Human Physiology Exam 2 Review

The major neurotransmitter(s)/neurohormone(s) of the autonomic nervous system is (are) are __________.

Acetylcholine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine

Microglia

Act as phagocytes, eating damaged cells and bacteria, act as the brains immune system

Graded Potential or Action Potential: Communicate over long distances

Action potential

Graded Potential or Action Potential: Large

Action potential

How does a neuron reach threshold?

Action potential

How will a sensory neuron convey information about a sensory signal that has increased in intensity?

Increasing the frequency of the action potentials delievered

A toxin that prevents the release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction would cause ________.

Flaccid paralysis of skeletal muscles

Which lobe of the brain is the primary motor cortex located in?

Frontal

Step 3 of Reflex Arc

Integration Center (CNS)

Spatial Summation

Integration by a postsynaptic neuron of inputs (EPSPs and IPSPs) from multiple sources.

With paralytic chemical agents or drugs, such as curare, what factor must be taken into consideration to keep the patient alive?

Interference at the neuromuscular junction can cause paralysis of the respiratory muscles.

The binding of acetylcholine to muscarinic receptors causes __________.

G protein activation

Basal Nuclei

Islands of gray matter buried within the white matter

Why is the CNS so heavily protected?

It is very delicate and it doesn't heal well

Graded potentials are repolarized by __ influx

K+

The specific neural pathways that transmit information pertaining to a specific sensory modality are called ________.

Labeled lines

Why do we have the blood brain barrier?

Limits access of blood-borne materials into brain tissue

In the Sympathetic Nervous System, the post-ganglionic neurons are

Long

In the Parasympathetic Nervous System, the pre-ganglion neurons are

Longer

CNS areas that are involved in the control of autonomic functions include the ________.

Medulla oblongata, hypothalmus, and pons

Depolarization

Membrane becomes less polarized than at resting potential

Hyperpolarization

Membrane becomes more polarized than at resting potential

Schawnn cells

Specialized cells that myelinate the fibers of neurons found in the peripheral nervous system.

Which of the following is true about stimulus coding?

Stimulus intensity can be coded by the frequency of action potentials and by the number of receptors activated.

The autonomic nervous system controls organs exclusively at what level?

Subconscious level

Temporal Summation

Summation by a postsynaptic cell of input (EPSPs or IPSPs) from a single source over time.

During strenuous exercise, which of the following is (are) likely to be more active?

Sympathetic and somatic nervous systems

Excitatory Synapses

Synapse at which a neurotransmitter causes the receiving cell to fire

Inhibitory Synapses

Synapse at which a neurotransmitter causes the receiving cell to stop firing

The third-order neurons in somatosensory pathways delivers information between which two structures?

Thalamus to somatosensory cortex

Thalamus

The brain's sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla

Pia Mater

The delicate innermost membrane enveloping the brain and spinal cord.

________ light from objects reaching the retina is perceived a. Emitted b. Reflected c. Refracted d. None of the listed responses is correct e. All of the listed responses are correct

e

Broca's Area

Governs speaking ability

Graded Potential or Action Potential: Both depolarizing and hyperpolarizing

Graded Potential

Graded Potential or Action Potential: Can sum

Graded potential

Graded Potential or Action Potential: Communicate over short distances

Graded potential

Graded Potential or Action Potential: Initiated by a stimulus

Graded potential

Graded Potential or Action Potential: Magnitude varies (graded)

Graded potential

Graded Potential or Action Potential: Small

Graded potential

Graded Potential or Action Potential: Small change in membrane potential

Graded potential

What determines whether or not an action potential will occur?

Graded potentials

A high-pitched sound is also a ________ sound.

High frequency

Inhibitory Graded Potential

Hyperpolarization

In the Sympathetic Nervous System, what hormone is released from pre-ganglionic neruons?

Acetylcholine (Ach)

Cerebellum

A large structure of the hindbrain that controls fine motor skills.

A motor unit consists of ________.

A motor neuron and all of the myofibers innervated by it

Hypothalamus

A neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward.

Relative Refractory Period

A period after firing when a neuron is returning to its normal polarized state and will fire again only if the incoming message is much stronger than usual

Temporal Lobe

A region of the cerebral cortex responsible for hearing and language.

Frontal Lobe

A region of the cerebral cortex that has specialized areas for movement, abstract thinking, planning, memory, and judgement

Parietal Lobe

A region of the cerebral cortex whose functions include processing information about touch.

