HUMAN NUTRITION FINAL
When you add up the costs involved, it's actually less expensive for people to buy coffee drinks from coffee shops than to make their own coffee. T OR F
FALSE
Chylomicrons store fatty acids in the liver. T or F
False
Egg whites contain cholesterol, which makes them an excellent emulsifier, when added to dry ingredients. T or F
False
In the first segment of the small intestine, cholesterol is digested into sterols and a single saturated fatty acid. T or F
False
Diarrhea and GI tract discomfort
Vitamin C toxicity
Alcohol will go any place in the body that ______ goes.
Water
Most B vitamins function as part of _______.
coenzymes
Unlike vitamins, minerals can be destroyed by exposure to heat, light, and oxygen. T OR F
FALSE
What are the approximate unit prices of a 15-ounce can of crushed tomatoes that sells for $2.25 and a 32-ounce can of crushed tomatoes that sells for $3.99?
$0.15/oz and $0.12/oz
What are the approximate unit prices of a 16-ounce package of frozen green beans that sells for $3.25 and a 28-ounce package of frozen green beans that sells for $4.29?
$0.20/oz and $0.15/oz
Maddie weighs 125 pounds and has an average basal metabolic rate of 0.9 kcal per kilogram per hour. Calculate her approximate daily energy needs for basal metabolism.
1224 kcal Explanation: 125 pounds divided by 2.2 kg per pound is approximately 57 kg57 kg × 0.9 kcal/kg/hour = 51 kcal/hour51 kcal/hour × 24 hr/day = 1224 kcal
According to experts with the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, healthy adults should perform at least ______ minutes of moderate-intensity exercise per week.
150 to 300 Explanation: Healthy adults should engage in at least 150 to 300 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity per week.
A free radical is a _______.
chemically unstable substance that can remove electrons from more stable compounds
What blood alcohol concentration (percentage) is the legal limit for intoxication in Canada and the United States?
0.08
The adult RDA for protein (non-athletes) is ______ per kilogram of body weight.
0.8 g
Lawrence weighs 178 pounds and has an average basal metabolic rate of 1.0 kcal per kilogram per hour. Calculate his daily energy needs for basal metabolism.
1944 kcal Explanation: 178 pounds divided by 2.2 kg per pound is approximately 81 kg81 kg × 1.0 kcal/kg = 81 kcal per hour81 kcal per hour × 24 hr/day = 1944 kcal
According to the Dietary Guidelines, adults should limit their saturated fat intake to less than 10% of their total daily caloric intake. If you consume 1800 kcal per day, you should limit your saturated fat intake to fewer than ______ grams of saturated fat per day.
20 To calculate the limit for grams of saturated fat intake, multiply 1800 kcal by 0.10, which equals 180 kcal. Each gram of fat provides 9 kcal, so divide 180 kcal by 9 kcal per gram to obtain the number of grams of saturated fat (20 g).
According to the Dietary Guidelines, adults should limit their saturated fat intake to less than 10% of their total daily caloric intake. If you consume 2200 kcal per day, you should limit your saturated fat intake to fewer than _______ kcal per day.
220 To calculate the caloric limit for saturated fat intake, multiply 2200 kcal by 0.10, which equals 220 kcal.
Bethany is training for a half-marathon. She trains for more than 90 minutes a day, on most days of the week. If Bethany weighs 130 pounds, approximately how many kilocalories per day should she consume to meet her energy needs and maintain her weight?
2655-2950 Explanation: To maintain body weight while training, female endurance athletes need to consume 45-50 kcal per kg of body weight per day. •130 pounds divided by 2.2 pounds per kg = 59 kg.•59 kg × 45-50 kcal/kg = approximately 2655-2950 kcal per day.
Anthony is training for a half-marathon. He works out for more than 90 minutes a day, on most days of the week. If Anthony weighs 160 pounds, approximately how many kilocalories per day does he need to support his energy needs and maintain his current weight?
