of dying.

acceptance

Ashton has learned that his buddy Karuk recently died in a motorcycle accident while he was driving in a massive rainstorm. Although grieving for the loss of his friend, Ashton decides to take his own motorcycle out late at night, despite a forecast for rain. He reassures his mother by saying, "Relax, that won't happen to me! The odds are in my favor-what are the chances that two biker friends will die during a storm within a week of each other?" Ashton's remarks suggest that he is in the life stage of __________.

adolescence

Current research on parent-adolescent relationships suggests that __________.

adolescents begin to see their parents realistically as people in their own right

From whom do aging adults typically receive the most assistance and support?

adult children

According to the cycle of violence hypothesis, __________.

adults abused as children are predisposed to be abusers themselves

Darius begins kindergarten; Sylvia experiences her first period; Ahmad gets his driver's license; Alina experiences the first active signs of menopause. These events best characterize which type of developmental influence?

age-graded influences

During the evening shopping rush, Bernie fumbles at the grocery store while trying to insert his credit card into the self-check terminal. He overhears someone behind him mutter, "Hurry up, you old geezer!" The words are an example of __________.

ageism

Age stratification theories suggest that __________.

aging adults in the United States believe they are less relevant than their younger counterparts

Dr. Colbert has suggested to Mariam that she consider increasing her daily intake of foods containing antioxidant vitamins to lower her risk of developing certain age-related diseases. Dr. Colbert's recommendation suggests that she believes __________.

aging is due to damage from free radicals

Weston is convinced that all of his friends will stare at the small cut on his chin and make fun of his inability to "shave like a man." The notion that Weston's friends will even notice suggests Weston's belief in __________.

an imaginary audience

A researcher interested in identifying what smartphone technology aids student comprehension of college-level coursework would best be served by using __________ research.

applied

While they differ in some respects, both a living will and a durable power of attorney __________.

are legal documents that can help inform others about one's preferences regarding medical decisions

Children who experience parental divorce __________.

are more at risk for experiencing divorce themselves

Newborns cycle through various states of __________, different degrees of sleep and wakefulness that range from deep sleep to great agitation.

arousal

Which of these behaviors indicates a sign of readiness for toilet training?

asking to use the toilet or potty chair

When 5-year-old Anthony asks why he cannot go outside and play with his friends in a neighborhood game of kickball, his father yells, "Because I said so!" Anthony's father is displaying what Baumrind terms the __________ parenting style.

authoritarian

Indira remembers her fifth birthday when her father wheeled in a shiny new candy-apple-red bicycle wrapped in a large blue bow and adorned with five yellow balloons. This event is part of Indira's __________ memory.

autobiographical

John Holland's research on personality type theory and career choice finds that a person with a conventional personality is most likely to be a __________.

bank teller

Ashanti is overwhelmed with her college workload and her responsibilities at her part-time job. In addition, her father recently had surgery and Ashanti is helping with his caretaking. Ashanti's economics professor tells her she looks tired and offers to help with her multiple challenges by reducing the class requirements for her as well as grading her work with a bit less scrutiny. The professor's offer is an example of __________.

benevolent sexism

Deidre is fluent in both Mandarin and English. Deidre's ability is referred to as __________.

bilingualism

Aging adults whose identity originates in large part from their physical capabilities are likely to experience the most difficulty with Peck's developmental stage of __________.

body transcendence versus body preoccupation

The fastest-growing part of the body during the preschool years is the __________.

brain

After a cliff-diving accident, Raul's doctors are unable to see any indication of electrical brain waves. At this point, Raul's doctors will likely deem him __________.

brain dead

Most professional athletes tend to reach their physical peak __________.

by the end of their 20s

Generally speaking, intellectual functioning in older adults __________.

can be somewhat maintained with stimulation and practice

Suilan is protesting soaring student debt, and when interviewed by a local reporter, Suilan suggests she is motivated to protest due to her profound concern for the welfare of college students. Suilan's explanation for her behavior seems closely aligned with Gilligan's suggestion that female moral reasoning is based on __________.

care and compassion for individuals

Joe is complaining of blurred vision. A visual screening reveals that his eyes have cloudy areas on the lenses that are preventing light from passing through. Joe's diagnosis is likely __________.

