Human Sexuality Unit 1

menopause

"change in life" menstruation ceases

Proliferative phase

(9-10 days) First phase Endometrium proliferates Follicles develop and prepare for ovulation HORMONES Estrogen levels prompt generation of new functional layer and increased synthesis of progesterone receptors in endometrium Glands enlarge and spiral arteries increase in number

vulvodynia

-A gynecological condition characterized by vulva pain, burning sensations, irritation, and soreness -Cause is unknown

Diethylstilbestrol (DES)

-An estrogen that was once given to women at risk for miscarriage to help maintain pregnancy -Suspected of causing cervical and testicular cancer in some children whose mothers used it when pregnant

ways to predict ovulation

-Basal body temperature (BBT) chart -Analyzing urine or saliva for luteinizing hormone -Tracking vaginal mucus -Tracking cervical position -Coitus in the male-superior position

Preterm and low-birthweight babies

-Born before 37 weeks of gestation -A weight of less than 5 pounds Respiratory distress syndrome -Cluster of breathing problems, responsible for many neonatal deaths

HIV/Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

-Destroys white blood cells in the immune system -Majority of babies born to infected mothers do not become infected themselves

Vaginal Hormonal contraceptives

-Devices that deliver hormones to the bloodstream, working much the same way as hormone pills -Nuva-ring is the most common brand name -Many of the same pros and cons as pills A few advantages over pills: Because hormone delivery is constant, rather than once a day, can work with a lower blood level of hormone, reducing side effects Ring remains in place for full month, no need to remember at a particular time or each day

epididymis

-During ejaculation the epididymis contracts, expelling sperm into the ductus deferens -Duct of the epididymis Microvilli absorb testicular fluid and pass nutrients to stored sperm -Nonmotile sperm enter, pass slowly through, and become motile

local anesthesia

-Eliminates pain in a specific area of the body -Decreases newborn's responsiveness -Little evidence that medicated childbirth has serious, long-term consequences

Male Orgasmic Disorder

-Increase sexual stimulation -Decrease performance anxiety

vaginismus

-Involuntary contraction of the muscle surrounding the vaginal barrel -Prevents penile penetration or makes it painful -Caused by psychological fear of penetration

androgens

-Male sex hormones -Without androgens all infants would develop female external reproductive organs -Presence results in the development of male external reproductive organs at about 8 weeks -Small amounts found in female fetuses

male infertility solutions

-Microsurgery -Artificial insemination --Introduction of sperm into the reproductive tract through means other than sexual intercourse

erection

-Parasympathetic reflex promotes release of nitric oxide (NO) -NO causes erectile tissue to fill with blood -Expansion of the corpora cavernosa -Compresses drainage veins and maintains engorgement -Corpus spongiosum keeps the urethra open

ductus deferens

-Passes through the inguinal canal Expands to form the ampulla and then joins the duct of the seminal vesicle to form the ejaculatory duct -Propels sperm from the epididymis to the urethra -Vasectomy: cutting and ligating the ductus deferens, which is a nearly 100% effective form of birth control

Female sexual arousal disorder

-Persistent difficulties becoming sufficiently lubricated in response to sexual stimulation -Can be lifelong or situational -May have physical causes -Usually has psychological causes, such as anger, resentment, or trauma

male erectile disorder

-Persistent difficulty achieving or maintaining an erection sufficient to complete sexual activity --Can be situational or generalized -May occur due to performance anxiety --Anxiety concerning one's ability to perform behaviors, especially behaviors that may be evaluated by other people -May have physical causes

Condom

-Prophylactic - agent that protects against disease -Regained popularity to prevent transmission of HIV/AIDS and STIs How they work -Prevents the passage of sperm and disease-carrying microorganisms How they are used -Rolled onto the entire penis once erection is achieved, leaving room at the tip of the penis for semen May be used with spermicide failure rate - 12%

Sex-linked genetic abnormalities

-Recessive trait is expressed if paired with other recessive genes -More likely to affect sons of female carriers

morning after pill

-Refers to many types of pills that contain high does of estrogen and progestin -They stop fertilization or prevent fertilized ovum from implanting in the uterus -Most effective when taken within 72 hours after ovulation -Nausea is a common side effect They are not recommended as a regular form of birth control

