Human Nutrition (preparing for the final) Chapter 13, DHN 101 Final 2, DHN 101 EXAM 4
facts on breast milk
-Breastfeeding provides some advantages that are not achieved with formula feeding; one primary advantage is the production of colostrum, the initial form of breast milk. -This early breast milk provides antibodies and immune system cells and is yellowish in color. -Towards the end of the first week of breastfeeding, the initial milk has transitioned to mature milk. -This later breast milk tends to be bluish in color.
According to results of scientific studies, integrated pest management (IPM) agricultural methods can provide a variety of benefits for farmers and the environment. Select all of the statements that are true concerning IPM.
-Farmers who convert to using IPM generally have greater crop yields than before they used such farming methods. -IPM agricultural methods reduce the use of chemical pesticides.
Quinn is a healthy breast-fed baby. Kelley, Quinn's mother, would like to introduce solid foods into her son's diet. What factors can help Kelley determine whether Quinn is physiologically ready for solid foods? Check all that apply:
-Quinn can control the position of his head. -When Kelley places a small amount of mashed carrots into Quinn's mouth, the baby does not thrust his tongue forward to push the food out.
Aerobic glucose breakdown
-breakdown products are carbon dioxide and water -supplies more ATP than the other type of glucose breakdown -occurs when plenty of oxygen is available in the muscle
Which of the following nutrition-related health problems are widespread among American preschool children? Select all that apply.
-iron deficiency -obesity
Obese women who are pregnant with one fetus should gain _______ pounds during pregnancy.
11-20
Recommended sports drinks contain about ________ g of carbohydrate per 12-ounce serving.
21
A healthy infant who weighs 8.2 pounds at birth can be expected to weigh _______ pounds by his/her first birthday.
24.6
Tatiana is a competitive athlete who weighs 70 kg. She would like to plan a nutritionally adequate diet that provides enough carbohydrate to maintain her weight and glycogen stores during training and competition. According to expert recommendations, she should consume ________ grams of carbohydrate daily.
420 to 700
Holly is a healthy woman who is 22 years of age. Using this information, calculate her target heart rate zone for moderate-intensity physical activity.
99 to 139 bpm
_______ is an immediate and direct source of energy for cells.
ATP
is the primary source of direct energy ("energy currency") for cells.
ATP
Which of the following factors can influence an older person's nutritional status? Illnesses Medications Income level All of the above are correct
All of the above are correct
Any microbe that can cause disease is a pathogen. Salmonella and E. coli are types of bacteria. Another potential source of food-borne illnesses are viruses, which are pieces of genetic material coated with protein. Organisms that live in or on another living thing and get their nutrients from the host are called parasites. Food-borne illness can also be caused by simple life forms that live on dead or decaying organic matter; these are called fungi.
Any microbe that can cause disease is a pathogen. Salmonella and E. coli are types of bacteria. Another potential source of food-borne illnesses are viruses, which are pieces of genetic material coated with protein. Organisms that live in or on another living thing and get their nutrients from the host are called parasites. Food-borne illness can also be caused by simple life forms that live on dead or decaying organic matter; these are called fungi.
Which of the following factors is associated with increased risk of obesity during childhood?
Having a family history of obesity
Which of the following characteristics is not associated with the normal aging process?
Increased brain weight
Which of the following nutrition-related health problems are widespread among American preschool children? Check all that apply.
Iron deficiency Iron deficiency Correct Obesity Obesity Correct Rickets
Which of the following activities is typically considered a vigorous physical activity?
Jumping rope
heat cramps example
Last summer, Monique developed painful muscle spasms in her calf muscles while playing tennis match outdoors. The spasms forced her to quit the match.
Compared to younger persons, older adults have greater risk of nutritional deficiencies because of physiological changes associated with the normal aging process. Select all of the statements that apply to the nutrient needs of older adults.
Older adults who have lost many teeth are more likely to avoid eating whole-grain products, fruits, vegetables, and meats. Older adults who have lost many teeth are more likely to avoid eating whole-grain products, fruits, vegetables, and meats. Correct Compared to a person who is 30 years of age, a person who is 75 years of age needs about 500 additional kilocalories per day to support basal metabolism. Compared to a person who is 30 years of age, a person who is 75 years of age needs about 500 additional kilocalories per day to support basal metabolism. Correct Diets of older Americans generally do not supply adequate amounts of vitamins A, D, and fiber.