cataracts

The __________ principle states that growth follows a direction and pattern that begins with the head and upper body parts.

cephalocaudal

When referring to the "sandwich generation," what are the "two pieces of bread"?

children and parents

A type of fetal development monitoring technique that involves inserting a thin needle into the placenta and removing small samples of hairlike material surrounding the embryo is called __________.

chorionic villus sampling

As a young child, Hermes suffered from severe allergies and required weekly visits to a clinic in order to receive injections. As an adult, Hermes avoids annual exams and panics at the thought of going to a doctor's office. Hermes's behavior is likely explained through __________.

classical conditioning

One day David took his son, Carlton, for a walk in the park. As Carlton was reaching for a pink flower along the park trail, a bee appeared and stung him on the cheek. When Carlton and his father returned home, Carlton began to cry uncontrollably at the sight of a bouquet of pink flowers on the kitchen table. Carlton's automatic response of fear at the sight of the flowers is an example of __________.

classical conditioning

Addie and Evelyn, two 65-year-olds, were college students in the free-spirited, politically engaged, and open-minded atmosphere prevalent in the 1960s. They share a particular curiosity about the world and remain active in local organizations committed to women's causes. Researchers may explain the women's sharp, sustained cognitive abilities by citing __________.

cohort effects

Robert and Juliet have had a very long marriage characterized by little physical desire, limited feelings of connectedness, and relatively few conversations sharing their deepest dreams for their lives. According to Sternberg, Robert and Juliet share a strong __________.

commitment

Popular children tend to be high in what developmentalists refer to as social __________.

competence

Callum is a 79-year-old widower. His wife died nearly 2 years ago and he still seems to be in a stage of unrelenting mourning, talking almost exclusively about his wife and their life together and declining to join his family on outings he once enjoyed. Callum's behavior seems to be indicative of __________.

complicated grief

Jorge and his wife of 58 years, Isabelle, enjoyed a fulfilling and joyful marriage. Although it has been three years since Jorge died, Isabelle continues to deeply and demonstrably mourn his loss. Isabelle's behavior suggests __________.

complicated grief

A child in the formal operational thought stage of cognitive development is most likely to engage in __________.

composing an essay about free speech

Leslie understands that she can be her mother's daughter, her grandfather's granddaughter, and her favorite uncle's niece all at the same time. According to Piaget, Leslie is in the __________ stage of cognitive development.

concrete operational

Three-year-old Max cries when he sees that his 6-year-old sister has two cookies while he only has one. Tyler, who is babysitting his younger siblings, remembers a concept he learned in psychology class, so he reaches over and breaks Max's cookie into two equal halves. Max gleefully points to his sister's cookie and says, "Yay! I now have the same amount of cookies as Sisty!" Tyler used his understanding of __________ to end Max's tantrum.

conservation

Gender __________ reflects a child's understanding that people are males or females, depending on fixed, unchangeable biological factors.

constancy

Larson's new job includes overseeing two new assistants and reporting to a new supervisor. Although a bit overwhelmed, Larson adjusts his hours and begins creating a plan to delegate tasks to each of his new hires so that he can present a strategic plan to his new boss. Which of the following types of intelligence best reflects Larson's handling of these changes?

contextual

Vygotsky's theory stressed the importance of social and cultural influences on children's development, which suggests that it is important to evaluate __________ factors in learning.

contextual

Change that builds from one level to the next is described as __________, while development that occurs in distinct stages or steps is __________.

continuous; discontinuous

Jasper and Johnson are both liked by some peers and disliked by others, while most people pay little attention to Tanner. Jasper and Johnson are likely considered __________ adolescents, and Tanner falls into the category of __________ adolescents.

controversial; neglected

The __________ is the mathematical representation of the strength and direction of the association between two variables.

correlation coefficient

Research on creativity reveals that __________.

creative people tend to take more risks of being labeled wrong in thought or unfashionable in idea

Which type of death education is most suitable for a situation in which an adolescent commits a homicide/suicide on the grounds of the local high school?

crisis intervention education

When researchers compare people in different age groups at the same point in time, they are conducting a __________ research study.