3650 Explanation: Male athletes who train or compete aerobically for more than 90 minutes daily need at least 50 kcal/kg/day to support their energy needs and maintain their weight. •160 pounds divided by 2.2 pounds per kg = approximately 73 kg•73 kg × 50 kcal/kg/day = 3650 kcal
As he trains for a marathon, Anthony wants to increase the percentage of total kcal in his diet that is contributed by carbohydrates. On average, he consumes 2500 kcal per day during the training period. He wants 60% of his daily energy intake to be supplied by carbohydrates. Based on this information, he should consume _______ grams of carbohydrate daily.
375 Explanation: •60% of 2500 = 1500 kilocalories from carbohydrate.•1500 kilocalories from carbohydrate divided by 4 kilocalories per gram CHO = 375 g.
What is the best internal temperature for your refrigerator?
39°F Check your refrigerator's temperature regularly to make sure it stays below 40°F. Keep the refrigerator as cold as possible without freezing milk and lettuce.
How many grams of protein per day should a healthy 25-year-old woman who weighs 58 kg and isn't an athlete consume to meet the RDA for protein? (Tip: The RDA for protein is 0.8 g per kilogram of body weight.)
46.4 Explanation: The RDA for protein is 0.8 grams of protein per kilogram (kg) of body weight. Multiply her weight in kg (58 kg) by 0.8 grams of protein per kg body weight. 58 kg X 0.8 g is 46.4 grams of protein per day.
Approximately how many grams of protein per day should a healthy 21-year-old woman who weighs 132 pounds and isn't an athlete consume to meet the RDA for protein? (Tip: One kilogram = 2.2 pounds.)
48.0 Explanation: The first step: Convert body weight in pounds to kilograms (kg) by dividing the weight by 2.2 (there are 2.2 pounds per kg). 132 pounds divided by 2.2 pounds per kg is 60.0 kg. The RDA for protein is 0.8 grams of protein per kilogram (kg) of body weight. The second step: Multiply her weight in kg (60 kg) by 0.8 grams of protein per kg body weight. 60 kg X 0.8 is approximately 48 grams of protein per day.
As she trains for a marathon, Kim wants to increase the percentage of total kcal in her diet that is contributed by carbohydrates. On average, she consumes 3200 kcal per day during the training period. She wants 60% of her daily calories to be supplied by carbohydrates. Based on this information, she should consume _______ grams of carbohydrate daily.
480 Explanation: •60% of 3200 kcal = 1920 kcal from carbohydrate. Each gram of carbohydrate supplies 4 kcal.•1920 kcal from carbohydrate divided by 4 kcal per gram CHO = 480 g.
If your total caloric intake is 2500 kcal per day, your range of fat intake (kcal) would be _____ kcal per day, according to the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR).
500 to 875 The AMDR for fat is 20 to 35% of total calories. If a person consumes 2500 kcal/day, 20% of 2500 kcal is 500 kcal (2500 X .20). To determine 35% of 2500 kcal, multiply 2500 kcal by .35, which is 875 kcal. Therefore, the range of fat intake is 500 to 875 kcal/day.
As Vanessa trains for a marathon, she wants to increase the percentage of total kcal in her diet that is contributed by carbohydrates. On average, she consumes 3400 kcal per day during the training period. She wants 60% of her daily calories to be supplied by carbohydrates. Based on this information, she should consume _______ grams of carbohydrate daily.
510 Explanation: •60% of 3400 kcal = 2040 kcal from carbohydrate. Each gram of carbohydrate supplies 4 kcal.•2040 kcal from carbohydrate divided by 4 kcal per gram CHO = 510 g.
Approximately how many grams of protein per day should a healthy 25-year-old woman who weighs 153 pounds and isn't an athlete consume to meet the RDA for protein? (Tip: One kilogram = 2.2 pounds.)
55.6 Explanation: The first step: Convert her body weight in pounds to kilograms (kg) by dividing the weight by 2.2 (there are 2.2 pounds per kg). 153 pounds divided by 2.2 pounds per kg is approximately 69.5 kg. The RDA for protein is 0.8 grams of protein per kilogram (kg) of body weight. The second step: Multiply her weight in kg (69.5 kg) by 0.8 grams of protein per kg body weight. 69.5 kg X 0.8 is approximately 55.6 grams of protein per day.