Sexual desire disorder treatments

-Self-stimulation exercises combined with erotic fantasies -Sensate focus exercises -Enhancing communication -Expanding repertoire of couple's sexual skills -Testosterone replacement therapy -Use of anti-anxiety medications Couples therapy

erectile disorder

-Sensate focus exercises are used to reduce performance anxiety -Biological approaches to treatment of erectile disorder -Surgery (i.e., vascular surgery or penile implants) -Medication (e.g., Viagra) -Vacuum pumps

Female sexual arousal disorder

-Sex education -Cognitive therapy -Create non-demanding situations -Work on relationship problems -Use of artificial lubricants -Biological treatments --Vacuum pump used on the clitoris --Medications also are being investigated

Syphilis

-Sexually transmitted disease caused by a bacterial infection -May cause miscarriage or stillbirth or be passed along to the child in the form of congenital syphilis

sexual aversion disorder

-Some find sex or genital contact disgusting or aversive -May be due to sexual frustration from failure or to sexual trauma

infertility of woman

-Term usually not applied until the failure has persisted for more than a year -Women over the age of 35 are advised to seek help after 6 months of trying -About 15% of American couples experience infertility.

General anesthesia

-The use of drugs to put people to sleep and eliminate pain -May prolong labor -They cross placental barrier and lower newborn's responsiveness

Surrogate motherhood

-Woman is impregnated through artificial insemination with the sperm of a prospective father -Carries the embryo and fetus to term -Gives the child to the prospective parents

Embryonic transfer

-Woman volunteer is artificially inseminated by the male partner of the intended mother -Embryo is removed and inserted within the uterus of the intended mother

lamaze method

-Women are taught to reduce pain by thinking of pleasant images or engaging in breathing and relaxation exercises -Women attend classes and have a "coach" to help them through the birthing process -Anesthetics can be used, if needed -Gives women a sense of control over delivery process

masters and johnson approach

-cognitive-behavioral therapy -A female-male therapy team uses direct behavioral approaches to treat the couple during a two-week residential program which includes -Sensate focus exercises --Exercises in which sex partners take turns giving and receiving pleasurable stimulation in nongenital areas

Cesarean section

-increases rate of pregnancy-related death 4x -about 29% are c-section -can deliver babies subsequent vaginally

testosterone

-is the male sex hormone that fosters the development of male sex characteristics and is connected with the sex drive -Testosterone causes cells in hypothalamus to become insensitive to estrogen -Presence results in the development of male external reproductive organs at about 8 weeks -Absence in female fetuses prompts development of female sexual organs --Female sex hormones are crucial in puberty, not for sex differentiation

The helen Singer Kaplan Approach

-psychosexual therapy --Combines behavioral and psychoanalytic methods --Improve sexual communication --Eliminate performance anxiety --Increase sexual skills and knowledge

Hypothalamus

-regulates menstrual cycle Brain structure that regulates body temperature, motivation, emotion, and hormone production Releases gonadotropin releasing hormone (Gn-RH) which stimulates the pituitary to release gonadotropins Pituitary hormones that stimulate the gonads

sperm body

1. Head: genetic region; nucleus and helmetlike acrosome containing hydrolytic enzymes that enable the sperm to penetrate an egg 2. Midpiece: metabolic region; mitochondria 3. Tail: locomotor region; flagellum

3 layers of uterus

1. endometrium- inner most 2. myometrium- muscular second layer 3. perimetrium- external cover

Condom

18th century term for penile sheath

according to epidemiological studies, approximately ___ men have experienced at least one sexual dysfunction

20%-30%

if we date pregnancy from the onset of the last menstrual cycle before conception, the normal gestation period is __

280 days

Changes in endometrium in response to ovarian hormones

3 phases: Days 1-5: menstrual phase Days 6-14: proliferative (preovulatory) phase Days 15-28: secretory (postovulatory) phase (constant 14-day length)

Breastfeeding

3/5 woman in US breast feed -recommended women breastfeed for a year or more -- reduces general risk of infections and allergies

men have erections every ___ minutes or so while they sleep

90 min

combination pill

A birth-control pill that contains synthetic estrogen and progesterone

minipill

A birth-control pill that contains synthetic progesterone but no estrogen Progestin thickens cervical mucus and makes the inner lining of uterus less receptive It usually does not prevent ovulation

sex therapy

A collective term for short-term behavioral models for treatment of sexual dysfunctions, which aim to -Change self-defeating beliefs and attitudes -Enhance sexual knowledge -Teach sexual skills -Improve sexual communication Reduce performance anxiety