cross-sectional

In regard to death education, many researchers believe __________.

death education is important because many people in Western societies typically hide death

The generational digital divide, a gap in knowledge of technology between younger and older populations, will likely __________.

decline as people of all ages incorporate technology into their lives

Bernice Neugarten theorized that older adults cope with the aging process in a variety of ways, each based on what she believed reflected four distinct personality types. According to those personality types, if a minimally athletic 72-year-old decides to join a local running club with the hope of running her first marathon alongside her 17-year-old granddaughter, she is likely displaying a(n) __________ personality.

defended

Elisabeth Kübler-Ross theorized that people coping with death pass through five stages. What is the correct order of the steps she proposed?

denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance

A scientist conducts a study to determine whether using a new memorization technique she devised improves performance on psychology exams. In this research study, performance grades on the psychology exams are the __________ variable.

dependent

Gibson and Walk (1960) placed infants on one side of a "visual cliff" in order to test an infant's __________.

depth perception

According to Tellegen et al. (1988), which of the following personality traits reflects the greatest degree of genetic influence?

desire to be the center of attention

Miller, a retired restaurant owner, is bored and misses the energy of the patrons. Miller is likely in the __________ phase of retirement.

disenchantment

Which theory involves the impact of societal norms, such as mandatory retirement, on the behavior of elderly adults?

disengagement theory

A recent trend in childbirth is the presence of a(n) __________, a birthing attendant who provides emotional, psychological, and educational support during birth but is not a medical attendant.

doula

Braylon's coach notices that Braylon has somewhat unusual facial deformities, is much shorter than his peers, and has a difficult time remembering the coach's play calls despite regular drills and ongoing practice. After a conversation with her developmental psychologist friend, the coach suspects that Braylon's mother might have __________ while pregnant with him.

drunk alcohol

Colton is frustrated with his psychology professor's presentation on intelligence. After the professor presents multiple theories of intelligence, Colton asks, "Why don't you just tell us which theory is the correct one, so we don't waste our time having to learn all of the possible theories?" According to Perry's model of intellectual development, Colton's complaint reflects __________.

dualistic thinking

At six weeks after fertilization, a developing human is most accurately defined as a(n) __________.

embryo

Two-year-olds Sasha and Katarina are playing when Sasha trips and falls. When Sasha begins to cry, Katarina reaches over, kisses her skinned knee, and hugs her while reassuring Sasha by saying, "It's okay, it's okay." Katarina's response most closely resembles the emotion of __________.

empathy

Current research suggests that exercise in middle adulthood __________.

enhances mood

Dr. Chang is asked by Jiang's mother to explain why Jiang is easily distracted, impulsive, and socially anxious. Given that medical history reveals the diagnosis of ADHD in Jiang's father, Dr. Chang suggests Jiang may have a predisposition for the learning disorder. Dr. Chang's views reflect the __________ perspective of development.

evolutionary

Whitney is at a crossroads in her life and is looking for additional avenues to explore her interests. A friend encourages her to attend a local environmental awareness group. Two months later, Whitney agrees to serve as the president of the Rocky Mountain Hiking Trail Preservation Society. According to Schaie, Whitney is likely in the __________ stage of cognitive development.

executive

Research reveals that children conceived through emerging reproductive technologies __________.

experience psychological adjustment similar to that of children conceived naturally

When discussing their marriage, Dwayne and Samantha agree that what keeps them happy and satisfied with their relationship is that they __________.

experience social homogamy

Chantelle is interested in studying the effects of energy drinks on college student alertness. If she wants to test whether the consumption of energy drinks increases student alertness, the best research method is __________.

experimental research

Wyman is presented with a picture of an unusual figure and told it is called a "wonk." Then he is presented with a drawing in which three of the figures are playing with a ball. "Now there are three of them playing ball," says the teacher. "Wyman, complete this sentence: There are three __________ playing ball." Wyman's ability to complete the sentence correctly with the term "wonks" illustrates the concept of __________.

fast mapping

Henry was the valedictorian at his private high school in Ohio and is now attending American University in Washington, DC. One night he calls his mother and tells her he is feeling a bit lonely, has been anxious, and is down about his lagging grades. Henry's mother explains that his feelings are likely reflective of __________.

