Human Nut MC Exam Questions W7-13

Which of the following is a feature of vitamins? a. Many vitamins serve the role of enzyme inhibitors. b. Structurally, many vitamins are found linked together. c. Several vitamins may be oxidised to yield four kilojoules per gram. d. The quantities of vitamins present in foods are measured in micrograms or milligrams.

D

Which of the following reactions is an example of an anabolic reaction? a. Pyruvate synthesis from glucose b. Acetyl CoA synthesis from cholesterol c. Carbon dioxide synthesis from citric acid d. Cholesterol synthesis from acetyl CoA molecules

D

Which of the following statements explains why B‐vitamin deficiencies lead to a lack of energy? a. B vitamins are a source of kilojoules. b. The absorption of carbohydrates and fats is decreased. c. The oxygen required for energy metabolism cannot be transported to the cells. d. The coenzymes needed for energy metabolism are produced in insufficient amounts.

D

which of the following groups has the lowest metabolic rate? a. Adolescent b. Pregnant female c. Child d. Malnourished/ Fasting adult

D

A popular eating plan that promises quick weigh tloss is known as a(n): a. fad diet. b. discretionary diet. c. spot‐reduction program. d. aggressive bariatric program.

A

After digestion and absorption, an amino acid not used to build protein will first be subjected to: a. removal of its amino group. b. removal of its carboxyl group. c. hydrolysis of its peptide bond. d. condensation of its peptide bond.

A

All of the following are features of fat cell metabolism in men and women, except: a. the rate of fat breakdown is higher in women than in men. b. fat storage in adipose, as well as muscle tissue, is regulated by sex‐specific hormones. c. lipoprotein lipase enzyme activity is regulated by a gene that responds to weight loss. d. fat storage in men develops primarily across the abdomen, whereas in women it is found chiefly around the hips and thighs.

A

General characteristics of the water‐soluble vitamins include all of the following, except: a. they must be consumed daily. b. toxic levels in the body are rarely found. c. they are absorbed directly into the blood. d. excesses are eliminated from the kidneys.

A

How does the method of cooking affect thiamin stability? a. Microwaving food conserves much of its thiamin. b. Prolonged heating of food has little, if any, effect on its thiamin. c. Boiling food tends to conserve its thiamin by forming a stable, hydrated complex. d. Steaming food can lead to substantial thiamin loss due to the high heat needed to form the steam.

A

In the adult body, food energy not stored as fat or glycogen is lost as: a. heat. b. photons. c. carbon dioxide. d. electromagnetic radiation

A

Of the following commonly eaten foods, which makes the greatest contribution to riboflavin intake? a. Milk b. Potatoes c. Orange juice d. Peanut butter

A

Production of excessive amounts of acetyl CoA molecules leads to the synthesis of: a. fatty acids only. b. fatty acids and glucose only. c. fatty acids and fructose only. d. fatty acids, glucose and amino acids.

A

The Cori cycle involves the interconversion of: a. lactate and glucose. b. glucose and amino acids. c. pyruvate and citric acids. d. fatty acids and acetyl CoA.

A

The day after Christmas, you and your sisters are a little hungry, and want to eat leftovers before going shopping. Which of the following foods would most readily satisfy your feelings of hunger? a. Turkey b. Christmas cake c. Roast potatoes d. Pasta

A

The effects on metabolism from starvation are similar to those from: a. fasting. b. feasting. c. lipogenesis. d. Cori cycling.

A

The feeling of satisfaction resulting from the consumption of a meal is termed: a. satiety. b. appetite. c. post‐absorptive hunger. d. resting post‐absorptive increment.

A

The feeling of satisfaction resulting from the consumption of a meal is termed: a. satiety. b. appetite. c. post‐absorptive hunger. d. resting post‐absorptive increment

A

The generation of heat is described as: a. thermogenesis. b. basal metabolism. c. resting metabolism. d. condensation.