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD)

A diagnosis used by the American Psychiatric Association to describe cases of PMS that are characterized by severe changes in mood and impaired functioning at work or school or in social relationships

Postpartum period

A non-nursing mother does not resume menstruation until 2 to 3 months postpartum Nursing mothers may have a much longer period without menstruation Ovulation typically precedes menstruation Resumption of Sexual Activity Obstetricians usually advise a 6-week waiting period

Prolactin

A pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production

mothers in ___ are most likely to die in childbirth

Afghanistan

Spermicides

Agents that kill sperm -Come in film, foam, and suppository forms How they are used -Should be used no more than 60 minutes before coitus How they work -They coat cervical opening, blocking and killing sperm Effectiveness -The first-year failure rate is 21% when used alone

Peyronies disease

An abnormal condition characterized by an excessive curvature of the penis that can make erections painful Caused by buildup of fibrous tissue in the penile shaft Most cases require medical attention

Dilation and curettage (D&C)

An operation in which the cervix is dilated and uterine contents are then gently scraped away Performed between 8 and 20 weeks Risks include hemorrhaging, infection, & perforation

Rh incompatibility

Antibodies produced by a pregnant woman are transmitted to the fetus and may cause brain damage or death

History of abortion

Attitudes towards abortion have varied across cultures and eras Legal in U.S. from 1607 to 1828 Became illegal in 1900 In part due to a national desire to increase the population and medical concerns over protecting women Roe v. Wade (1973) Supreme Court legalized abortion nationwide Right to abortion protected under Constitutional right to privacy Since then many states have enacted own laws on parental consent for minors seeking an abortion

root

Base of the penis, which extends into the pelvis

Shaft

Body of the penis, which expands as a result of vasocongestion

Fertility awareness methods

Calendar method Prediction of ovulation by tracking menstrual cycles Assumes ovulation occurs 14 days prior to menstruation Basal body temperature (BBT) method Relies on prediction of ovulation by tracking woman's temperature Cervical mucus (ovulation) method Relies on prediction of ovulation by tracking viscosity of the cervical mucus to determine peak days when ovulation is likely Ovulation-prediction kits Can be effective when used correctly Are expensive and require that a woman's urine be tested daily First-year failure rate is about 20%

follicle

Capsule within an ovary that contains an ovum

Klinefelter syndrome

Caused by an extra X chromosome (XXY) in a male Fail to develop appropriate secondary sex characteristics May be mildly retarded

Turner Syndrome

Caused by only one X chromosome (XO) in a female -At risk for medical complications -Spatial and math difficulties -Infertility

vestibular bulbs

Cavernous structures extending downward along sides of introitus

Mesoderm

Central layer of the embryo from which the bones and muscles develop

Dilation and evacuation (D&E)

Combines suction and the D&C procedure Used most commonly in the second trimester Complications similar to those of D&C

vasectomy

Completed in 15-20 minutes under local anesthesia Sperm are prevented from reaching the urethra by cutting each vas deferens and tying it back or cauterizing it Is relatively free of side effects and is nearly 100% effective Reversal (vasovasotomy) is not always successful

hypogonadism

Condition characterized by abnormally low levels of testosterone production, results in a loss of sexual interest and a reduction in sexual activity

Biopsychosocial

Considering interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors in sexual dysfunctions

If fertilization does not occur

Corpus luteum degenerates Progesterone levels fall Spiral arteries kink and spasm Endometrial cells begin to die Spiral arteries constrict again, then relax and open wide Rush of blood fragments weakened capillary beds and the functional layer sloughs

Hormonal interactions during ovarian cycle

Day 1: GnRH release of FSH and LH FSH and LH growth of several follicles, and estrogen release estrogen levels Inhibit the release of FSH and LH Stimulate synthesis and storage of FSH and LH Enhance further estrogen output Estrogen output by the vesicular follicle increases High estrogen levels have a positive feedback effect on the pituitary at midcycle Sudden LH surge at day 14 Effects of LH surge Completion of meiosis I (secondary oocyte continues on to metaphase II) Triggers ovulation Transforms ruptured follicle into corpus luteum Functions of corpus luteum Produces inhibin, progesterone, and estrogen These hormones inhibit FSH and LH release Declining LH and FSH ends luteal activity and inhibits follicle development