Regarding vision, activation of the parasympathetic nervous system produces ________.

Accommodation

In the Parasympathetic Nervous System, what hormone is released from post-ganglionic neuron?

Acetylcholine (Ach)

In the Parasympathetic Nervous System, what hormone is released from pre-ganglionic neuron?

Acetylcholine (Ach)

What is the action potential of a suprathreshold stimulus?

-100 mV

What is the action potential of a threshold stimulus?

-100 mV

What is the measurement in mV in threshold?

100

Step 2 of Reflex Arc

Afferent Neuron

If you stimulate a sensory neuron for 2 seconds with a light touch, and then again for 10 seconds with the same intensity touch, what would you expect to observe from the sensory neuron?

An increase in the duration of the action potentials delievered

Synapses can occur between a neuron what else?

Another neuron, Effector organs (muscle or gland)

Polarization

Any state when the membrane potential is other than 0mV

What glial cells form the blood brain barrier?

Astrocytes

Where do the somatic nerves originate?

At the ventral horns of the spinal cord

In the CNS which part of the neuron is made of white matter?

Axons

Agonist

Bind to same receptor as neurotransmitter

Which type(s) of taste molecules (tastants) block potassium channels leading to depolarization of the cell?

Bitter

Antagonist

Block neurotransmitter's reponse

In the Parasympathetic Nervous System, fibers originate from where?

CNS

In the CNS which part of the neuron is made of gray matter?

Cell bodies Dendrites Axon Terminals

The lens focuses light on the photoreceptor cells by ________.

Changing shape: rounding up or flattening out

Where is cerebrospinal fluid produced?

Choroid plexuses

Wernicke's Area

Concerned with language comprehension

As you focus on the words in this question, you are primarily using your __________ to detect the text.

Cones

Brain Stem

Connects the brain and spinal cord

What type of voltage change in a skeletal muscle cell is produced by activation of nicotinic receptors?

Depolarization by a greater influx of Na+

Excitatory Graded Potential

Depolarizing

Step 5 of Reflex Arc

Effector Organ

Step 4 of Reflex Arc

Efferent Neuron

The somatic nervous system differs from the parasympathetic nervous system in that the somatic __________.

Efferent pathway consists of only a single motor neuron

Repolarization

Membrane returns to resting potential after having been depolarized

Arachnoid mater

Middle layer of the meninges

Threshold

Minimum depolarization necessary to induce the opening of sodium channels

A toxin that inhibits acetylcholinesterase at the neuromuscular junction would cause ________.

Muscle spasms and respiratory failure

Graded potentials are depolarized by ___ influx

Na+

Curare produces skeletal muscle paralysis because it is a(n) __________.

Nicotinic cholinergic antagonist

What is the action potential of a subthreshold stimulus?

None

In the Sympathetic Nervous System, what hormone is released from post-ganglionic neurons?

Norepinephrine

In the inner ear, a high-frequency sound is detected by hair cells nearer the ________ of the basilar membrane.

Oval window

Muscarinic receptors are located on ______

Parasympathetic target organs

Which lobe is the somatosensory cortex in?

Parietal

Ependymal Cells

Produce cerebrospinal fluid

Saltatory Conduction

Rapid transmission of a nerve impulse along an axon, resulting from the action potential jumping from one node of Ranvier to another, skipping the myelin-sheathed regions of membrane.

Limbic Assocation Cortex

Responsible for emotion, behavioral patterns, motivation, and learning

The ampulla of the semicircular canals detect ________ movements and ________ acceleration of the head.

Rotational; rotational

Step 1 of Reflex Arc

Sensory Receptor

In the Sympathetic Nervous System, the pre-ganglionic nerouns are

Short

If a person has a genetic disorder that caused him/her to not produce norepinephrine, which type of tissue would be affected the least?

Skeletal muscle

The effector tissue of the somatic motor nervous system is _______

Skeletal muscle

How is the adrenal medulla a modified part of the sympathetic nervous system?

The hormones of the adrenal medulla are the catecholamines, which also function as classical neurotransmitters in the autonomic nervous system.

Cerebral Cortex

The intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres; the body's ultimate control and information-processing center.

In the inner ear, the frequency of a sound is coded by ________.

The location of the activated hair cells along the cochlea basilar membrane

Absolute Refractory Period

The minimum length of time after an action potential during which another action potential cannot begin.