Registered dietitian nutritionists and pediatricians generally recommend that babies be breastfed exclusively for the first ______ of life.
6 MONTHS
Approximately how many grams of protein per day should a healthy 24-year-old male who weighs 182 pounds consume to meet the RDA for protein for an adult who is not an athlete? (Tip: One kilogram = 2.2 pounds.)
66 Explanation: The RDA for protein is 0.8 grams of protein per kilogram (kg) of body weight. For the first step, convert his weight in pounds to kilograms by dividing 182 pounds by 2.2 pounds (there are 2.2 kg per pound). He weighs approximately 82.7 kg. •For the second step, multiply his weight in kg (82.7 kg) by 0.8 g (the RDA for protein per kg of body weight). 82.7 kg × 0.8 grams of protein per kg body weight is approximately 66 grams of protein per day.
How many grams of protein per day should a healthy 25-year-old man who weighs 85 kg and isn't an athlete consume to meet the RDA for protein? (Tip: The RDA for protein is 0.8 g per kilogram of body weight.)
68.0 Explanation: The RDA for protein is 0.8 grams of protein per kilogram (kg) of body weight. Multiply his weight in kg (85 kg) by 0.8 grams of protein per kg body weight. 85 kg X 0.8 g is 68 grams of protein per day.
Anthony is training for a half-marathon. On days when he runs for more than an hour, what should he consume during his run and why?
A sports drink because it provides carbohydrate, electrolytes, and water, which help prevent dehydration and improve performance.
Which of the following foods is a source of low-quality protein?
A vegetable salad made with leafy greens and topped with cashews Explanation Most animal proteins are high-quality; quinoa and soy are among the few plant sources of protein that contain high-quality proteins.
Beta-carotene
Carotenoid that the body can convert to vitamin A
Using bioelectrical impedance to estimate body fat relies on the principle that lean tissues have less water and electrolytes than fat tissue. T OR F
FALSE
Vitamin K function
Activates blood clotting factors
Regina's grandmother is teaching her how to make mayonnaise. She explains that mayonnaise is made using oil, salt, vinegar (or lemon juice), and egg yolks. Lecithin in the egg yolks acts as an emulsifier. What's an emulsifier?
An emulsifier is a substance that helps fat-soluble and water-soluble compounds mix with each other.
Which of the following conditions is a symptom of atherosclerosis that affects the heart?
Angina
Semivegetarian
Avoids meat but eats eggs, fish, and dairy foods
Thiamin deficiency
Beriberi
Holly is in her second trimester of pregnancy. Lately, she's had cravings for raw bean sprouts, lemon-flavored candy, blackboard chalk, and spicy baked chicken wings. Which of these items is an example of pica?
Blackboard chalk
The most plentiful mineral in the human body is ______.
CALCIUM
Ascorbic acid
Chemical name for vitamin C
Which of the following substances is classified as a vitamin-like substance?
Choline
Beta-carotene is a fat-soluble provitamin found primarily in orange, red, and yellow fruits and vegetables. How can you enhance your body's absorption of beta-carotene when preparing low-fat foods that are rich sources of the provitamin?
Combine raw greens with salad dressing that contains vegetable oil.