Kaplans 3 stages of sexual response

Desire Excitement Orgasm The stages are independent and their sequence is variable This model is notable for identifying desire as a separate phase of sexual response Useful for identifying and treating sexual dysfunctions

disadvantages to oral contraceptives

Does not protect against sexually transmitted infections May reduce the effectiveness of antibiotics Requires medical consultation May not be an option for women with certain preexisting conditions Is associated with some, usually temporary, side effects

Aphrodisiacs

Drugs or other agents that are sexually arousing or that increase sexual desire -Foods resembling male genitals -Drugs that affect blood flow or affect the brain's receptors for -dopamine -Testosterone -Good nutrition and exercise Novelty

cervical cap

Effectiveness Failure rate in typical use ranges from 18 to 36%

Blastocyst

Embryo is a sphere of cells surrounding a cavity of fluid Embryonic disk is a platelike inner part of the blastocyst Differentiates into the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm of the embryo Trophoblast is the outer part of the blastocyst Develops into the amniotic sac, placenta, and umbilical cord develop

Prostate

Encircles part of the urethra inferior to the bladder Secretes milky, slightly acid fluid: Contains citrate, enzymes, and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) Plays a role in the activation of sperm Enters the prostatic urethra during ejaculation

Benign prostate hyperplasia

Enlargement of the prostate gland due to hormonal changes associated with aging Symptoms include frequent and urgent urination, and difficulty starting the flow of urine

Testosterone causes Wolffian ducts to differentiate to form:

Epididymis, vas deferens, and seminal vesicle

Priapism

Erections that persist for hours or days Causes include leukemia, sickle cell anemia, or diseases of the spinal cord Can be dangerous due to loss of oxygen to penile tissues

Female sex hormones

Estrogen and progesterone activate changes that occur during puberty and regulate the menstrual cycle, but do not seem to influence sexual motivation or response in human females -Women who have ovariectomies (surgical removal of the ovaries) continue to be sexually active -Androgens appear to have more of an effect on both men's and women's sexual response

When the hypothalamus senses a low level of estrogen in the blood in increases secretion of Gn-RH which in turn triggers the pituitary gland to release

FSH

effectiveness of birth control pills

Failure rate with perfect use is 0.5% or less Failure rate with typical use is 3% May temporarily reduce fertility after use is discontinued but is not associated with permanent infertility 90% of women begin ovulating regularly within 3 months

tubal sterilization (tubal ligation)

Fallopian tubes are surgically blocked to prevent sperm meeting ova Done under general anesthesia Most common method Does not disrupt sex drive or sexual response or induce premature menopause Highly effective form of contraception, but less effective than male sterilization (failure rate is about 0.4%) Should be considered irreversible Some women experience medical difficulties

Tay-Sachs disease

Fatal neurological disease

The Comstock Law (1873)

Federal law that prohibited the dissemination of birth-control information through the mail, on the grounds that it was obscene In 1918, the courts ruled that physicians must be allowed to disseminate information that might aid in the cure and prevention of disease In 1960, "the pill" finally was sold in the U.S. In 1965, the U.S. Supreme Court struck down the remaining law against contraception. Yet certain groups remain opposed to the use of artificial contraception.

Estrogen

Female sex hormones that promote the development of female sex characteristics and regulate the menstrual cycle

Ectopic pregnancy

Fertilized ovum becomes implanted someplace other than the uterus

Hysterotomy

Fetus is removed by cesarean section Performed in the late second trimester Performed very rarely

emission phase

First phase of ejaculation, which involves contractions of the prostate gland, seminal vesicles, and the upper part of the vas deferens (the ampulla) Fluid is propelled into the urethral tract

Geminal stage

First two weeks of pregnancy Period before implantation in the uterus Also called the period of the ovum

Withdrawal method

First-year failure rate is about 20% Sperm can be in pre-ejaculatory fluid Considered an unreliable contraceptive method

Ovulatory phase

Follicle ruptures and releases a mature ovum 2.

