Human Physiology Exam 3

How many hormones are produced by the posterior pituitary? 1 0 2 6

0

Hormones can be Question options: peptides amines steroids phospholipids fatty acids.

??

A small molecule binds to a G protein, preventing its activation. What direct effect will this have on signaling that involves cAMP? The hormone will not be able to bind to the hormone receptor. Excessive quantities of cAMP will be produced. The phosphorylation cascade will be initiated. Adenylyl cyclase will not be activated.

Adenylyl cyclase will not be activated

The follicular phase of the ovarian cycle coincides with which phase or phases of the uterine cycle? Both the follicular phase and the secretory phase The secretory phase Both the menstrual phase and the secretory phase Both the menstrual phase and the proliferative phase Both the proliferative phase and the secretory phase

Both the menstrual phase and the proliferative phase

Which of the following is true for the endocrine systems? Question options: Target cells respond quickly and can end responses quickly Chemical signals are released and act locally Uses chemical and electrical signals Chemical signals travel within the bodily fluids (blood, lymph)

Chemical signals travel within the bodily fluids (blood, lymph)

Which of the following produces the calcium regulating hormone of the parathyroid gland? Colloid Parafollicular cells Follicular cells Chief cells

Chief cells

A male who has non-functional Sertoli cells will still develop spermatozoa. True False

False

Myxedema is a form of hyperthyroidism. True False

False

Sex hormones are stored within secretory vesicles. True False

False

The posterior pituitary produces and secretes Oxytocin and ADH. True False

False

The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is arranged so that it acts largely as a unit, whereas the components of the parasympathetic division generally act as discrete, independent components. True False

False

_____________ is produced by the ______________ cells of the ________________ and _______________ blood glucose Insulin ; alpha ; pancreas ; decreases Growth hormone ; somatotropic ; anterior pituitary ; decreases Glucagon ; beta ; pancreas ; increases Insulin ; beta ; pancreas ; increases Glucagon ; alpha ; pancreas ; increases

Glucagon ; alpha ; pancreas ; increases

It's final exam time and you're finding yourself extremely stressed out. If we examined your blood, which of the following would we be likely to find? Question options: Negative feedback to the adrenal cortex by adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Increased secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the hypothalamus Increased secretion of corticotropin from the hypothalamus Increased secretion of corticotropin from the anterior pituitary Decreased secretion of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) by the hypothalamus

Increased secretion of corticotropin from the anterior pituitary

Which is an example of long-loop negative feedback? Inhibition of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) release by insulin-like growth factor-1 Inhibition of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) release by growth hormone (GH) Inhibition of corticotropin-releasing hormone by adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Stimulation of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) release by thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) Stimulation of dopamine release by prolactin

Inhibition of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) release by insulin-like growth factor-1

Which of the following ions is required to make thyroid metabolic hormones? Iodine Calcium Potassium Sodium

Iodine

Which is an accurate description of the posterior pituitary and its functions? Question options: It is neural tissue and is stimulated to secrete oxytocin and vasopressin by hypophysiotropic hormones. It is glandular tissue and releases oxytocin and somatostatin when action potentials arrive along axons from the hypothalamus. It is neural tissue that secretes hypophysiotropic hormones that control the secretion of the anterior pituitary hormones. It is neural tissue, and vesicles containing oxytocin and vasopressin are transported to axon terminals there. It is glandular tissue and secretes vasopressin and prolactin.

It is neural tissue, and vesicles containing oxytocin and vasopressin are transported to axon terminals there.

Which of the following normally produces androgens? Endometrial cells Sertoli cells Leydig cells Theca cells Adrenal cortex cells

Leydig cells Theca cells Adrenal Cortex cells

Which of the following chemical signals is produced by a cell and results in the regulation of neighboring/adjacent cells Paracrine Endocrine Neuroendocrine Autocrine

Paracrine

What is a main difference between the modes of action of peptide hormones and steroid hormones? There are no differences; both act by binding to intracellular receptors. Peptide hormones act as second messengers, whereas steroid hormones bind to receptors in the cytosol. Peptide hormones bind to receptors on the cell surface, whereas steroid hormones act as second messengers. Peptide hormones bind to receptors on the cell surface, whereas steroid hormones bind to intracellular receptors. Peptide hormones bind to intracellular receptors, whereas steroid hormones bind to receptors on the cell surface.

Peptide hormones bind to receptors on the cell surface, whereas steroid hormones bind to intracellular receptors.

