Human Physiology Chapter 11: Endocrine System
29) Second messenger systems do NOT include ________. A) 9-cis-retinoic acid B) tyrosine kinase C) adenylate cyclase D) phospholipase C
A) 9-cis-retinoic acid
28) How is most thyroid hormone transported in the plasma? A) As T4 bonded to globulin B) As T3 bonded to globulin C) As free T4 D) As free T3
A) As T4 bonded to globulin
72) Which of the following is NOT an action of aldosterone secretion? A) Raises blood glucose levels B) Stimulates kidneys to retain Na+ C) Causes loss of K+ in urine D) An increase in blood volume and pressure
A) Raises blood glucose levels
51) What is the function of prolactin in females? A) Stimulates milk production in the mammary glands B) Regulates the gonadotropins C) Regulates water and electrolyte balance in the kidneys D) All of the choices are correct.
A) Stimulates milk production in the mammary glands
64) The hyposecretion of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids results in ________. A) Addison's disease B) diabetes insipidus C) Graves' disease D) Cushing's disease
A) addisons disease
58) The ________ has a medulla derived from ectoderm and a cortex derived from mesoderm. A) adrenal gland B) pancreas C) thyroid gland D) pituitary gland
A) adrenal gland
22) Which hormone would be degraded in the plasma, if traveling free? A) Aldosterone B) Cholecystokinin C) Follicle stimulating hormone D) Prolactin
A) aldosterone
74) What is NOT an effect of taking exogenous glucocorticoids? A) Autoimmune reactions B) Hyperglycemia and decreased glucose tolerance C) Decreased systemic inflammation D) Osteoporosis
A) autoimmune reactions
90) The pancreas secretes hormones involved in regulation of ________. A) blood glucose B) the stress response C) metabolic rate D) growth and reproduction
A) blood glucose
34) Mutation of the calmodulin gene would alter the ability of ________ to act as a second messenger. A) calcium B) sodium C) potassium D) cAMP
A) calcium
47) Regulation of mineral homeostasis would be inhibited due to decreased secretion of ________. A) corticotropin-releasing hormone B) dopamine C) gonadotropin-releasing hormone D) growth hormone-releasing hormone
A) corticotropin-releasing hormone
8) Choose the hormone that is NOT classified as a polypeptide or glycoprotein hormone. A) Cortisol B) Glucagon C) Antidiuretic hormone D) Parathyroid hormone
A) cortisol
79) Goiters can form due to the presence of autoantibodies that exert TSH-like effects on the thyroid. This is the characteristic finding in ________ A) Graves' disease B) Myxedema C) Cretinism D) Cushing's disease
A) graves disease
24) Steroid hormone receptors form a(n) ________ on their DNA half-sites. A) homodimer B) autodimer C) pseudodimer D) heterodimer
A) homodimer
55) Where is oxytocin produced? A) Hypothalamus B) Pineal gland C) Anterior pituitary gland D) Posterior pituitary gland
A) hypothalamus
31) cAMP activates ________, which catalyzes the ________ of other enzymes in the cytoplasm. A) protein kinase; phosphorylation B) calcium; phosphorylation C) calmodulin; hydrolysis D) tyrosine kinase; hydrolysis
A) protein kinase; phosphorylation
70) Prolonged stress may stimulate ________. A) symptoms similar to Cushing's syndrome B) increased resistance to disease C) adrenal gland atrophy D) no apparent physiological changes
A) symptoms similar to Cushing's syndrome 71) Physiological responses to stress would NOT include ________. A) increased secretion of ACTH B) increased secretion of glucocorticoids C) increased immune response D) increased secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine C) increased immune response
40) What is the action of the signaling molecules activated by the insulin-tyrosine kinase second messenger system? A) Insertion of glucose carrier proteins into the plasma membrane B) Hydrolysis of glycogen and secretion of glucose C) Transport of insulin into the cell D) All of the choices are correct.
A)Insertion of glucose carrier proteins into the plasma membrane
88) Choose the incorrect statement regarding calcitonin. A) It is made by follicle cells of the thyroid. B) It inhibits loss of calcium by bones. C) It lowers blood calcium levels. D) All of the choices are correct.
A)It is made by follicle cells of the thyroid.