The Menstrual Phase (5 days)

Fourth phase If the ovum is not fertilized, estrogen and progesterone levels decline and the endometrium is removed from the body during menstruation Low estrogen levels result in the release of FSH, which starts the process of another proliferative phase HORMONES Ovarian hormones are at their lowest levels Gonadotropins are beginning to rise Stratum functionalis is shed and the menstrual flow occurs

How many kinds of orgasms do women have?

Freud -Clitoral orgasm -Vaginal orgasm Masters & Johnson -Only one type of orgasm Singers -Vulval orgasm -Uterine orgasm -Blended orgasm NO CONSENSUS YET

Uterus

Fundus- uppermost part body- central part cervix- lower part

reasons for abortion

Genetic problems with the fetus Psychological factors External circumstances (e.g., rape) Desire to reduce disadvantage for self and child -Physical -Economic -Social

pituitary gland

Gland that secretes growth hormone, prolactin (stimulates milk production), oxytocin (stimulates uterine contractions in labor and the ejection of milk during nursing), and gonadotropins (stimulate the ovaries) Gonadotropins Follicle-simulating hormone (FSH) (stimulates development of follicles in the ovaries) Luteinizing hormone (LH) (helps regulate the menstrual cycle by triggering ovulation)

Labia Minora

Hairless, light colored membranes located between the labia majora

scrotum

Hangs outside the abdominopelvic cavity Contains paired testes, suspended by spermatic cord 3C (5-6 F) lower than core body temperature

Glans Penis

Highly sensitive tip

injectable contraceptives

Hormones that are injected monthly (Lunelle) or every 3 months (Depo-Provera) Works like the pill Highly effective Side effects similar to those of the pill

which of the following birth control has the most side effects

IUD

Abortion drugs

Induces early abortion by blocking effects of progesterone Can only be used within 49 days of the beginning of the woman's last menstrual period

endoderm

Inner layer of the embryo from which the lungs and digestive system will develop

The __ reports interviewed 5300 males and 5940 females between 1938 and 1949

Kinsey

Labia Majora

Large folds of skin that run downward from the mons along the sides of the vulva Shields inner genitalia

embryonic stage

Lasts from implantation through the eighth week Differentiation of the major organ systems occurs Development of the embryo follows two trends

Toxemia

Life-threatening condition characterized by high blood pressure

Foreskin (or prepuce)

Loose skin that covers the penile glans

male fertility problems

Low sperm count Irregularly shaped sperm Low sperm motility (self-propulsion) Chronic diseases (diabetes, infectious diseases) Injury to the testes Autoimmune response (antibodies deactivate sperm) Pituitary imbalance and/or thyroid disease

orgasmic phase

MALE orgasms consist of two stages of muscular contractions -1st stage - contractions push seminal fluid into urethral bulb -2nd stage - ejaculation FEMALE orgasms manifest as 3 to 15 contractions of the pelvic muscles surrounding vaginal barrel Spacing of contractions more variable in women than in men Uterus and anal sphincter contract rhythmically In both men and women, muscle spasms occur throughout the body and blood pressure and heart rate peak Orgasm is a subjective experience

Male sex hormones

Male hormones influence sex drive & response Men who are surgically or chemically castrated typically show a gradual decline in sexual desire

sexual response cycle

Masters and Johnson's model of sexual response consists of four phases: Excitement phase Plateau phase Orgasmic phase Resolution phase

mammary glands

Milk-secreting glands Areola - dark ring on the breast that encircles the nipple

semen

Mixture of sperm (~1% of semen) and accessory gland secretions Contains nutrients (fructose), protects and activates sperm, and facilitates their movement Prostaglandins in semen Decrease the viscosity of mucus in the cervix Stimulate reverse peristalsis in female Only 3-5 ml of semen are ejaculated, containing 200-400 million sperm/ml

Sickle-cell anemia

More common among certain racial and ethnic groups Causes sickle-shaped red blood cells that can form clumps