first-year adjustment reaction

According to Freud's theory of psychosexual development, if children are unable to gratify themselves sufficiently during a particular stage, or if they receive too much gratification, __________ may develop.

fixation

Amniocentesis is a fetal monitoring technique that involves drawing a sample of cells from the __________.

fluid surrounding the fetus

Trenton's greatest desire is to be an actor in community theater. However, he knows that his parents expect him to join the family law practice. Trenton anxiously confronts his parents and informs them that he must follow his dream by attending university on a theater scholarship. Trenton's decision demonstrates what Carl Rogers refers to as an expression of __________.

free will

Medical experts define __________ as the absence of a heartbeat and breathing.

functional death

Three-year-olds are more likely to engage in __________ play such as bouncing a ball against a wall or going up and down a slide, while 6-year-olds tend toward __________ play, planning contests and taking turns.

functional; cooperative

Gerry understands that his personal list of vocabulary words has the potential to build over his lifetime, but his ability to increase his marathon pace from its peak at age 28 has limits. This suggests Gerry recognizes that development across one's lifespan is characterized by both __________ and __________.

gains; losses

The perception of being male or female is defined as __________.

gender identity

The blueprints for creating a human are stored and communicated in our __________, which determine(s) the nature and function of every cell in the human body.

genes

Most variations in height and weight of children in the United States can be attributed to __________.

genetic inheritance

During the __________ stage, the fertilized egg begins to divide and grow, traveling toward the uterus for implantation.

germinal

Young children who correctly articulate that more than one marble are "marbles" appear to grasp the system of rules known as __________.

grammar

Beginning in early infancy, most children demonstrate signs of __________, which is a preference for the use of one hand over the other.

handedness

Jahzeer is considered a "gifted" student. Compared with his peers, Jahzeer most likely __________.

has fewer emotional challenges

A significant consequence for adolescents who drop out of high school is that they will likely __________.

have difficulty making ends meet

It is common in Western societies for people to __________.

have little opportunity to confront their feelings and gain a realistic sense of death

The average older adult spends close to 20 percent of his or her income on __________.

healthcare costs

A 4-year-old who believes rules are firm and unchangeable is reflecting Piaget's __________ stage of moral development.

heteronomous

Researchers who investigate how millennials' voting patterns change following the 2016 U.S. presidential election would be studying __________.

history-graded influences

Cierra sees a cat on the front porch, points, and says to her mother, "Kitty!" The fact that Cierra is using one word to imply a whole sentence-such as, "Look at that kitty, momma!"-reflects the use of __________.

holophrases

Ninety-three-year-old Harold is terminally ill and has decided to forgo expensive and painful medical treatments. He would prefer to have visits from a nurse who can provide assistance in making the process of dying warm and supportive. Harold is involved in ________.

hospice care

The most common sexually transmitted infection (STI) is __________, which can be transmitted without sexual intercourse.

human papilloma virus (HPV)

Loss of sensitivity to taste as we age may lead to oversalting of foods in order to compensate for bland flavors, increasing aging adults' risk of __________.

hypertension

Which aspect of Freud's theory of personality operates according to the pleasure principle?

id

Piaget's theory of cognitive development is a qualitative stage approach that __________.

identifies different types of cognition that children experience during particular ages

Adolescents fall into Erikson's stage of development referred to as __________.

identity versus identity confusion

Under what circumstances might a doctor order an emergency cesarean delivery?

if there are indications of a sudden rise in fetal heart rate

Janae and her partner, Melissa, wish to have a family and are considering the many options available to them. They decide that Melissa will undergo __________, wherein her eggs are removed and fertilized in a laboratory using sperm the couple selected from a sperm bank, with the resulting fertilized egg implanted in Melissa's uterus.

in vitro fertilization

Before he died, Dexter met with a lawyer and completed a document outlining his wishes to be taken off life support should he be in a situation where he could not speak for himself and his diagnosis was likely death. Because Dexter's form does not authorize another person to speak on his behalf, the document is most likely a(n) __________.

living will

A young gay man has learned that his partner died in a car accident. Because he has not shared his sexual orientation with his family, he feels unable to express his grief openly. This scenario illustrates __________.