Which of the following statements is true? A woman's energy needs are higher during the first trimester than at any other time in pregnancy. Using infant formula to bottle-feed a baby is more convenient and less expensive than breastfeeding. Oxytocin is necessary for the "let down" reflex to occur. The American Pediatric Association recommends feeding fresh whole milk to infants when they are 6 months of age.
Oxytocin is necessary for the "let down" reflex to occur
Which of the following statements is true?
Oxytocin is necessary for the "let-down" reflex to occur.
The placenta cannot... Transfer nutrients from the mother's blood stream to the embryo/fetus Eliminate waste products from the embryo/fetus Prevent all toxic substances from reaching the embryo/fetus Transfer oxygen from the mother's bloodstream to the embryo/fetus
Prevent all toxic substances from reaching the embryo/fetus
Terry recently got a pet turtle. He should wash his hands thoroughly after handling the turtle because the reptiles are potential carriers of:
Salmonella
Which of the following conditions is often associated with the abuse of anabolic steroids?
Sleep disturbances
Which of the following foods is high carbohydrate and low fat?
Toast spread with strawberry jam
________ are fat-soluble vitamins.
Vitamins K, D, and A
During the first trimester, a pregnant woman's daily energy requirement is _______ her daily energy needs before she became pregnant.
about the same as
According to scientific evidence, which of the following substances may benefit muscle recovery after intense exercise?
branched-chain amino acids
During glycolysis, the body _______.
breaks down one glucose molecule to form two pyruvate molecules
BJ wants to follow the "Check Your Steps" rules for food safety. When he prepares high-risk foods, he washes his hands before and after touching the food; sanitizes surfaces that come in contact with all foods; avoids cross contamination; cooks meats to their proper internal temperatures; and after meals, he keeps serving dishes with cooked food on the table, so his guests can nibble on the items. After eating one of his meals, he and his dinner guests developed a food-borne illness. Based on this information, which step did he fail to take?
chill
Excessive vitamin D intakes can result in ________.
deposition of calcium in soft tissues
Which of the following foods is not a likely source of food-borne pathogens?
dried apricots
The embryo/fetus develops most of its organs during the _______.
first trimester
An effective and comprehensive aerobic workout program ________.
gradually increases in duration and intensity of activities
Preeclampsia is a form of _______ that can develop during pregnancy.
hypertension
fat
important energy source for low- or moderate- intensity aerobic exercise of more than 20 minutes
Aerobic activities _______.
involve sustained, rhythmic contractions of certain large skeletal muscles
Carbohydrate loading _______.
involves manipulating dietary patterns and physical activities prior to an endurance event.
The best example of chemical disinfection of water involves the use of __________.
iodine tablets
Caffeine _______.
is the most widely used ergogenic aid in the world
Under anaerobic conditions, muscle cells convert pyruvate to
lactic acid
Breastfed infants are _______ than babies who are fed infant formula.
less likely to have ear infections
Julio wants to cook chicken and bake a pie made with eggs and milk for his roommates. Julio and his dinner guests are likely to experience food-borne illness if he
marinates the cut-up pieces of raw chicken and uses the marinade to make a dipping sauce for the chicken.
Compared to preschoolers, older children tend to eat
more sugar-sweetened beverages.
Gregg's BMI is 34.2. Based on this information, his weight is in the ________ range.
obese class I
Adding a small amount of ________ to cooked vegetables can enhance the intestinal tract's ability to absorb the fat-soluble vitamins they contain.
olive oil
To obtain energy under aerobic conditions, cells need _______.
oxygen
Miranda is physically fit. She has _______.
the strength, endurance, and flexibility to meet the demands of daily living
Boiling is the most reliable method to make impure water safe to drink.
true
Which type of food or beverage should you avoid consuming while staying in an area that poses a high risk for developing TD?
unpasteurized milk
Choline is an example of a ________.
vitamin-like substance
Which of the following physical activities metabolizes the most fat?