85) What is the protein found in the colloid of a thyroid follicle? A) Thyroglobulin B) Gammaglobulin C) Iodoglobulin D) Betaglobulin
A)Thyroglobulin
98) Cycles of physiological activity that follow a 24-hour pattern are called ________. A) circadian rhythms B) biomimetic rhythms C) psychological rhythms D) cerebral rhythms
A)circadian rhythms
94) What are the carrier proteins for glucose diffusion into cells? A) Insulin B) GLUT4 C) GLUT2 D) Glucagon
B) GLUT4
66) A tumor of the ________ referred to as a pheochromocytoma. A) adrenal cortex B) adrenal medulla C) thyroid gland D) pineal gland
B) adrenal medulla
45) The vascular link between the hypothalamus and the ________ is called the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system. A) posterior pituitary B) anterior pituitary C) pineal gland D) thalamus
B) anterior pituitary
65) Which of the following is NOT a symptom of Addison's disease? A) Skin discoloration (bronzing) B) Hyperglycemia C) Hypotension D) Sodium and potassium imbalances
B) hyperglycemia
78) Hypothyroidism in adults causes ________. A) Graves' disease B) myxedema C) cretinism D) Cushing's disease
B) myxedema
19) Thyroid hormones bind to receptors that ________. A) activate tyrosine kinase B) regulate gene transcription C) stimulate production of cyclic AMP D) stimulate production of diacylglycerol
B) regulate gene transcription
38) Many growth factors use ________ as a second messenger. A) cyclic AMP B) tyrosine kinase C) calmodulin D) cyclic GMP
B) tyrosine kinase
73) Which of the following is NOT an action of cortisol secretion? A) Stimulates gluconeogenesis B) Lowers blood levels of free fatty acids C) Promotes lipolysis D) Inhibits glucose utilization
B)Lowers blood levels of free fatty acids
60) Which of the following is a potent mineralocorticoid that helps increase blood volume and pressure? A) Antidiuretic hormone B) Aldosterone C) Hydrocortisone D) Norepinephrine
B)aldosterone
80) A child with ________ would be lethargic, shorter than average, have mental retardation, and a low body temperature. A) Graves' disease B) cretinism C) dwarfism D) Addison's disease
B)cretinism
82) An individual with bulging eyes may be secreting ________. A) inadequate thyroid hormone B) excessive thyroid hormone C) inadequate cortisol D) excessive cortisol
B)excessive thyroid hormone
77) A(n) ________ is an abnormal growth of the thyroid gland due to an iodine deficiency. A) tumor B) goiter C) abscess D) keloid
B)goiter
46) Growth would be inhibited by increasing ________ secretion. A) prolactin B) somatostatin C) somatomedin D) thyroid hormone
B)somatostatin
17) Water-soluble hormones differ from lipophilic hormones, in that ________. A) water soluble hormones require transport proteins to reach their target cells B) water soluble hormones never enter the cell C) lipophilic hormones utilize second messengers to impact protein synthesis within the cell D) water-soluble hormone secretion is always under hypothalamic control
B)water soluble hormones never enter the cell
37) Which of the following directly initiates the release of calcium ions from the endoplasmic reticulum? A) G-proteins B) Phospholipase C C) Inositol triphosphate (IP3) D) Calmodulin
C) Inositol triphosphate (IP3)
52) What is the function of prolactin in males? A) Stimulates growth of sperm cells B) Stimulates milk production in the mammary glands C) Regulates water and electrolyte balance in the kidneys D) None of the choices are correct.
C) Regulates water and electrolyte balance in the kidneys
59) Which of the following is NOT one of the three functional categories of corticosteroids? A) Mineralocorticoids B) Glucocorticoids C) Thyrocorticoids D) Sex steroids
C) Thyrocorticoids
57) What is the function of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract? A) Transports releasing hormones from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary B) Transports nerve impulse from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary C) Transports hormones and nerve impulses from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary D) All of the choices are correct.
C) Transports hormones and nerve impulses from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary
43) Cortisol secretion would cease if the ________ no longer secreted ACTH. A) posterior pituitary gland B) hypothalamus C) anterior pituitary gland D) adrenal cortex
C) anterior pituitary gland
54) Over-secretion of growth hormone in children causes ________. A) acromegaly B) pituitary cachexia C) gigantism D) myxedema
C) gigantism
92) Which of the following is NOT an effect of glucagon secretion? A) Lipolysis B) Ketogenesis C) Glycogenesis D) Glycogenolysis
C) glycogenesis
25) Thyroid hormone receptor proteins are found ________ of their target cells. A) on the plasma membrane B) in the cytoplasm C) in the nucleus D) All of the choices are correct.