incomplete grief

Like any average middle-aged male, Wilhelm will most likely experience a(n) __________.

increase in the time needed to achieve an erection

Hekima is holding her infant daughter, Kazumi, and is speaking to her in short, simple sentences. Hekima is using a rather high-pitched voice and is often repetitive with her words. Which of the following best represents Hekima's exchange with her daughter?

infant-directed speech

When describing the cognitive development of her daughter, Alizza says, "The best way to describe it is to compare it to a slow computer with a small memory getting a faster processor and more storage space." This description suggests Alizza supports the __________ approach to development.

information-processing

The ethical guideline that ensures research participants are not forced to be part of a study is referred to as __________.

informed consent

Three-year-old Keisha is learning to drink without using her sippy cup. Excited to show her big-girl ability, she reaches for her glass and spills juice on her new dress while eating brunch at her grandmother's house. Keisha begins to cry, fearful she may be punished, but her grandmother quickly wipes up the juice, soaks up the spill from the dress, and kisses Keisha on the forehead, saying, "It's okay, honey. Some days we spill things; other days we don't. I'll get you another glass." Keisha's grandmother is supporting what Erik Erikson refers to as __________.

initiative

Yana, an 82-year-old, active great-grandmother, recently was admitted to a local nursing home. Upon visiting his mother, Sergei is excited to report on the grandkids and great-grandkids. However, Sergei is surprised at his mother's despondence and lack of interest in hearing about the children she loves so much. Yana's attitude seems to reflect __________.

institutionalism

Cooper recently moved from his family home to take a new job 2,000 miles away. Excited to settle down and start his own life, Cooper is interested in finding that special someone, a partner to build a life alongside him. However, after repeated failures to find someone he is really interested in, Cooper decides to give up on finding a partner and buys an elaborate gaming system to keep himself occupied. Erikson would suggest Cooper is experiencing difficulties in the stage of __________.

intimacy versus isolation

Raquelle and Basil have been trying unsuccessfully to create a family. After consulting with a reproductive specialist, they have determined the best course of action is to use a procedure in which Basil's sperm is placed directly into Raquelle's uterus by their physician. This technique is referred to as __________.

intrauterine insemination

Shelda lives in a rural community where school funding is being threatened by state tax cuts. The local school district made major cuts last year, resulting in the need to close one area middle school and combine it with the elementary school. As a result of the changes to her school environment, Shelda __________.

is at risk of a decline in her school performance

The notion that most 40-somethings go through a midlife crisis is __________.

largely a myth and not supported by research

Four-year-old Dante has been attending preschool for the first time in his young life. Although he seems to get along well with other children, his teacher has noticed Dante is increasingly agitated, unusually active, and easily distracted. Further, Dante is falling behind his peers academically. Suspicious of recent news reports about tainted drinking water in the local area, the teacher fears Dante's symptoms are likely due to __________ poisoning.

lead

When Rihanna goes shopping at a mall, she often forgets where she parked her car. Which strategy would be most effective in helping Rihanna remember her car's location?

looking for signage indicating where she is parked and repeating the signage marker out loud multiple times

Jabari is keenly aware of the challenges facing him as his visa expires at the end of the year. Unfortunately, he has at least another year of classes to take in order to finish his degree. He shares his concerns and the resulting stress of the situation with his tennis coach, Dr. Osaka. According to the various methods of coping with stress, which of the following strategies would be most effective for Jabari?

making an appointment with the college registrar to discuss his options for extending his visa due to extenuating circumstances

In the nineteenth century, people were warned of the horrible effects of __________, although today, experts view it as normal, healthy, and harmless.

masturbation

The dating behaviors of gay and lesbian teens suggest that they __________.

may date members of the opposite sex in an effort to fit in

Parents who control and direct their children's eating habits in middle childhood __________.

may raise children who are incapable of regulating their food intake

Intelligence quotient, or IQ, is a measure that accounts for both __________ age and the actual age of the child taking the intelligence test, referred to as chronological age.

mental

The knowledge that people have about their own thinking processes and their ability to monitor their cognition is referred to as __________.

