Human Phys. Chapter 16 Study Questions

What is the function of serous fluid within the pleural cavity?

A. Lubricates adjacent pleural surfaces, reducing friction as they move against one another during breathing. B. The fluid also helps hold the pleural membranes together.

How is vital capacity determined?

A. This is the maximum amount of air a person can exhale after taking the deepest breath possible. B. Maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after taking the deepest breath possible: VC = TV + IRV + ERV

What are the functions of the mucous membrane that lines the nasal cavity?

A. filters B. warms C. moistens incoming air

Define: hemoglobin, oxyhemoglobin, hypoxia

A. hemoglobin - protein in red blood cells B. oxyhemoglobin - hemoglobin that attaches to oxygen C. hypoxia - a deficiency of O2 reaching the tissue

What prevents the entry of large particles into the nostrils?

A. internal hairs

Where are the lungs located?

A. located on either side of the chest (thorax) B. The mediastinum separates the right and left lung medially, and the diaphragm and thoracic cage enclose them.

List the four events of respiration.

A. movement of air into and out of the lungs — commonly called breathing or ventilation B. gas exchange between the blood and the air in the lungs (external respiration) C. gas transport in blood between the lungs and body cells D. gas exchange between the blood and the cells (internal respiration)

Name the organs found in the two groups or tracts of the respiratory system.

A. upper respiratory tract B. lower respiratory tract

What kinds of structures make up a lung?

A. visceral pleura B. parietal pleura C. pleural pleura

Describe three forms in which blood can transport carbon dioxide from cells to the lungs.

As carbon dioxide dissolved in plasma, as part of a compound formed by bonding to hemoglobin, or in the form of a bicarbonate ion.

How can hemoglobin carry oxygen and carbon dioxide at the same time?

Because the O2 binds with the iron atoms (heme-portion) of hemoglobin while the CO2 bonds with the amino groups of the "globin" or protein portion

Explain how the breathing pattern may change.

By certain chemicals, stretching of the lung tissues, & emotional states.

Where is the respiratory center?

In the brainstem and includes portions of the pons and medulla oblongata.

The process of oxygen utilization and carbon dioxide production at the cellular level is called _____ ______.

Cellular respiration

Which chemical factors affect breathing?

Central and peripheral chemoreceptors Alveolar gases

The _______, composed of bone and cartilage, divides the nasal cavity on each side, dividing the cavity into passageways.

Nasal septum

What forces cause normal expiration?

Elastic recoil

What is hyperventilation?

It is when a person can increase breath-holding time by breathing rapidly and deeply in advance. Abnormally deep and prolonged breathing.

Distinguish between inspiratory and expiratory reserve volume.

IRV is complemental air that at its maximum, equals 3,000 mL while ERV is supplemental air and reaches about 1,200 mL at its most forceful expiration.

Describe how the respiratory center maintain decreases a normal breathing pattern.

Inspiration & expiration (ventral respiratory group)

What is breathing? or (ventilation)

Is the movement of air from outside the body into and out of the branchial tree and alveoli.

How is carbon dioxide released from blood into the lungs?

It bonds loosely with hemoglobin forming carbaminohemoglobin (decomposes readily in regions of low PCO2, releasing CO2)

Describe the inflation reflex.

It helps regulate the depth of breathing, it occurs when stretched lung tissues stimulate stretch receptors in the visceral pleura, bronchioles, & alveoli, the sensory impulses in this reflex shorten the duration of inspiratory movements. (prevents overinflation)

Describe the structure of the respiratory membrane.

It is at least two thicknesses of epithelial cells & a layer of fused basement membranes.

What is the partial pressure of a gas?

It is the amount of pressure each gas contributes

How does hyperventilation decrease the respiratory rate?

It lowers the blood carbon dioxide concentration

The _______ is a hollow space behind the nose.

Nasal cavity

The _______ help increase the surface area of the nasal cavity.

Nasal conchae

Describe the general functions of the respiratory

Obtaining oxygen & removing carbon dioxide

The entire process of gas exchange between the atmosphere and cells is called _______.

Respiration

Define surfactant, and explain its function.

Surfactant is a mixture of lipoproteins synthesized by certain alveolar cells and it reduces the alveoli's tendency to collapse, especially when the lung volumes are low and it makes it easier for inspiratory efforts to inflate the alveoli.

What force moves oxygen and carbon dioxide across the respiratory membrane?

The alveolar air & partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2), partial pressure of oxygen (PO2), & (HG).

Describe the events in inspiration. or (inhalation)

The atmospheric pressure forces air into the lungs, this occurs when pressure inside the alveoli decreases, this decreases when the diaphragm moves downward and thoracic cage goes up and outward, and surface tension aids lung expansion.

Distinguish between the false vocal cords and the true vocal cords.

The false vocal cords are the upper folds and they do not produce sounds - They close the airway during swallowing while the true vocal cords are the lower folds of muscle tissue and elastic fibers and the air that is forced because the cords allows them to vibrate from side to side, creating sound waves.

Distinguish between the pharynx and the larynx.

The pharynx is the actual throat and is behind the oral and nasal cavity and the larynx while the larynx is an enlargement in the airway at the top of the trachea and below the pharynx. (voice box)

Define surface tension, and explain how it aids breathing.

The surface tension is the force created by the attraction of water molecules and it makes it difficult to inflate the alveoli and may actually cause them to collapse.

Distinguish between the visceral pleura and the parietal pleura.

The visceral pleura is a serous membrane and it firmly attaches to each lung surface and when it folds back it becomes the parietal pleura and this forms part of the mediastinum and lines the inner wall of the thoracic cavity.

Name and describe the locations of the larger cartilages of the larynx.

Thyroid ("Adam's apple"), cricoid, and epiglottic cartilages. (around trachea)

How is total lung capacity calculated?

Total volume of air that the lungs can hold: TLC = VC + RV

What is tidal volume?

Volume moved in or out of lungs during respiratory cycle.

How does expansion of the chest wall expand the lungs during inspiration?

When the intercostal muscles move the thoracic wall up and outward, the parietal and visceral pleura follows it and this helps expand the lungs in many different directions.

What are the primary functions of the respiratory system?

obtaining oxygen and removing carbon dioxide tubes that remove from (filter) incoming air and transport air into and out of the lungs, as well as microscopic air sacs where gases are exchanged