walking for an hour
Bethany is an American college student who plans to spend spring break in a rural African village. Before leaving for Africa, Bethany asks her doctor to recommend a preventive medication for TD. Based on this information, her physician is likely to recommend a product that contains
bismuth subsalicylate
All of the following are common ingredients in sports drinks EXCEPT ________.
caffeine
Throughout her pregnancy, Dana has been experiencing heartburn. There are a few steps she can take to prevent heartburn or alleviate its discomfort. All of the following help prevent or lessen pain associated with heartburn EXCEPT _______.
lying down after meals
To conserve the vitamin content of foods, ________.
stir-fry instead of boil
Kim is having guests over for dinner tomorrow. She would like to prepare a pork roast that is currently frozen. Which of the following are appropriate methods to thaw the frozen meat? Check all that apply.
-Thaw the frozen meat in the refrigerator. -Thaw the frozen meat under cold, running water. -Thaw the frozen meat in the microwave.
carbohydrate
-for endurance athletes in training, the majority of calories should come from this macronutrient -the most important macronutrient to consume during exercise that surpasses one hour
Anaerobic glucose breakdown
-glucose degrades into pyruvate under these conditions -provides most of the energy needed fro events that require a quick burst of energy, ranging from about 30 seconds to 2 minutes -occurs when oxygen supply in the muscle is limited -produces relatively small amounts of ATP
steps of aerobic respiration
-glucose is degraded to form pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP -pyruvate moves from cytoplasm into mitochondria -under aerobic conditions, pyruvate is completely degraded, forming CO2, H2O, and ATP -CO2 is exhaled and H2O helps maintain body water volume
different methods of preserving foods
-salting (ex- meat) -fermenting (ex- yogurt) -irradating (ex- spices) -aseptic processing (ex- shelf-stable juices)
A woman's prepregnancy body weight classification (BMI) is used to determine how much weight she should gain by the end of her pregnancy. Using each woman's body weight status when she became pregnant, determine the appropriate amount of weight that she should gain by the end of her pregnancy, assuming she is carrying a single fetus.
-underweight at conception: gain 28-40 pounds -healthy weight at conception: gain 25-35 pounds -overweight at conception: gain 15-25 pounds
It is normal for women to gain weight during pregnancy. In addition to the fetus, certain maternal tissues increase in weight. Place the following components of a healthy maternal weight gain in order from greatest (1) to least (4) number of pounds.
1. maternal fat, protein, and retained fluid 2. uterus and breasts 3. placenta and amniotic fluid 4. blood
The USDA recommends that fresh ground meat be cooked until its internal temperature is at least
160 ºF.
A healthy infant who weighs 6.5 pounds at birth can be expected to weigh ______ pounds by her first birthday. 13.0 16.5 19.5 23.5
19.5
Gloria is a healthy 25-year-old woman. According to recommendations of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, she should perform _____ strengthening activities that focus on major muscle groups twice a week.
2 to 5
Bernard weighs 7.5 pounds at birth. Assuming his development proceeds normally, he should weigh about _____ pounds by his first birthday.
22.5
Women with pregnancy weights within the healthy range should gain ______ during pregnancy. 10-20 pounds 20-25 pounds 25-35 pounds 35-50 pounds
25-35 pounds
Tammy is a healthy young woman whose energy requirement is 2500 kcal/day. Based on this information, her daily energy requirement would be _____ kcal during her first trimester of pregnancy.
2500
Anthony is training for a half-marathon. He trains for more than 90 minutes most days of the week. Calculate the minimum number of kilocalories Anthony should consume daily to maintain his weight while training (165 pounds).
3,750
How long does TD typically last without any medical treatment?
3-5 days
Infants are physically ready to start eating solid foods when they are _____ of age. 4-6 weeks 4-6 months 6-12 months 12-14 months
4-6 months
Pathogenic bacteria are likely to multiply rapidly when environmental temperatures are between
40 and 140 ºF.
Paulette takes a supplement containing 10 μg of vitamin D. This is equivalent to ________ IU of vitamin D.
400
Tatiana is a competitive athlete who weighs 70 kg. She would like to plan a nutritionally adequate diet that provides enough carbohydrate to maintain her weight and glycogen stores during training and competition. According to expert recommendations, she should consume _____ grams of carbohydrate daily.