metacognition

According to Bronfenbrenner's bioecological approach, the people in the everyday, immediate environment of children's daily lives reflect the __________.

microsystem

Fears about death are often most prevalent in __________.

middle adulthood

The period of __________ is the only time in life when, on average, girls tend to be taller than boys.

middle childhood

Chase shows signs of being slow to grasp reading skills and is uncoordinated when running, but seems to be a very kind, generous, and friendly child. Into which category of intellectual disability is Chase most likely to be assessed?

moderate intellectual disability

According to Buss and his colleagues' cross-cultural research on mate selection, physical attractiveness is __________.

more important for males seeking a partner than for females seeking a partner

When James turned 1 year old, his grandmother presented him with a squeaky, clacking pull-toy. As soon as he saw it, he reached out for it, squeezed it, and grasped the pull string. After his grandmother showed him how to use it, James began to drag it behind him, gleefully enjoying the clacking sound. Researchers' interest in how James's sensory responses work together rather than separately reflects the _________ approach to perception.

multimodal

Children's fine motor skills advance due to an increase in the amount of __________ surrounding the nerve cells.

myelin

The infant brain triples its weight in the first 2 years of life as neurons increase in size and efficiency. The speed of processing within the infant brain is largely influenced by the rate at which __________ production occurs, a component that also serves to protect the neuron.

myelin

Dr. Rattan is interested in studying collegiate behavior occurring at a college football game. Which method is most likely to help Dr. Rattan accomplish this goal?

naturalistic observation

After serving as her partner's primary caretaker for 10 years, Sasha is in the final stage of grieving her partner's death, as demonstrated by her __________.

newfound self-reliance and greater appreciation for life

Generally speaking, the vast majority of middle-aged adults report __________.

no chronic health difficulties

Piaget is credited for providing developmental psychologists with a lens from which to view the cognitive development of preschoolers. However, recent research findings suggest shortcomings in Piaget's work, contending that __________.

numerical abilities may indeed be innate, much like language development

The __________ principle of infant growth states that development proceeds from the center of the body outward.

proximodistal

According to Piaget, infants in the sensorimotor stage of development learn to master __________, the realization that people and objects exist even when they cannot be seen.

object permanence

Based on the long-term Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development, long-term participation in day care __________.

offers positive benefits if child care is of high quality

People with disabilities __________.

often experience prejudice

A plausible theory of what may contribute to the differential in intelligence test scores of older and younger adults is that __________.

older adults have a slower reaction time than younger adults

Nathan is concerned that once he reaches middle age, he will lose his mental edge and will no longer be of value to his organization. Nathan's concerns lead him to discover recent research that suggests __________.

older people are successful due to their particular expertise and competencies

According to genetic programming theories of aging, __________.

our DNA contains a built-in time limit for the reproduction of human cells

Sadie refers to buses, trucks, campers, and tractors as "cars." Sadie is displaying the language characteristic called __________.

overextension

Ninety-two-year-old Henry is watching his 26-year-old grandson play a video game that involves a military-style shootout. Henry challenges his grandson to a round, but a few minutes into the game, Henry becomes frustrated, mutters something about his fingers not working fast enough, and decides to quit. Henry's inability to keep up with his grandson's quick game play is best explained by the __________.

peripheral slowing hypothesis

Sophia is brunette, outgoing, and has blue eyes and full lips. These characteristics reflect Sophia's __________.

phenotype

Researchers focused on the study of the long-term effects of premature birth emphasize __________ aspects of development.

physical

Kohlberg's first level of moral development is known as __________ morality.

preconventional

The second stage of Piaget's cognitive theory of development, the __________ stage, lasts from ages 2 to 7.

preoperational

Kia was born 37 weeks after conception and weighs 2 pounds. Kia would be described as __________.

preterm and very low birthweight

Researchers have found that people move through two stages when they experience a stressful event. Which term reflects the first stage?

primary appraisal

In response to a third denial of a job advancement in his company, Andy makes the decision to meet with an industry career recruiter. Andy's decision to seek work outside his company is an example of __________ coping.

problem-focused

While rapid increases in myelination contribute to a child's increase in __________, brain _________ describes the process in which the brain functions become more specialized.

processing speed; lateralization