Oral contraceptives

Most popular birth-control method among single women of reproductive age

advantages to oral contraceptives

Nearly 100% effective with proper use Does not interfere with spontaneity or sensations Is associated with some healthful side effects

symptoms from loss of estrogen

Night sweats and hot flashes Headaches Decreased vaginal lubrication during sexual arousal Osteoporosis A decline in bone density Bones become porous and brittle

smell

Odors can be sexually attractive or off-putting Play a role in selection of sex partners (??) Vomeronasal organ in humans

Placenta

Organ connected to fetus by umbilical cord Relay station between mother and embryo/or fetus allowing the exchange of nutrients and wastes Secretes hormones that preserve pregnancy -stimulate uterine contractions that -induce childbirth -help prepare breasts for breastfeeding

ectoderm

Outermost cell layer of the embryo from which skin and nervous system develop

Anoxia

Oxygen deprivation can result in: Can result in brain damage and mental retardation If prolonged, can result in cerebral palsy and death Occurs due to constriction of the umbilical cord

guidelines for research with human subjects

Participants must not be exposed to harm IRB approval and continuing review Confidentiality must be maintained HIPPA, de-indentified data Participants must give informed consent Deception must be avoided if at all possible

Bulbourethral glands (cowpers glands)

Pea-sized glands inferior to the prostate Prior to ejaculation, produce thick, clear mucus Lubricates the glans penis Neutralizes traces of acidic urine in the urethra

postpartum depression

Persistent and severe mood changes during the postpartum period, involving feelings of despair and apathy and characterized by changes in appetite and sleep, low self-esteem, and difficulty concentrating May result from interaction of biological and psychological factors Affects 1 in 5 to 10 women Begins 4 weeks post delivery and may linger for weeks or months

Dyspareunia

Persistent or recurrent pain during sexual intercourse which is commonly caused by lack of lubrication in women and genital infections in men Psychological factors such as guilt or anxiety could contribute to pain

Oxytocin

Pituitary hormone that stimulates uterine contractions

dysmenorrhea

Primary dysmenorrhea -occurs in the absence of known organic problems secondary dysmenorrhea -caused by identified organic problems (endometriosis, PID, ovarian cysts)

seminal vesicles

Produces viscous alkaline seminal fluid Fructose, ascorbic acid, coagulating enzyme (vesiculase), and prostaglandins 70% of the volume of semen Duct of seminal vesicle joins the ductus deferens to form the ejaculatory duct

Lactation

Production of milk by the mammary glands

effects of estrogens

Promote oogenesis and follicle growth in the ovary Exert anabolic effects on the female reproductive tract Support the rapid but short-lived growth spurt at puberty

induced abortion

Purposeful termination of a pregnancy before the embryo or fetus is capable of sustaining independent life The great majority occur during the first trimester, when it is safest and least costly About 43% of women in the U.S. have an abortion at some time Most are single Half are already mothers 75% are younger than 30

Lochia

Reddish vaginal discharge that may persist for a month after delivery

Menstruation

Regulated by estrogen and progesterone Averages about 28 days but variations are common Can be influenced by psychological factors

vacuum aspiration

Removal of the uterine contents via suction Used early in pregnancy Safest and most common method (over 90% of abortions) Complications are rare

Cancer of the prostate

Second most common form of cancer among men Second leading cause of cancer deaths in men Survival rate has improved to 80%

Bartholin's glands

Secrete fluid just prior to orgasm

Diaphragm

Shallow rubber cup or dome fitted to the contour of a woman's vagina that is coated with spermicide and inserted prior to coitus Effectiveness Failure rate is about 6% with proper use and 18% with typical use Advantages Does not alter hormone production or reproductive cycle; absence of side effects Disadvantages High failure rate; loss of spontaneity; potential for infections due to irritation

second stage of childbirth

Shorter than first stage Begins when cervix is fully dilated and baby begins to move into the vagina Episiotomy may be performed Surgical incision in the perineum that widens the birth canal, preventing random tearing during childbirth Ends with birth of baby

___ conducted a case study of leonardo da vinci

Sigmund Freud

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection

Single sperm is injected directly into an ovum

Perineum

Skin and tissue that lie between vaginal opening and anus Contains many nerve endings and is very sensitive Episiotomy is a surgical incision that may be made here during childbirth to protect the vagina from tearing.

intrauterine devices (IUDs)