A

What is a safe rate of weight loss,on a long‐term basis,for most overweight people? a. 0.25 to one kilogram per week b. Three to four kilograms per week c. Five per cent body weight per month d. 10 per cent body weight per month

A

What is ariboflavonosis? a. The vitamin B2 deficiency disease b. Food sources devoid of vitamin B2 c. Ultraviolet destruction of vitamin B2 d. Excessive heat destruction of vitamin B2

A

What is the major energy carrier molecule in most cells? a. ATP (adenosine triphosphate) b. Glucose c. Pyruvate d. A kcalorie

A

What is the most likely reason for a person to have abnormally high blood ammonia levels? a. Liver dysfunction b. Kidney dysfunction c. Protein intake twice the Recommended Dietary Intake (RDI) d. Protein intake one‐tenth the RDI

A

Which hormone acts on the hypothalamus to suppress appetite? a. Leptin b. Ghrelin c. Lipase d. CCK

A

Which of the following does not decrease the metabolic rate? a. Fever b. Fasting c. Sleeping d. Malnutrition

A

Which of the following does the body primarily use for its energy needs? a. Carbohydrates and fats b. Carbohydrate and protein c. Fats and protein d. Protein only

A

Which of the following is a feature of the metabolism of surplus dietary fat? a. Nearly all excess fat is stored. b. Excess fat promotes increased fat oxidation. c. Excess fat spares the breakdown of body proteins. d. Conversion of excess fat to storage fat is inefficient.

A

Which of the following is an example of an anabolic reaction? a. Formation of glycogen from glucose b. Glucose formation from glycogen c. Fatty acid formation from triglycerides d. Glycerol formation from triglycerides

A

Which of the following is not an aspect of glycolysis? a. It is irreversible. b. It generates ATP. c. It occurs in the absence of oxygen. d. It generates two molecules of pyruvate for each molecule of glucose.

A

Which part of the body stimulates hunger? a. Hypothalamus b. Stomach c. Eyes d. Thyroid

A

Which part of the body stimulates hunger? a. Hypothalamus b. Stomach c. Eyes d. Thyroid

A

Which term is specific to reactions in which simple compounds are combined into more complex molecules? a. Anabolic b. Catabolic c. Ergogenic d. Gluconeogenic

A

Which type of reaction is characterised by a release of energy? a. catabolic b. anabolic c. condensation d. denaturation

A

Your housemate Dominic is participating in a weightlifting course, and complains of a burning pain during workouts. You explain that the rapid breakdown of glucose in his muscles produces large amounts of pyruvate, which leads to a fall in pH within the muscle, and that the muscle responds by converting excess pyruvate to: a. lactate. b. glycerol. c. acetyl CoA. d. amino acids.

A

A deficiency of thiamin results in the condition known as: a. pellegra. b. beriberi. c. pernicious anaemia. d. Wernicke-Korsakoff.

B

All of the following are characteristics of neuropeptide‐Y, except: a. it stimulates appetite. b. it reduces fat storage. c. it is synthesised in the brain. d. it increases carbohydrate cravings.

B

All of the following may serve as precursors for acetyl CoA synthesis, except: a. fat. b. ethanol. c. glucose. d. protein.

B

An anaerobic reaction is one that does not require: a. alcohol. b. oxygen. c. nitrogen. d. ammonia.

B

As a new assistant in a weight‐loss research laboratory,you are given a tour of the mouse laboratory. You notice that a leptin‐deficient mouse is much larger than its leptin‐sufficient counterpart. Why is this? a. Leptin deficiency causes lower levels of ghrelin. b. Leptin deficiency enhances appetite and decreases energy expenditure. c. Leptin deficiency causes psychological depression, which leads to increased food intake. d. Leptin deficiency reduces the desire to do physical activity, resulting in more excess energy available for fat storage.

B

For which nutrient is the thermic effect of foods highest? a. Fat b. Protein c. Vitamins d. Carbohydrate

B

Jason is 35 years old, and was recently diagnosed with two failing kidneys. He was advised to decrease the amount of protein he consumes. If Jason cheats by eating a 230‐gram steak for dinner tonight, shortly thereafter, there would most likely be an increase in the urea levels of his: a. urine. b. blood. c. stools. d. sweat.

B

What is Prader‐Willi syndrome? a. An altered receptor activity for leptin. b. A genetic disorder resulting in obesity. c. Fat accumulation in the liver of gastric bypass patients. d. A failure to adapt to alternating periods of excess and inadequate energy intake.