The blind spot of the eye is where ________.

The optic nerve exits the eye

If a somatic motor neuron generates an action potential, then ________.

The response is always excitatory

The perception of scalding hot water on the skin may involve which types of receptors?

Thermal nociceptors and cold receptors

Dura mater

Thick, outermost layer of the meninges surrounding and protecting the brain and spinal cord

In the Sympathetic Nervous System, fibers originate where?

Thoracic and lumbar regions of spinal cord

Why does the brain need a constant supply of oxygen and glucose?

To give the brain energy to function

Why does the brain need to tightly regulate the ions in the extracellular fluid?

To open and close the Na+ and Cl-

Which of the following is not one of the special senses? Touch Smell (olfaction) Vision Taste (gustation) Equilibrium

Touch

The conversion of stimulus energy into information that can be processed by the nervous system is called ________. Each sensory receptor has a(n) ________, a particular form of energy to which it is most responsive. The minimum stimulus level required to activate a receptor is called the ________

Transduction; Adequate stimulus; threshold

Oligodendrocytes

Type of glial cell in the CNS that wrap axons in a myelin sheath.

Astrocyte

Type of glial cell that transports water and salts from capillaries

In the Parasympathetic Nervous System, the post-ganglionic neurons are

Very short

Occiptal Lobe

Visual processing

In contrast to autonomic synapses, the synapses between neurons and skeletal muscle (neuromuscular junctions) ________. a. All of the listed responses are correct b. Are always excitatory c. Produce end-plate potentials that almost always bring the postsynaptic muscle cell to threshold d. Almost always produce muscle contractions when the synapse is active

a

In the autonomic nervous system, acetylcholine is released by ________. a. all autonomic preganglionic neurons and all postganglionic parasympathetic neurons b. only preganglionic sympathetic neurons and postganglionic parasympathetic neurons c. only preganglionic parasympathetic neurons and postganglionic parasympathetic neurons d. only postganglionic sympathetic neurons e. only postganglionic parasympathetic neurons

a

Put the following structures in the correct order, as visual information moves from the retina to the brain: a) optic chiasm b) visual cortex c) optic radiations d) ganglion cells e) optic nerve f) lateral geniculate body a. d, e, a, f, c, b b. d, e, f, a, c, b c. e, a, d, c, f, b d. d, e, f, c, b, a

a

What of the following is true about cones? a. None of the listed responses is correct b. They are most sensitive to light in the blue-green range. c. They can detect a single photon of light. d. They are easily saturated by photons.

a

Which of the following statements about the olfactory sense is true? a. All of the listed responses are correct. b. Several first-order olfactory neurons converge at a mitral cell. c. The current understanding of olfaction suggests that each olfactory receptor cell responds to only one odorant. d. The odor perceived is based on the pattern of activity produced by many olfactory receptor neurons.

a

Put the following structures involved in the neural pathway for sound in the correct order, starting from the inner ear: a. Cochlear nucleus b. Afferent neuron c. Hair cells d. Auditory cortex e. Medial geniculate body a. c, b, e, a, d b. c, b, a, e, d c. b, c, a, e, d d. c, b, a, d, e

b

What type of drug decreases heart rate? a. Nicotinic antagonist b. Muscarinic agonist c. Muscarinic antagonist d. Beta agonist

b

Which of the following is part of the autonomic reflex when someone stands up too quickly? a. An increase in blood pressure leads to increased sympathetic nervous system activity. b. A drop in blood pressure leads to increased parasympathetic nervous system activity c. A drop in blood pressure leads to increased sympathetic nervous system activity. d. An increase in blood pressure leads to increased parasympathetic nervous system activity.

c

Which of the following statements about the autonomic nervous system (ANS) is (are) true? a. The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems tend to have opposing effects. b. The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems function together to maintain homeostasis. c. Most of the functions of the autonomic nervous system are accomplished through visceral reflexes. d. All of the listed responses are correct

d

Which of the following structures are common to both the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous systems? a. Both have chain ganglia and collateral ganglia. b. Both have preganglion neurons and collateral ganglia. c. Both are comprised of a single neuron. d. Both are comprised of a preganglion and postganglion neuron.

d

Sensory receptors that are slowly adapting that respond for the duration of the stimulus are ________ receptors while those that rapidly adapt to a constant stimulus and then turn off are ________ receptors.

tonic; phasic