420 to 700
Anthony is training for a half-marathon. On long-run days, which of the following snacks would be the most appropriate to consume after one hour of running and why?
A banana and pretzels because they provide carbohydrate, which helps prevent fatigue.
During the first trimester, a pregnant woman's daily energy requirement is ______ her daily energy needs before she became pregnant. 300 kcal lower than About the same as 300 kcal higher than 500 kcal higher than
About the same as
Which of the following statements is true?
According to a recent survey, almost 20% of American teenagers did not drink milk during the week prior to the survey.
Which of the following foods is not a common source of food allergens? Peanuts Eggs Milk Aplesauce
Applesauce
As a healthier alternative to French fries, a fast food outlet offers pre-sliced, bagged apples as a side option. The ingredients' list includes apples and ascorbic acid. What role does the ascorbic acid play in the product?
Ascorbic acid is an antioxidant that prevents discoloration when the apples are cut and exposed to oxygen.
Which of the following statements is true?
Certain microbes produce poisonous chemicals that can cause food intoxication.
Which of the following vitamins is often lacking in the diets of older adults, especially elderly women?
D
Which of the following statements is true?
Dehydration can result in declines in an athlete's strength and endurance.
After a tornado outbreak, Marie's house was damaged and her neighborhood experienced a power outage that lasted three days. Which of the following steps should she take to avoid food-borne illness during the loss of electricity?
Do not eat raw or cooked foods that have been at room temperature for more than 2 hours
heat exhaustion example
During college football practice in late August, Bernard began to sweat excessively and feel dizzy. His coach became concerned when Bernard reported experiencing weakness and nausea.
Which of the following substances is a fat-soluble vitamin that has antioxidant activity?
E
Breastfed infants are ________ than babies who are fed infant formula. More likely to have diarrhea Less likely to have cystic fibrosis More likely to have respiratory infections Less likely to have easy infections
Less likely to have ear infections
How can you tell if a food has been irradiated to preserve it?
Look for the Radura symbol on the package
________ is a condition associated with vitamin D deficiency in adults that is characterized by softening of the bones.
Osteomalacia
What is exercise?
Skeletal muscle contractions that are planned and conducted to increase muscle mass. OR Physical activities that are planned and conducted to have fun.
Consider each statement about protein for athletes and determine whether it is true or false.
TRUE: -the amino acids from dietary protein included in a small meal or snack after strenuous exercise can help muscle cells repair damaged muscle tissue by synthesizing new proteins -excess protein may be stored as fat -the National Academy of Sciences maintains that no additional dietary protein is suggested for healthy adults undertaking resistance or endurance exercise FALSE: -protein is a major biological fuel used during activity -excess protein is stored in muscle tissue -according to the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, protein intake for athletes should be at least 4.0 g/kg/day
Which of the following statements is true?
The major life stages for males include the prenatal period, infancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and "older adults" period.
heatstroke example
While preparing for a marathon in July, Kayla developed a fever and severe weakness. Furthermore, she stopped sweating, despite the hot, dry conditions.
Darlene is a 5′ 2′′, 23-year-old woman who weighs almost 250 pounds. To lose weight, she's tried calorie-restricted diets, fad diets, exercise programs, and appetite-suppressing pills without success. She would like to try a surgical weight-loss method that reduces the size of her stomach without the use of staples and is reversible. Her physician is likely to recommend ________.
adjustable gastric banding
Microstrainer filters remove both bacteria and viruses, making water safe to drink.
false
Amy is studying quietly. Under these conditions, her muscles are using primarily _______ for energy.
fat
_____ is a common nutrition-related sign of pregnancy that occurs in many healthy pregnant women.
heartburn
Human cells release most of the energy stored in carbohydrates, fats, and amino acids as _______.
heat
People who exercise regularly can reduce their risk of ________.
hypertension
Cindy is pregnant with her first baby. Recently, she began to eat clay from a hole that she dug in her yard. Cindy's behavior is an example of
pica
Bacterial pathogens are responsible for most cases of TD.
true
According to scientific evidence, which of the following substances may benefit muscle recovery after intense exercise?
Branched-chain amino acids
Which of the following statements is true?