B

What is meant by the bioavailability of a vitamin in food? a. The total amount available from plant and animal food b. The amount absorbed and subsequently used by the body c. The amount that escapes destruction from food processing d. The number of different chemical forms of the same vitamin

B

What is the appropriate value for the thermic effect of a 10 500- kilojoule diet? a. 2500kJ b. 1050kJ c. 4000kJ d.3500kJ

B

What is the approximate efficiency of conversion of food energy to ATP (adenosine triphosphate) energy in the body, expressed as a percentage? a. 20 b. 50 c. 80 d. 99

B

What is the primary excretory route for the water‐soluble vitamins? a. Bile b. Kidney c. Intestine d. Perspiration

B

Which of the following can be formed from acetyl CoA in humans? a. Glucose b. Fat c. Lactic acid d. Amino acids

B

Which of the following compounds cannot be formed from fatty acids? a. Ketones b. Glucose c. Acetyl CoA d. Carbon dioxide

B

Which of the following describes the sum of all chemical reactions that go on in living cells? a. Digestion b. Metabolism c. Absorption d. Catabolism

B

Which of the following is a characteristic of fat cell development? a. The amount of fat in the body is substantially determined by the size of the fat cells. b. More and larger fat cells are found in obese people than healthy‐weight persons. c. Fat cell numbers increase most readily during early adulthood, when energy expenditure declines. c. Fat cells may enlarge, but not increase in number, upon reaching the age of 50 in males and upon reaching menopause in women.

B

Which of the following is a feature of ghrelin? a. It is a metabolic antagonist of leptin. b. It stimulates appetite and energy storage. c. The blood level in the fasting state correlates directly with body weight. d. It is released in high amounts from adipocytes during periods of excess energy intake.

B

Which of the following is a feature of physical inactivity and energy balance? a. There is a strong genetic component to the reduced physical activity of overweight people. b. Differences in the time that obese and lean people spend lying, sitting, standing and moving account for about 1500 kilojoules per day. c. Although watching television correlates with weight gain, playing video games does not, presumably due to the heightened excitement engendered by action games. d. Extraordinarily inactive people who lower their food intakes below that of their lean counterparts activate brown adipose tissue, uncoupling proteins that simulate hyperthermic weight loss.

B

Which of the following is known to promote fat storage in adipocytes? a. Glucagon b. Lipoprotein lipase c. Cellulite synthetase d. lipoprotein synthetase

B

Which of the following leads to the production of urea? a. Oxidation of glucose b. Oxidation of amino acids c. Incomplete oxidation of fatty acids d. Synthesis of protein from amino acids

B

Which of the following represents the chronological sequence of events in the complete oxidation of glucose? a. Cori cycle, TCA cycle, glycolysis b. Glycolysis, TCA cycle, electron transport chain c. Electron transport chain, TCA cycle, Cori cycle d. TCA cycle, electron transport chain, glycolysis

B

Which of the following vitamins would be removed during the production of skim milk? a. Thiamin b. Vitamin A c. Riboflavin d. Vitamin B12

B

Whichofthefollowingisafeatureofleptin? a. It is an enzyme. b. It is a satiety signal. c. It is usually deficient in obese people. d. It is secreted by the brain and acts on fat cells.

B

All of the following are hormones that promote satiety,except: a. PYY. b. CCK. c. leptin. d. ghrelin.

D

Approximately what percentage of the weight of triglycerides cannot be converted to glucose? a. 70 b. 80 c. 90 d. 95

D

Fatty acid oxidation results in the direct production of: a. ketones. b. fructose. c. pyruvate. d. acetyl CoA.

D

In the quest for achieving desirable body weight, adults have control over all of the following, except: a. diet. b. behaviour. c. physical activity. d. adipocyte number.

D

The amount of lean body tissue has the most influence on the body's: a. satiety b. appetite c. resting rate d. metabolic rate

D

The component of the cell that houses all enzymes required in the TCA cycle is called: a. nucleus. b. ribosomes. c. cytoplasm. d. mitochondria.

D

The number of ATP molecules that can be produced from a molecule of protein, fat or carbohydrate is generally related to the number of atoms of: a. carbon. b. oxygen. c. nitrogen. d. hydrogen.

D

The point above which the body tends to lose weight, and below which it tends to gain weight, is known as: a. set point deficiency. b. yo‐yo dieting. c. set point susceptibility. d. the set point.

D

What is the immediate fate of excess dietary protein in the body? a. Stored b. Reduced c. Oxidised d. Deaminated

D

When are new fat cells not likely to develop? a. Puberty b. Late childhood c. times of positive energy balance d. times of negative energy balance

D

When energy‐yielding nutrients are consumed in excess, which one(s) can lead to the storage of fat? a. Fat only b. Carbohydrates only c. Fat and carbohydrates only d. Fat, carbohydrates and protein

D

Which of the following accurately describes an association between energy measurement and foods? a. Indirect calorimetry cannot be used to determine the energy value of alcohol. b. A bomb calorimeter measures the amount of oxygen released when a food is oxidised. c. Direct calorimetry and indirect calorimetry of the same food rarely give similar values. d. The physiological fuel value of a food is almost always lower than the energy value of that food as determined by bomb calorimetry.