Neural tube defects
Condition associated with folate deficiency during pregnancy
Megaloblastic anemia
Condition characterized by the presence of large, immature red blood cells in the bloodstream
The typical female with anorexia nervosa isn't concerned about her body shape, but she's very concerned about only eating "good" foods. T OR F
FALSE
Undernourished pregnant women are more likely to give birth after 42 weeks of pregnancy than well-nourished pregnant women. T OR F
FALSE
Vegan
Eats only plant foods
"Satiety" is the medical term for hunger. T OR F
FALSE
A person who is overweight has too much body fat. T OR F
FALSE
A person's blood alcohol concentration is an indicator of how well his or her small intestine has been able to detoxify alcohol. T or F
FALSE
Biotechnological advances led to the development of a new kind of rice that was very high in vitamin C, which reduced the risk of scurvy in under-developed countries. T OR F
FALSE
Bottled water is safer to drink than the water that's from most municipal water systems in the United States. T OR F
FALSE
Cellulite is a rare type of toxic fat that forms under the skin and is difficult to remove. T OR F
FALSE
Franny is a full-term infant who weighs 5.25 pounds at birth. Her birth weight is within the healthy range for a newborn female. T OR F
FALSE
Freezing food is an effective way of killing pathogens, including bacteria and viruses. T OR F
FALSE
Glycerol is the basic structural unit of proteins.. T OR F
FALSE
Human cells can metabolize iron, magnesium, and phosphorus for energy. T OR F
FALSE
In most countries, more people die as result of undernutrition than of overfat and obesity. T OR F
FALSE
In the United States, the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program provides nutrient-dense hot meals to low-income pregnant women and their children. T OR F
FALSE
It's safe to eat a hamburger made with ground beef that's been cooked to an internal temperature of 145º F. T OR F
FALSE
Most integrated pest management techniques rely on the use of chemicals to kill insects that eat grain crops. T OR
FALSE
Orlistat hasn't been approved by the FDA for weight loss. T OR F
FALSE
Over the past 20 years, the use of biotechnology has failed to improve agricultural yields and harmed the environment. T OR F
FALSE
Parathyroid hormone stimulates the small intestine to increase its absorption of iron. T OR F
FALSE
People who have more visceral fat have "pear shapes" and lower risk of type 2 diabetes. T OR F
FALSE
The most allergenic proteins are in cooked fruits and vegetables. T or F
FALSE
The terms "overweight" and "obese" are interchangeable, which means you can refer to an obese person as being overweight. T OR F
FALSE
Folic acid
Form of folate that's in dietary supplements
Retinol
Form of vitamin A that is in animal sources of food
Freezing food is one way of preserving food. Which of the following statements is true?
Freezing halts microbes' ability to multiply.
What functions of the body are most obviously affected by alcohol?
Functions controlled by the brain
Carotenodermia
Generally harmless condition that is characterized by yellowing of the skin
Loraine's mother is babysitting Loraine's 8-month-old baby. When she mentions that she's going to give the infant applesauce that's sweetened with honey, Loraine tells her mother that he cannot have honey. Why doesn't Loraine want her baby to eat honey?
Honey can contain botulism spores that can cause botulism in babies.
A 6-year-old child lacks energy, has pale skin, and often complains that his "head hurts." He's also having difficulty understanding his teacher. Based on this information, the child probably has _____ deficiency.
IRON
Abby is in her first trimester of pregnancy. According to her dietary analysis, her diet is low in a nutrient of "public health concern" for pregnant women. Based on this information, she needs to increase her intake of _______.
IRON
Using a meat thermometer is the most accurate way to determine the internal temperature of meat, fish, or poultry while it's being cooked. Where is the best area to insert the meat thermometer for accurate temperature readings?
In the thickest part of the muscle tissue
Heme
Iron-containing portion of hemoglobin
Iron is important for an infant's growth and development. Which of the following foods is a good source of dietary iron for an 8-month-old child?
Iron-fortified cereal
Vitamin D function
Is a hormone
Vitamin E function
Is an antioxidant
What's the safest way to store fresh whole eggs?
Keep the eggs in their original carton and store them in the refrigerator.
To effectively increase iron levels in the body, a person should focus on eating more ________.
MEAT
Environmental factors affect microorganism growth, including oxygen, nutrients, temperature, and ________.
MOISTURE
How does a major mineral differ from a trace mineral?
Major minerals are required in amounts of 100 mg or more per day, while trace minerals are required in amounts of 100 mg or less per day.
Which of the following statements about eating disorders is true?
Media, especially movies and TV, often portray thin females as happy, successful, and confident.
Which of the following statements is a recommended practice for infant feeding in developing countries?