Which is a TRUE statement about events occurring in the menstrual cycle? The corpus luteum normally degenerates on day 14 of the cycle. Progesterone is low during the first half of the cycle, and rises to a peakduring the second half. Each peak in estrogen concentration is accompanied by an even greater peakin progesterone concentration. FSH reaches its highest concentration 3 days before menstruation begins. Ovulation occurs exactly in the middle of the follicular phase of thecycle.

Progesterone is low during the first half of the cycle, and rises to a peakduring the second half.

Which of the following statements regarding the vestibular system is TRUE? Deflection of the basilar membrane by fluid moving within the semicircular canals allows us to detect rotational movement of the head. Hair cells in the cochlea are involved in the detection of movement and position of the head. Receptors in the utricle and saccule detect changes in the position of the head with respect to gravity. The utricle and saccule are mainly responsible for detecting angular rotation of the head. The vestibular apparatus is principally involved in our ability to detect and interpret sound.

Receptors in the utricle and saccule detect changes in the position of the head with respect to gravity.

Which of the following is an example of hormonal stimulation? Question options: None of these listed provide an appropriate example Secretion of NE in response to sympathetic activation Secretion of ACTH in response to CRH from the hypothalamus Secretion of PTH in response to low blood calcium

Secretion of ACTH in response to CRH from the hypothalamus

Which of the following is an example of neural stimulation? Secretion of ACTH in response to CRH from the hypothalamus Secretion of PTH in response to low blood calcium None of these listed provide an appropriate example Secretion of NE in response to sympathetic activation

Secretion of NE in response to sympathetic activation

A patient goes to her doctor, complaining of fatigue, weight gain, and intolerance to cold. She also has a noticeable goiter in her neck. Which of the following is a most likely diagnosis and cause? She has hypothyroidism, possibly due to low iodine in her diet. She has hyperthyroidism, possibly due to Graves' disease. She has hypothyroidism, possibly due to destruction of thyrotrope cells of her anterior pituitary gland. She has hyperthyroidism, possibly due to a hypersecreting tumor of the anterior pituitary gland.

She has hypothyroidism, possible due to low iodine in her diet

Which is TRUE regarding the structure and synthesis of hormones? The hormones ofthe adrenal cortex have the same structure as the neurotransmitters ofadrenergic neurons. Vasopressin issynthesized in the posterior pituitary. Steroid hormonesare synthesized from cholesterol. Thyroid hormonesare catecholamines. Most peptidehormones require binding proteins for transport in the blood.

Steroid hormones are synthesized from cholesterol.

Which of the following is true for both the nervous and endocrine systems? Question options: Target cells must have a receptor for the specific chemical signal for the chemical signal to have an effect Chemical signals are released and act locally Chemical signals travel within the bodily fluids (blood, lymph) Uses chemical and electrical signals

Target cells must have a receptor for the specific chemical signal for the chemical signal to have an effect

Which of the following statements regarding hearing is TRUE? Sound is amplified as it is conducted from the oval window to the tympanic membrane. Low-pitched tones selectively cause vibration of the basilar membrane at a point closer to the oval window than high-pitched tones do. The loudness of a sound is conveyed by the frequency of action potentials generated in the cochlear nerve. The pitch of sounds is conveyed by the amplitude of the vibration of the oval window.

The loudness of a sound is conveyed by the frequency of action potentials generated in the cochlear nerve.

Which of the following statements regarding sensory systems is correct? Question options: Sensory information that leads to conscious awareness of the stimulus is called transduction. The term "adequate stimulus" means that a stimulus is strong enough to be detected. Some sensory receptors are modifications of the peripheral endings of efferent neurons. The term "sensory unit" refers to a group of receptors that receive a particular stimulus and the afferent neuron associated with those receptors. All sensory information that reaches the brain can be experienced as a conscious sensation.

The term "sensory unit" refers to a group of receptors that receive a particular stimulus and the afferent neuron associated with those receptors.

What term describes hormones that influence the secretion of other hormones? Mineralocorticoids Teratogen Allosteric Tropic Antagonistic

Tropic

Lipid soluble hormones bind to a receptor within the the cell to have an effect True False

True

Myxedema is a form of hypothyroidism. True False

True

Stimuli for the secretion of hormones include changes in plasma concentrations of ions, nutrients, and other hormones. True False

True

The concentration of a hormone in the blood can affect the number of receptors for that hormone on or in a target cell. True False

True

The primary function of thyrotropin is to stimulate secretion of thyroid hormones. True False

True

Thyroid hormones exert a permissive effect on the actions of epinephrine. True False