C) in the nucleus
83) What element is necessary for production of thyroxine? A) Sodium B) Calcium C) Iodine D) Chlorine
C) iodine
18) Nuclear receptors that have been identified and their genes cloned, but their hormone ligands are unknown are called ________. A) transcription factors B) unknown ligands C) orphan receptors D) nongenomic receptors
C) orphan receptors
56) What hormone stimulates uterine contractions during labor and milk-ejection during lactation? A) Prolactin B) ADH C) Oxytocin D) Luteinizing hormone
C) oxytocin
44) Adrenocorticotropic hormone is synthesized in cells that had been part of the ________. A) pars distalis B) pars tuberalis C) pars intermedia D) neurohypophysis
C) pars intermedia
6) Hormones that can pass through the plasma membrane are ________ and are called ________. A) polar; hydrophobic B) nonpolar; hydrophobic C) polar; hydrophilic D) nonpolar; hydrophilic
C) polar;hydrophilic
9) The molecules secreted by endocrine glands that are inactive until changed by their target cells are ________. A) prohormones B) lipophilic hormones C) prehormones D) tissue hormones
C) prehormones
69) Which of the following is NOT one of the three stages in the response to stress? A) Stage of exhaustion B) Alarm reaction C) Stage of denial D) Stage of resistance
C) stage of denial
97) Pineal gland production of melatonin is stimulated by the ________ of the hypothalamus. A) supraoptic nuclei B) paraventricular nuclei C) suprachiasmatic nucleus D) None of the choices are correct.
C) suprachiasmatic nucleus
12) When two or more hormones work together to produce a particular result, their effects are ________. A) permissive B) antagonistic C) synergistic D) inhibitory
C) synergistic
84) What amino acid of the protein colloid in thyroid follicles does iodine bind to? A) Threonine B) Serine C) Tyrosine D) Alanine
C) tyrosine
20) To induce full cellular effects, thyroid hormones also require the actions of ________. A) adrenocorticotropin B) melatonin C) 9-cis-retinoic acid D) somatomedins
C)9-cis-retinoic acid
62) The adrenal cortex is NOT involved in regulation of ________. A) blood glucose B) Na+ balance C) Ca2+ balance D) reproduction
C)Ca2+ balance
91) Destruction of the pancreatic beta-cells would result in ________. A) Cushing's disease B) Graves' disease C) Diabetes mellitus D) Diabetes insipidus
C)Diabetes mellitus
32) Binding of epinephrine to beta-adrenergic receptors in the plasma membrane will activate the ________ second messenger system. A) calcium B) IP3 C) adenylate cyclase (cAMP) D) DAG
C)adenylate cyclase (cAMP)
48) Increased circulating concentrations of testosterone would cause decreased secretion of ________. A) growth hormone B) adrenocorticotropin C) luteinizing hormone D) thyroid stimulating hormone
C)luteinizing hormone
35) Second messengers generated by the actions of phospholipase C ________. A) are inhibited by the actions of caffeine B) are stimulated by phosphodiesterases C) may activate calmodulin D) stimulate gene transcription
C)may activate calmodulin
49) Most target organ control on the anterior pituitary gland is due to ________. A) positive feedback effect B) negative feedback C) negative feedback inhibition D) positive feedback inhibition
C)negative feedback inhibition
41) The posterior pituitary gland ________. A) synthesizes oxytocin, which plays a vital role in inducing labor B) regulates the secretion of hormones produced in the anterior pituitary gland C) releases hypothalamic hormones, but does not produce its own D) releases its hormones in response to stimulation by hormones from the hypothalamus
C)releases hypothalamic hormones, but does not produce its own
36) In the phospholipase C mechanism, most of the increased intracellular calcium comes from ________. A) outside the cell B) within the plasma membrane C) the endoplasmic reticulum D) extracellular fluid
C)the endoplasmic reticulum
87) Release of TSH from the anterior pituitary causes ________. A) thyroid follicle cells produce MIT and DIT B) thyroid follicle cells produce calcitonin C) thyroid follicle cells take up a small amount of colloid, hydrolyze T3 and T4, and release them into the blood D) thyroid follicle cells oxidize iodide ions to iodine
C)thyroid follicle cells take up a small amount of colloid, hydrolyze T3 and T4, and release them into the blood
86) What is produced when two diiodotyrosine molecules couple together? A) Triiodothyronine B) Tetraiodothyronine C) Thyroxine D) Both tetraiodothyronine and thyroxine are correct.
D) Both tetraiodothyronine and thyroxine are correct.
63) The hypersecretion of corticosteroids results in ________. A) Addison's disease B) diabetes insipidus C) Graves' disease D) Cushing's disease
D) Graves' disease
11) Hormones that enhance the responsiveness of a target organ to a second hormone have ________. A) complementary effects B) synergistic effects C) antagonistic effects D) permissive effects
D) Permissive effects
100) Control of melatonin secretion from the pineal gland requires ________. A) sympathetic stimulation from the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus B) activation of melanopsin from ganglion cells of the retina C) sunlight or lack of sunlight D) All of the choices are correct.
D) all correct
14) Small amounts of a polypeptide or glycoprotein hormone may cause ________. A) upregulation of receptors B) increased numbers of receptors placed in the plasma membrane C) the priming effect D) All of the choices are correct.
D) all correct
75) What controls the release of corticoids from the adrenal cortex? A) Higher brain centers B) CRH from the hypothalamus C) ACTH from the anterior pituitary D) All of the choices are correct.