New mothers should breastfeed exclusively for the first 6 months, and then continue breastfeeding while adding solid foods to their babies' diet.
Skin flushing
Niacin toxicity
Which of the following fatty acids has only one double bond in its chain of carbons?
Oleic acid
Partially hydrogenated oils (PHOs) contain artificial trans fatty acids. The FDA has banned the addition of PHOs to processed foods. Why? Multiple Choice
PHOs were sources of artifical trans fats that might increase the risk of cardiovascular disease.
Vitamin B-6 function
Part of a coenzyme needed for amino acid metabolism
Niacin function
Part of a coenzyme needed for energy metabolism
Niacin deficiency
Pellagra
Vitamin B-12 deficiency
Pernicious anemia
Lacto-ovovegetarian
Plant-based diet but consumes eggs and dairy for animal protein
Ovovegetarian
Plant-based diet with added eggs for animal protein
Consuming alcohol during pregnancy can cause a fetal alcohol spectrum disorder, resulting in impaired physical and intellectual development. What's the current recommendation regarding alcohol consumption during pregnancy?
Pregnant women should avoid alcoholic beverages at all stages of pregnancy.
Vitamin C deficiency
Scurvy
Coenzyme
Small molecule that contains a vitamin and enables certain enzymes to function
Laura is concerned about her young children's dental health because they live in a community that doesn't have fluoridated water. Fluoride helps protect against tooth decay. Where else can her children obtain fluoride?
Some brands of toothpaste
Teratogen
Substance that can cause birth defects
Night blindness
Symptom of early vitamin A deficiency
Which of the following factors is the most important environmental condition that influences bacterial growth?
TEMPERATURE
A fad diet is popular for a period of time and then loses its appeal. T OR F
TRUE
Biotechnology has lead to the development of pesticide-resistant corn and crops that provide more nutrients than the same crops that have been grown for centuries. T OR
TRUE
Certain minerals act as electrolytes in the body because they carry a positive or negative charge when dissolved in water. T OR F
TRUE
Colostrum is the best first food to feed an infant. T OR F
TRUE
Gerald saved several dollars on his weekly food costs by avoiding fast-food restaurants and eating meatless dinners that he prepared at home at least twice a week. T OR F
TRUE
If a new mother fails to release oxytocin while she breastfeeds her baby, the let-down reflex won't occur. T OR F
TRUE
In many instances, you can reduce pesticide residues on fresh produce by washing them before serving. T OR F
TRUE
In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration and Department of Agriculture play major roles in regulating the safety of the food supply. T OR F
TRUE
Maggie is an 85-year-old woman who's been living in a long-term care facility for 3 years. The facility has a chronic shortage of qualified staff. Maggie has a severe arthritis in her wrists. Based on this information, Maggie has a high risk of protein deficicency. T OR F
TRUE
Measuring skinfold thicknesses is a relatively easy, practical, and inexpensive way to estimate a person's percentage of body fat. T OR F
TRUE
People with central body obesity tend to have greater risks of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease than people who don't have excess visceral fat. T OR F
TRUE
Some protein digestion occurs in the stomach. T OR F
TRUE
Subcutaneous fat is stored under skin. T OR F
TRUE
The media (movies, for example) often influence vulnerable young women to lose weight, even at the cost of their health. T OR F
TRUE
Osteomalacia
The adult form of rickets characterized by soft bones
When amino acids are metabolized for energy, the nitrogen-containing component is removed, and ammonia forms. What happens to the ammonia?
The ammonia is converted to urea and excreted in the urine.
Can cause nerve damage
Vitamin B-6 toxicity
One of Loraine's friends, Marie, started purchasing raw, unpasteurized milk for her children. Marie insists that pasteurization reduces the nutritional quality of milk and raw milk contains phytochemicals that are destroyed during pasteurization. What should Loraine tell her friend about pasteurization?
The pasteurization process heats foods to kill pathogenic microorganisms and reduce the total number of bacteria.