Consuming excess sports drinks or water during exercise can contribute to water intoxication.
Cross-contamination is often responsible for outbreaks of food-borne illness. Select all of the statements that describe situations that are highly likely to involve cross-contamination of foods.
Deborah cuts up a raw chicken and wipes the knife with a paper towel before using it to dice tomatoes for a vegetable salad. Deborah cuts up a raw chicken and wipes the knife with a paper towel before using it to dice tomatoes for a vegetable salad. Correct After making meatloaf from raw, ground turkey meat, Mike washes his hands thoroughly in very warm, soapy water before preparing a dessert. After making meatloaf from raw, ground turkey meat, Mike washes his hands thoroughly in very warm, soapy water before preparing a dessert. Correct After transferring raw hamburger patties from a plate to a hot grill, Jewel leaves the plate nearby so she doesn't have to find a clean dish when the patties are done cooking.
The embryo/fetus develops most of its organs during the... Preconception stage First trimester Second trimester Third trimester
First trimester
Which of the following U.S. government agencies regulates all domestic and imported food sold in interstate commerce?
Food and Drug Administration
Carbohydrates are an important macronutrient for fueling muscles. During exercise, where can the body obtain carbohydrate? Check all that apply:
Glycogen stored in muscles Glycogen stored in the liver cells Glucose that is available in the bloodstream The immediate source of glucose for working muscles is glycogen that is stored in muscles. The liver also helps supply glucose for muscles by degrading glycogen and releasing glucose molecules into the bloodstream.
Which of the following factors is associated with increased risk of obesity during childhood? Having a family history of obesity Eating 3-5 servings of fresh fruit daily Being a low-birth weight infant All of the above are correct
Having a family history of obesity
Preeclampsia is a form of _______ that can develop during pregnancy. Hypertension Diabetes Hypertriglyceridemia Anemia
Hypertension
Determine whether each physiological process or health condition increases or decreases as humans age.
INCREASES: -heartburn and constipation -hardening of the arteries DECREASES: -saliva production -activity of bone-forming cells -brain weight -cardiac output -thyroid hormone production -kidney cell function
Why is taking excess amounts of fat-soluble vitamins more likely to cause toxicity than taking excesses of water-soluble vitamins?
In general, excesses of fat-soluble vitamins cannot be excreted as easily as water-soluble vitamins.
Using a meat thermometer is the most accurate way to determine internal temperature of meat while it is cooking. Where is the best area to insert the meat thermometer for accurate temperature readings?
In the thickest part of the muscle tissue
Pediatricians often recommend ______ as the first solid food offered to infants. Iron-fortified infant rice cereal Mixed baby food dinners French fries Cooked egg whites
Iron-fortified infant rice cereal
Which of the following statements is true?
It is not unusual for children to have food jags.
There are three primary energy systems utilized by exercising muscles. Match each system with the duration of exercise the system supports:
PCr-ATP Energy System: Exercise lasting a few seconds correct Lactic Acid Energy System: Exercise lasting 30-40 seconds correct Oxygen Energy System: Endurance exercise activities correct
Older adults often need help in obtaining well-balanced, nutritious diets. Select all of the statements that are true regarding practical ways of improving nutrient intakes of older adults.
People who have lost many of their teeth generally find it easy to eat whole-grain cereals, nuts, raw apples, carrots, and celery. Offering meals that contain colorful, nutrient-dense foods may stimulate an older person's appetite. Offering meals that contain colorful, nutrient-dense foods may stimulate an older person's appetite. Correct Most older adults prefer to have few distractions while they eat, so their meals should be served and eaten in quiet, isolated settings.
Which of the following practices has been scientifically shown to extend the life spans of certain flies and rodents?
Performing vigorous physical exercise
Quinn is a healthy breast-fed baby. Quinn's mother, Kelley, would like to introduce solid foods into her son's diet. What factors can help Kelley determine whether her son is physiologically ready for solid foods? Check all that apply.
Quinn is 2 months old. Quinn is 2 months old. Correct Quinn can control the position of his head. Quinn can control the position of his head. Correct When Kelley places a small amount of mashed carrots into Quinn's mouth, the baby does not thrust his tongue forward to push the food out.