Small object that is inserted into the uterus and left in place to prevent contraception -How they work --Effect sperm, making them unable to fertilize eggs --Object may irritate uterine lining, resulting in the prevention of fertilization and/or implantation --Some IUDs use hormones Effectiveness Failure rate ranges from about 0.8% to 2%. Women need to check string attached to device to make sure that it is in proper place Reversibility Device is removed readily 9 of 10 women trying become pregnant within 1 year Advantages Highly effective; does not diminish spontaneity or sensations; once in place, woman only needs to check that it remains in place Disadvantages Insertion can be painful; side effects include excessive menstrual cramping, irregular bleeding, and heavier than usual menstrual bleeding; may increase the risk of pelvic inflammatory disease Risk of miscarriage, birth defects, if there is a failure

braxton-hicks contractions

So-called false labor contractions that are relatively painless

spermatogenesis

Spermatic cells give rise to sperm -Mitosis --Spermatogonia form spermatocytes -Meiosis --Spermatocytes form spermatids -Spermiogenesis --Spermatids become sperm

corpus spongiosum

Spongy body that runs along the bottom of the penis Contains the penile urethra Enlarges at the tip of the penis to form the glans

progesterone

Steroid hormone that stimulates development of the endometrium and regulates menstruation

Limbic system

Structures active in memory, motivation, and emotion Hypothalamus - regulates body temperature, drives, hormones, and emotion

Inducing labor by intra-amniotic infusion

Substance is injected into amniotic sac to induce premature labor and delivery Used in the second trimester when fetal development is so progressed that other methods cannot be used Accounts for only a small number of abortions

anaphrodisiacs

Substances that inhibit or destroy sexual arousal and response Tranquilizers and barbiturates, which depress the central nervous system Drugs for hypertension Some antidepressants Nicotine Antiandrogen drugs, substances that decrease the level of androgens in the bloodstream

Sterilization

Surgical procedures that render people incapable of reproduction without affecting sexual activity Most common method of birth control among couples in committed relationships age 30 and above

Hormone replacement theory (HRT)

Synthetic replacement of estrogen and/or progesterone Reduce symptoms of menopause Research findings are mixed May increase risk of cancer, stroke, blood clots May reduce or increase risk of heart disease Fewer women on HRT Other methods to relieve symptoms

descent of testes and ovaries

Testes and ovaries develop from structures in the abdominal cavity. --The ovaries complete their descent after the prenatal period --Testes descend via inguinal canal Cryptorchidism The condition defined by testes that fail to descend

excitement phase

The first phase of the sexual response cycle and is characterized by: -Erections in men -Vaginal lubrication and genital swelling in women -Muscle tension and increases in heart rate in both females and males -Sex flush is a reddish rash that may appear on the chest or breasts late in the excitement phase

resolution phase

The fourth phase of the sexual response cycle, during which the body gradually returns to its pre-aroused state -refractory period- Period of time following an orgasm during which an individual is no longer responsive to sexual stimulation Men experience in varying degrees

Psychological Consequences of Abortion

The great majority of women are psychologically well-adjusted a couple years after having an abortion The earlier the abortion, the less stressful it tends to be Women with greater support from their partners or parents tend to show more positive emotional reactions Women who have a difficult time making the decision, blame the pregnancy on their character, and who have less social support experience more distress

The supreme court struck down a nebraska statute (stenberg v carhart) that banned partial-birth abortion because

The law did not make an exception when the procedure was necessary to protect the mothers health

When does life begin

The moral concerns about abortion hinge on question of when human life begins Religion offers no absolute answer St. Thomas Aquinas (13th century) said a male fetus acquires a human soul at 40 days, a female fetus after 80 days Science offers no absolute answer Brain activity

cerebral cortex

The part of the brain that is active when people engage in sexual thoughts, images, wishes, and fantasies Transmits messages through spinal cord Provides sense of conscious sense of self Makes judgments about sexual behavior

Sexual differentiation

The process by which males and females develop distinct reproductive anatomy

Crura (penis)

The proximal end surrounded by ischiocavernosus muscle; anchors penis to the pubic arch