Tomas has sickle cell disease. To learn more about his ancestors' health, he's mapping his family's medical history. During an interview with his great-grandmother, Tomas discovers that several members of his family had sickle cell disease; two of his great uncles and a cousin died of the disease. Based on this information, _______.
Tomas has defective hemoglobin
Homocysteine
Toxic amino acid
Because she's pregnant, Regina is interested in eating more foods that contain high amounts of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Which of the following foods is an excellent source of EPA and DHA?
Tuna casserole
Where do you have visceral fat?
Under your abdominal muscles and over your intestines
During pregnancy, Felicia has been extra careful to avoid foods that could potentially cause food-borne illness. Even though she loves the Greek salad at her favorite restaurant, the waiter could not confirm whether or not the feta cheese on the salad was pasteurized. Why should pregnant women avoid unpasteurized cheese?
Unpasteurized cheese can contain Listeria monocytogenes that can infect Felicia and harm her fetus.
Birth defects
Vitamin A toxicity
Wilson wants to reduce his risk of cancer. He doesn't smoke; his weight is healthy for his height; and he eats a wide variety of fruits and vegetables. Which of the following dietary changes should he make to reduce his risk of cancer? (Check all that apply.)
When taken in the form of dietary supplements, vitamins may be less effective at reducing cancer risk than when the vitamins are consumed as they naturally occur in foods.
How does one's biological sex affect his or her tolerance to alcohol?
Women generally have a lower tolerance for alcohol.
Which of the following substances is a medication that hasn't been approved by the FDA for weight loss?
Yohimbe
Celiac disease is an autoimmune condition characterized by intestinal damage that is caused by contact with a particular dietary protein. A person with celiac disease should avoid all of the following snacks or meals, except ________.
a tuna salad that has quinoa
At an outdoor picnic, you should avoid eating all of the following foods, except _______.
an egg salad sandwich that has an internal temperature of 35°F
Molly doesn't like dairy products. Over the past few months, she's had a sore mouth and tongue as well as weak muscles. Based on this information, Molly probably has ______.
ariboflavinosis
Riboflavin deficiency
ariboflavinosis
Lawrence doesn't know that long-term energy imbalance will lead to a change in his body weight. He can expect to gain weight when his ________.
caloric intake exceeds his energy expenditure
An effective way to maximize the mineral content of your meals is to ______.
cook vegetables in water and reuse the water in sauces and soups
A lipase _________.
digests fats
A saturated fatty acid differs from an unsaturated fatty acid. In a saturated fatty acid, _______.
each carbon within the chain is completely filled with hydrogen atoms
William is three years of age. Six months ago, William's mother decided that her son was too fat, so she began feeding him a low-fat diet that only contained apples, peaches, orange juice, leafy greens, and fat-free milk and cottage cheese. She doesn't like red meat, vegetable oils, eggs, fish, or turkey, so she also doesn't feed these foods to her son. Recently, she noticed William's skin was scaly and not smooth, and some of his hair had fallen out. He had lost weight, but he wasn't growing taller. Based on this information, William probably has ________.
essential fatty acid deficiency
Under ideal environmental conditions, the reproduction rate of bacteria is ________.
extremely rapid
To reduce the risk of delivering infants with spina bifida, women of childbearing age should focus on obtaining adequate amounts of ______.
folate
Sam is an endurance athlete. A few days before he participates in a marathon race, he undergoes _______ to delay the onset of muscle fatigue during the event.
glycogen loading
Above 100° C (212°F) most bacteria in food, including E. coli, _______.
have been killed
If their age, weight, and sex are the same, a sporadic drinker and a chronic drinker with blood alcohol concentration of 0.10 will ______.
have different physical effects
Although the Body Mass Index (BMI) is used when determining appropriateness of a person's weight, it's not perfect. Which of the following personal characteristics does the BMI formula include?
height
To reduce your risk of cancer, you should ______.
include a variety of fruits, vegetables, and whole-grain foods in your diet
Despite the claims made in advertisements or by fad diet promoters, there's no simple solution for treating obesity. The most reliable approaches to weight loss include all of the following, except ______.