D) all correct
81) Which of the following would you expect to see as signs and symptoms of hyperthyroidism? A) Accelerated growth B) Rapid pulse C) Increased plasma T4 levels D) All of the choices are correct.
D) all correct
89) Parathyroid hormone functions include ________. A) causing the kidneys to reabsorb calcium B) causing the dissolution of calcium phosphate from bones C) increasing blood calcium levels D) All of the choices are correct.
D) all correct
27) Proteins that must bind to a nuclear receptor protein that aids in its activation are called ________. A) homodimers B) corepressors C) orphan receptors D) coactivators
D) coavtivators
23) The process of steroid hormones binding to their nuclear receptors at half-sites on DNA to initiate transcription is called ________. A) synergism B) antagonism C) translocation D) dimerization
D) dimerization
16) Testosterone receptors would be ________ in response to anabolic steroid abuse. A) inhibited B) primed C) upregulated D) downregulated
D) downregulated
39) Cellular actions of insulin could be inhibited by ________. A) decreasing intracellular calmodulin B) stimulating protein kinase activity C) inhibiting translation D) inhibiting receptor phosphorylation
D) inhibiting receptor phosphorylation
95) Glucagon does NOT ________. A) raises blood glucose levels B) stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver C) promote lipolysis and ketogenesis D) promote the movement of glucose out of skeletal muscle cells
D) promote the movement of glucose out of skeletal muscle cells
26) Thyroid hormone receptors form a(n) ________ on their DNA half-sites. A) homodimer B) autodimer C) pseudodimer D) heterodimer
D) psuedodimer
96) What hormone(s) is\are released when blood glucose levels decrease? A) Insulin B) Glucagon C) Glucocorticoids D) Both glucagon and glucocorticoids are correct.
D)Both glucagon and glucocorticoids are correct.
21) Steroid hormone receptors may be found ________. A) in the cytoplasm B) in the nucleus C) on the cell surface D) Both in the cytoplasm and in the nucleus.
D)Both in the cytoplasm and in the nucleus
53) What is the function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)? A) Stimulates loss of water by the kidneys B) Causes large urine volume C) Causes a darkening of the skin D) Stimulates retention of water by the kidneys
D)Stimulates retention of water by the kidney
61) What is the precursor molecule for the three types of adrenal cortex hormones? A) Vitamin A B) Vitamin K C) Adenosine D) Cholesterol
D)cholesterol
67) Pheochromocytomas would stimulate hypersecretion of ________. A) aldosterone B) cortisol C) adrenocorticotropin D) epinephrine and norepinephrine
D)epinephrine and norepinephrine
99) Purported beneficial effects of melatonin include all of the following EXCEPT ________. A) limiting the effects of jet lag B) treating insomnia C) preventing oxidative damage to cells D) promoting weight loss
D)promoting weight loss
13) A chronically high hormone concentration often leads to an increased number of receptors on the target cell. true or false.
FALSE
2) Neurohormones refer to hormones secreted from the neurons that innervate endocrine glands. True or False.
FALSE
33) Inhibition of G-proteins would cause an increase in hormone-induced intracellular Ca2+ concentrations. True or false.
FALSE
7) Polypeptide and glycoprotein hormones can be taken orally. True or false
FALSE
93) Insulin and glucagon are considered antagonistic hormones because they compete for binding on their target cells. true or false.
FALSE
Human Physiology, 15e (Fox) Chapter 11 Endocrine Glands 1) Endocrine glands secrete their products into ducts. True or False.
FALSE
10) A cell is only able to respond to hormones if specific hormone receptors are present on the membrane or within the cell. true or false
TRUE
101) Progesterone secretion would be lessened if ovulation did not occur. true or false.
TRUE
15) Many polypeptide and glycoprotein hormones are secreted in discrete bursts called pulsatile secretions. true or false
TRUE
3) Some glands throughout the body have both endocrine and exocrine functions. True or false
TRUE
30) Inhibition of phosphodiesterase would potentially increase the effects of hormones that activate adenylate cyclase. true or false.
TRUE
4) A deficiency of cholesterol would impact the synthesis of hormones that can freely cross the plasma membrane. True or false.
TRUE
42) Inhibition of luteinizing hormone secretion would inhibit testosterone synthesis. true or false.
TRUE
5) Melatonin can pass through plasma membranes since it is derived from the nonpolar amino acid tryptophan. True or false.
TRUE
50) Higher brain centers can influence pituitary secretions, and therefore, target organ secretion. True or false.
TRUE
68) Hormones released from the adrenal medulla prolong and enhance the fight or flight response. true or false.
TRUE
76) A deficiency of dietary iodine would result in excessive TSH secretion. true or false.
TRUE