True

To see an object, for example a cat, and know that it is a cat that you have seen before, your brain receives and associates the visual input. Which brain areas are involved? Question options: Parietal lobe association area Auditory cortex Visual cortex Occipital lobe association area Somatosensory cortex

Visual cortex Occipital lobe association area

Deficiency of iodine in the diet results in __________ caused by __________. Question options: atrophy of the anterior pituitary gland; loss of negative feedback by thyroid hormones atrophy of the thyroid gland; decreased sensitivity of receptors for thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) a goiter;increased production of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and increased thyroid hormone levels atrophy of the thyroid gland; loss of negative feedback by thyroid hormones and increased thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels a goiter; loss of negative feedback by thyroid hormones and increased thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) levels

a goiter; loss ofnegative feedback by thyroid hormones and increased thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels

Which is most likely a result of hypersecretion of growth hormone? Decreased secretion of somatostatin Increased secretion of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) Decreased plasma concentration of IGF-I Dwarfism Acromegaly

acromegaly

A person struggling with a stressful exam question might experience difficulty focusing her eyes on the paper because activation of hersympathetic nerves causes sudden contraction of her ciliary muscles. activation of hersympathetic nerves inhibits contraction of her ciliary muscles. she suddenly develops presbyopia. activation of her parasympathetic nerves causes sudden contraction of her ciliary muscles. activation of herparasympathetic nerves inhibits contraction of her ciliary muscles.

activation of her sympathetic nerves inhibit contraction of her ciliary muscles

Iodide ions cross from the bloodstream into follicle cells via ________. active transport facilitated diffusion simple diffusion osmosis

active transport

The timing of puberty can be influenced by which of the following? genes stress amount of body fat all of the above

all of the above

Which would result from a vitamin D deficiency? Increased intestinal absorption of calcium An increase in bone mass An increase in parathyroid hormone levels Hypercalcemia

an increase in parathyroid hormone levels

Short-loop negative feedback occurs when hormones from the __________ inhibit hormone secretion by the __________. Question options: anterior pituitary; hypothalamus anterior pituitary; adrenal cortex adrenal cortex;hypothalamus hypothalamus;anterior pituitary adrenal cortex;anterior pituitary

anterior pituitary; hypothalamus

When do the oogonia undergo mitosis? before birth at puberty at the beginning of each menstrual cycle during fertilization

before birth

The androgen-binding protein functions to Question options: bind and maintain high concentrations of testosterone in the seminiferous tubules. confer responsiveness of certain cells to male sex hormones. transport testosterone across cell walls. exert negative feedback on the production of testosterone by the Leydig cells. transport androgens in the plasma.

bind and maintain high concentrations of testosterone in the seminiferous tubules.

You're studying long-term stress in foster children. One thing you find is that, among the children experiencing the most significant stress for the longest period of time is decreases in __________. Question options: blood glucose levels circulating cortisol levels adrenal gland function bone and muscle density

bone and muscle density

In __________ cells, invaginations of the external plasma membrane and proteins found there allow us to detect different colors of light. rod ganglion pigment epithelial bipolar cone

cone

From what structure does the corpus luteum originate? corpus albicans uterine corpus dominant follicle fallopian tube

dominant follicle

Which of the following is NOT stimulated by cortisol during stress? Glucose uptake into muscle cells Gluconeogenesis Decreased sensitivity to insulin Triglyceride catabolism in adipose cells Protein catabolism

glucose uptake into muscle cells

Which is TRUE about the maturation of ovarian follicles? Question options: Theca cells produce estrogen, which is converted to the androgens that stimulate follicle maturation. On day 1 of the cycle, growingfollicles have both FSH and LH receptors on granulosa cells. Granulosa cells produce androgens, which stimulates follicle maturation. Follicle maturation is stimulated when FSH binds to theca cells and LH binds to granulosa cells. Growing folliclesproduce estrogen, which further stimulates follicle maturation.

growing follicles produce estrogen, which further stimulates follicle maturation

Which of the following describes the stimulation of hormone secretion by changes in body fluid composition, such as ion concentration? Question options: Endocrine Neural Hormonal Humoral

humoral

Which of the following organs primarily regulates production of TSH by releasing a stimulatory hormone? Question options: Posterior pituitary Anterior pituitary Hypothalamus Thyroid gland

hypothalamus

Which of these physiological changes would not be considered part of the sympathetic fight-or-flight response? increased heart rate increased sweating dilated pupils increased stomach motility

increased stomach motility

Which would most directly decrease the production of aldosterone? Question options: Ingesting extra dietary vitamin D Increasing dietary cholesterol Injecting a drug that blocks the production of angiotensin II Going on a low-salt diet Reducing dietary tyrosine

injecting a drug that blocks the production of angiotensin II

Which of the following is NOT true of pituitary growth hormone? It is absent or deficient in pituitary dwarfs. It is necessary for fetal growth. It directly promotes protein anabolism in many cells. It causes differentiation of precursor cells that then respond to IGF-I by proliferating. Hypersecretion ofgrowth hormone in adults leads to acromegaly.