increased dietary supplement use
In most instances, consuming more B vitamins than your body needs _______.
increases your body's elimination of the unneeded B vitamins in urine
A person who _______ has a higher risk of developing an eating disorder than a person who does not have this characteristic.
is overly concerned about his or her body shape
Regina is a 22-year-old college student who wants to follow the Dietary Guidelines' recommendations concerning the intake of trans fat. Therefore, Regina should ______.
keep her trans fat intake as low as possible while following a healthy diet
Drew has developed tolerance to alcohol. This means his _______.
liver has adjusted to the usual amount of alcohol that he drinks and can metabolize it more quickly
Last week, Leon started taking megadoses of a dietary supplement to reduce his blood lipid levels. Within a few days after he began taking the supplement, he noticed his face felt uncomfortably warm and his cheeks were red. Based on this information, Leon is taking _______.
niacin
At freezing temperatures, most food-borne bacteria, including E. coli, are _______.
no longer dividing, but they're still alive
Plumpy'nut contains micronutrients and ______.
peanuts, powdered milk, oil, and sugar
Conventional farming creates problems for the environment. An international team of experts proposed some steps to help solve such problems, including ______.
relying more on growing pest-resistant crops and using other integrated pest management techniques
Gabe's 85-year-old neighbor told him that when he was growing up, the milkman would deliver clear glass bottles of milk to his family's doorstep. He wonders why milk isn't available in clear glass bottles anymore. Gabe explains to him that light destroys _______ in milk, so milk is usually stored in opaque containers to help preserve the nutrient.
riboflavin
Jacob doesn't like fruits, vegetables, or ready-to-eat cereals. He eats a lot of meat, chicken, ham, cheese, and enriched white breads and rolls. He also drinks milk. Recently, he reported feeling like the "energy had drained" from his body. He also noticed that he bruised more easily than in the past. When he had minor surgery to remove a benign tumor from his arm, the wound took longer than expected to heal. After he brushed his teeth today, he noticed his gums were swollen and bloody. Based on this information, Jacob probably has ______.
scurvy
Gabe is interested in ways to maximize the vitamin content of his fresh fruits and vegetables. All of the following are good practices to preserve such foods' vitamin contents, except ______.
storing fresh produce in a warm place or dark cupboard
Sudha is a 3-year-old girl living in a developing nation that has millions of children suffering from inadequate intakes of essential amino acids. She is likely to have protein malnutrition if she experiences _______.
stunted physical growth
A vegetarian diet generally ______ than a "Western diet."
supplies more dietary fiber
Regina is pregnant and concerned about the safety of eating fish and seafood during pregnancy. Because certain kinds of fish and seafood can contain harmful amounts of methylmercury, Regina should avoid eating ______ while pregnant.
swordfish
Most B vitamins are similar in that ______.
they function as part of coenzymes
Desi had a history of chronic heartburn. To control the disorder, he now takes two medications that reduce his stomach's ability to form acid. As a result of taking these medicines, he doesn't have heartburn, but he has a high risk of developing a deficiency of ______.
vitamin B-12
Clarisa has been a vegan for 10 years. Therefore, she avoids eating any foods that are from animal sources, including milk and eggs. She also doesn't take any vitamin supplements. Lately, she hasn't been feeling well. The muscles of her legs ache; she's having trouble walking and keeping her balance; and the top of her tongue is smooth and shiny. Today, her fingers began to feel numb, so she's made an appointment to see a physician. Based on this information, Clarisa probably has ______.
vitamin B-12 deficiency
According to the 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, ______ is a nutrient of public health concern.
vitamin D
Suzanne has been exclusively breastfeeding her 11-month-old daughter May since she was born. Thus, May has only received breast milk. Suzanne is concerned about the baby's risk of skin cancer, so she applies sun screen to May's skin, whenever she takes the baby outside. Recently, May has been fussy and not growing properly. Based on this information, May probably has _______.
vitamin D deficiency
Calcium deposits in soft tissues
vitamin D toxicity