What is the best way to store eggs to reduce the potential for food-borne illness?
Store eggs in their original carton in the refrigerator.
protein
contribution of this macronutrient to fueling muscles is generally small
Breast milk is naturally formulated to meet the nutritional needs of a growing infant. Cow's milk is not recommended for infants, primarily because its nutritional profile does not match a human infant's needs. Indicate whether human milk has more, less, or about the same amount of each nutrient when compared to the same volume of cow's milk.
more than whole cow's milk: fat, carbohydrate, cholesterol less than whole cow's milk: protein, calcium -same as whole cow's milk: iron
Jameela is an Iranian woman living in poverty. She is not seen in public places without being covered almost completely in heavy veils. Her usual diet is comprised of legumes, small amounts of yogurt, whole-grain breads and rice, fruits, and a few vegetables. Based on this information, Jameela is most at risk of ________.
osteomalacia
Harold grows apple trees on his small farm. He practices organic farming methods, so he doesn't use pesticides. This fall, he would like to make minimally-processed organic apple juice that does not contain preservatives. He wants to sell the beverage at the local farmer's market. Based on this information, Harold should _____ before bottling the juice to make it safe for consumers.
pasteurize the juice
The federal government's "Check Your Steps" program has four simple rules for food safety. All of the following are part of the "Check Your Steps" program EXCEPT ______.
sanitize
Caregivers should not feed _____ to infants.
semisolid food in a baby bottle
Certain foods that have been improperly canned at home may contain the bacterium Clostridium botulinum or the deadly toxin that is produced by the microbe. Although the home-canning process may destroy the bacteria, its spores may survive and begin to grow when conditions are favorable. To reduce the likelihood that home-canned low-acid foods such as corn and beans are unsafe, the food should be boiled for 10 minutes before eating. Home-canned foods made with vinegar, tomatoes, or citrus juices are usually high-acid foods and generally safe to eat.
Certain foods that have been improperly canned at home may contain the bacterium Clostridium botulinum or the deadly toxin that is produced by the microbe. Although the home-canning process may destroy the bacteria, its spores may survive and begin to grow when conditions are favorable. To reduce the likelihood that home-canned low-acid foods such as corn and beans are unsafe, the food should be boiled for 10 minutes before eating. Home-canned foods made with vinegar, tomatoes, or citrus juices are usually high-acid foods and generally safe to eat.
Food ingredients that are Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) are not classified as food additives. Thus, such substances can be used in food without being tested for safety or getting prior approval from the FDA. According to the Delaney Clause of the Food Additives Amendment, food manufacturers cannot add a new compound to food if it causes cancer at any level of intake. The federal government's food regulatory agency cannot ban unintentional food additives from foods, even though some of these contaminants may be carcinogenic. The Food Quality Protection Act of 1996 established the safety standard of "a reasonable certainty of no harm" for pesticide residues in foods.
Food ingredients that are Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) are not classified as food additives. Thus, such substances can be used in food without being tested for safety or getting prior approval from the FDA. According to the Delaney Clause of the Food Additives Amendment, food manufacturers cannot add a new compound to food if it causes cancer at any level of intake. The federal government's food regulatory agency cannot ban unintentional food additives from foods, even though some of these contaminants may be carcinogenic. The Food Quality Protection Act of 1996 established the safety standard of "a reasonable certainty of no harm" for pesticide residues in foods.
Scientists think genetic factors contribute to childhood obesity. If a young child's mother and father are obese, the child is 10 times more likely to develop childhood obesity than a child who has only one obese parent. Women who gain too much weight during pregnancy or have diabetes are more likely to give birth to high-birth-weight babies. Such children are also at risk of developing excess body fat in childhood. Women who smoke during pregnancy are more likely to have babies who develop childhood obesity than women who do not have this habit.
Scientists think genetic factors contribute to childhood obesity. If a young child's mother and father are obese, the child is 10 times more likely to develop childhood obesity than a child who has only one obese parent. Women who gain too much weight during pregnancy or have diabetes are more likely to give birth to high-birth-weight babies. Such children are also at risk of developing excess body fat in childhood. Women who smoke during pregnancy are more likely to have babies who develop childhood obesity than women who do not have this habit.