D

Which of the following conditions is indicative of a dietary deficiency of riboflavin? a. Beriberi b. Diarrhoea c. Keratomalacia d. Inflamed mouth membranes

D

. Which of the following metabolic reactions occurs when a cell uses energy? a. ATP gains a phosphate group and becomes ADP. b. ADP gains a phosphate group and becomes ATP. c. ATP releases a phosphate group and becomes ADP. d. ADP releases a phosphate group and becomes ATP.

C

About how long does it take for a meal to be completely eliminated from the stomach? a. 30 minutes b. 1.5 hours c. four hours d. eight hours

C

About how long does it take for a meal to be completely eliminated from the stomach? a. 30 minutes b. 1.5 hours c. Four hours d. Eight hours

C

All of the following are among the functions of the liver, except: a. synthesis of urea. b. synthesis of glycogen. c. production of red blood cells. d. conversion of fructose to glucose.

C

All of the following are characteristics of food portion sizes,except: a. they are both high in fat and large in size at restaurants. b. they have increased in general, and this change parallels the increasing prevalence of obesity. c. reducing portion size has a bigger impact than reducing energy density as a means of lowering total energy intake. d. they have increased more notably at fast‐food restaurants than at conventional eating establishments.

C

All of the following are characteristics of thiamin nutrition, except: a. severe deficiency may lead to oedema. b. severe deficiency may occur without oedema. c. recommended intakes are stated in 'equivalents'. d. recommended intakes are based primarily on participation in enzyme activity.

C

All of the following are characteristics related to the fat content in food,except: a. high‐fat foods are energy‐dense. b. fat has a weak effect on satiation. c. eating high‐fat foods typically leads to under consumption of kilojoules. d. in the small intestine, fat triggers release of a hormone that inhibits food intake.

C

Cooking a food in liberal amounts of water is least likely to affect the vitamin content of: a. folate. b. thiamin. c. vitamin A. d. riboflavin.

C

Cravings for carbohydrate are known to be stimulated by the brain chemical: a. gastrin. b. adipokines. c. neuropeptide Y. d. cholecystokinin.

C

Glycolysis is the conversion of: a. glycogen to fat. b. glycogen to protein. c. glucose to pyruvate. d. glucose to glycogen.

C

How many kilojoules, approximately, does one kilogram of fat contain? a. 10 000KJ b. 20 000KJ c. 30 000KJ d. 40 000KJ

C

If the carbohydrate content of the diet is insufficient to meet the body's needs for glucose, which of the following can be converted to glucose? a. Fatty acids b. Acetyl CoA c. Amino acids d. Carbon dioxide

C

What fraction of the day's energy expenditure of the average person is represented by his or her basal metabolism? a. About 1/10 b. Up to 1/2 c. About 2/3 d. Over 9/10

C

What is the most satiating macronutrient? a. Fat b. Water c. Protein d. Carbohydrate

C

What is the most satiating macronutrient? a. Fat b. Water c. Protein d. Carbohydrate

C

Which hormone correlates inversely with body fat? a. Leptin b. Ghrelin c. Adiponectin d. CCK

C

Which of the following can be synthesised from all three energy‐yielding nutrients? a. Lactate b. Glycogen c. Acetyl CoA d. Oxaloacetate

C

Which of the following cannot be used to make body proteins? a. Glucose b. Glycerol c. Fatty acids d. Amino acids

C

Which of the following describes the basic function of a coenzyme? a. It attaches to RNA to assist in the synthesis of an enzyme. b. It attaches to cell membranes to assist in uptake of an enzyme. c. It attaches to an enzyme and allows a chemical reaction to take place. d. It attaches to an enzyme, which allows for transport of the enzyme through the circulation

C

Which of the following is a possible fate of acetyl CoA? a. Degradation to urea b. Synthesis to glycerol c. Synthesis to fatty acids d. Degradation to ammonia

C

Which of the following is the last energy source to be drawn on in the case of fasting? a. Glycogen b. Fatty acids c. Protein d. Triglycerides

C

Which of the following organs has the most versatile and metabolically active cells? a. Kidneys b. Heart c. Liver d. Gut

C

Which of the following is a feature of ghrelin? a. High blood levels are found in obese people. b. Its major role in the body is suppressing appetite. c. It is secreted by adipocytes and promotes negative energy balance. d. Its blood concentration is very high in people with anorexia nervosa

D