it is necessary for fetal growth

When examining an endocrine cell from a new species of mammal under the microscope you find that it contains an abundance of rough endoplasmic reticulum, a large Golgi apparatus, and secretory granules. Which of the following is most likely to be true about these cells? Question options: Its hormone product is synthesized from cholesterol. It secretes a peptide/protein hormone. It secretes its product by diffusion through the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane. It secretes by endocytosis. It secretes a hormone with a hydrophobic structure.

it secretes a peptide/protein hormone

The adrenal glands are attached superiorly to which organ? kidneys hypothalamus thyroid liver

kidneys

What central fiber tract connects forebrain and brain stem structures with the hypothalamus? Question options: cardiac accelerator nerve medial forebrain bundle dorsal longitudinal fasciculus corticospinal tract

medial forebrain bundle

A drug that affects both divisions of the autonomic system is going to bind to, or block, which type of neurotransmitter receptor? nicotinic β-adrenergic α-adrenergic muscarinic

nicotinic

Which of the following hormones is NOT usually secreted at higher levels in response to stress? Question options: Vasopressin Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Gonadotropins Beta-endorphin Aldosterone

not Beta-endorphin

The anterior pituitary gland develops from which embryonic layer? Question options: oral ectoderm endoderm mesoderm neural ectoderm

oral ectoderm

Which type of fiber could be considered the longest? preganglionic parasympathetic preganglionic sympathetic postganglionic parasympathetic postganglionic sympathetic

preganglionic parasympathetic

Esperanza is a 9-year-old girl who was prescribed a drug that increases the secretion of all hypothalamic hormones. Regarding reproduction, which of the following is TRUE of Esperanza? Question options: Puberty will begin. Development of testes will occur. None of these will occur. Puberty will be delayed. Maturation of ovaries will cease.

puberty will begin

Which of the following responses is not part of the fight-or-flight response? increased oxygen supply to the lungs pupil dilation suppressed digestion reduced mental activity

reduced mental activity

Axons from which neuron in the retina make up the optic nerve? Question options: amacrine cells photoreceptors bipolar cells retinal ganglion cells

retinal ganglion cells

On day 1 of the menstrual cycle, FSH levels will be __________. The follicle that will become dominant is in the __________ stage of maturation. Progesterone levels in blood are __________. falling;expanding; low falling; atretic;high rising; preantral to antral; high rising; preantral to antral; low rising;primordial; low

rising; preantral to antral; low

Leydig cells ________. secrete testosterone activate the sperm flagellum support spermatogenesis secrete seminal fluid

secrete testosterone

Spermatogenesis takes place in the ________. prostate gland glans penis seminiferous tubules ejaculatory duct

seminiferous tubules

Which submodality of taste is sensitive to the pH of saliva? Question options: umami sour bitter sweet

sour

When blood calcium levels are low, PTH stimulates ________. Question options: the activity of osteoclasts the activity of osteoblasts urinary excretion of calcium by the kidneys a reduction in calcium absorption from the intestines

the activity of osteoclasts

To synthesize thyroid hormones, iodine is attached to the amino acidtyrosine. acetyl coenzymeA. cholesterol. the amino acidphenylalanine. the amino acidtryptophan.

the amino acid tyrosine

You have discovered a novel hormone. Early experiments have shown that it is quite hydrophobic. Which of the following is likely to also be TRUE of these hormones? Question options: They usually have very rapid effects on target cells. They are generally polar molecules. Their mechanism of action generally involves altering protein synthesis. They are highlysoluble in blood plasma. They mostly bind to receptor proteins in the surface membrane of target cells.

their mechanism of action generally involves altering protein synthesis

The development of a goiter indicates that ________. there is an excessive accumulation of colloid in the thyroid follicles the anterior pituitary is abnormally enlarged there is hypertrophy of the thyroid's follicle cells the anterior pituitary is secreting excessive growth hormone

there is an excessive accumulation of colloid in the thyroid follicles

Which region of the adrenal gland produces hormones responsible for regulating mineral balance (such as sodium) Zona glomerulosa Zona fasciculata Zona reticularis Adrenal medulla

zona glomerulosa