Amniotic sac

The sac containing the embryo/fetus Amniotic fluid- Suspends and protects the embryo/fetus

plateau phase

The second phase of the sexual response cycle and is characterized by: -Increases in vasocongestion, muscle tension, heart rate, and blood pressure -Orgasmic platform, which is the thickening of the walls of the outer third of the vagina, due to vasocongestion -Sex skin, which is the reddening of the labia minora -Rapid breathing and heart rate, blood pressure increases

expulsion stage

The second stage of ejaculation, during which muscles at the base of the penis and elsewhere contract, forcing out semen and providing pleasure

Embryo

The stage of prenatal development that begins with implantation of a fertilized ovum in the uterus and concludes with development of the major organ systems at about two months after fertilization After seven weeks of prenatal development, the genetic code (XX or XY) results in changes in the gonads, genital ducts, and external genitalia. Ovaries begin to develop at 11 or 12 weeks.

contraceptive patch

Thin square, 2x2 inches Placed on abdomen, buttocks, upper arm, or upper torso Releases hormones into bloodstream Replaced weekly As effective as the pill Similar side effects and potential hazards as the pill

The Secretory (luteal) Phase (14 days)

Third phase Due to the influence of LH, the corpus luteum, the follicle that has released an ovum, secretes large amounts of progesterone and estrogen Hormones signal the secretion of nutrients to sustain an implanted ovum

squeeze technique

Tip of the penis is squeezed temporarily to prevent ejaculation

Secondary sex characteristics

Traits that distinguish women from men Are not directly involved in reproduction

calculating delivery date by Nagele's rule

Use date of first day of the last menstrual period Add 7 days Subtract 3 months Add 1 year

Down syndrome

Usually caused by an extra chromosome on the 21st pair Obvious physical characteristics Risk increases with maternal age

First stage of childbirth

Uterine contractions efface and dilate the cervix 4 inches (10 cm) Transition Process during which the cervix becomes nearly fully dilated and the head of the fetus begins to move into the birth canal May last from a couple of hours to more than a day during a first pregnancy and is usually shorter in subsequent birt

Prostaglandins

Uterine hormones that stimulate uterine contractions

rubella

Viral infection that can cause mental retardation and heart disease in an embryo

selection factor

a bias that may operate in research when people are allowed to determine whether or not they will recieve treatment

The effects of spanish fly are due to ___in the urinary tract

a burning sensation

case study

a carefully drawn, in depth biography of an individual or small group of individuals that may be obtained through interviews, questionnaires, and historical records

population

a complete group of organisms in a group

independent variable

a condition in a study that is manipulated so that its effects may be observes

Oedipus complex

a conflict of the phallic stage in which the boy wishes to possess his mother sexually and perceive his father as a rival in love

survey

a detailed study of a sample obtained by means such as interviews and questionnaires

androgen-insensitivity syndrome

a form of intersexualism in which a genetic male is prenatally insensitive to androgens such that his genitals are not normally masculanized

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia

a form of intersexulaism in which a genetic female has internal female sexual structures but masculinized external genitalia features

Dihydrotestosterone (DHT)

a hormone very similar to testerone, causes development of male external genitalia

incidence

a measure of the occurrence of an event

naturalistic observation

a method in which organisms are observed in their natural behavior

ethnographic observation

a method of research that deals descriptively with specific cultures, especially preliterate societies

participant observation

a method which observers interact with the people they study and collect data from

mons veneris

a mound of fatty tissue that covers the joint of the pubic bones in front of the body

hermaphrodite

a person who possesses both ovarian and testicular tissue

intersexual

a person who possesses the gonads of one anatomic sex but external genetalia that are ambiguous or typical of the other anatomic sex. also termed pseudohermaphrodite

stratified random sample

a random sample in which known subgroups in a population are represented in proportion to their numbers in the population

social desirability

a response bias to a questionnaire or interview in which the person provides a socially acceptable response

Random sample

a sample in which every member of a population has an equal chance of participating

correlation coefficient

a statistic that expresses the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables

Vaginal plethysmograph

a tampon like probe

Margaret Sanger

advocare for birth control Margaret Sanger established the National Birth Control League in 1914

Crura

anatomical structures resembling legs that attach the clitoris to the pubic bone

congenital adrenal hyperplasia is caused by excessive levels of

androgens

vulva

another term for the external sexual structures of the female

Prenatal hormones

are known to play a role in sexual differentiation of genitalia and brain structures Role in patterning sexual behavior in adulthood remains unknown

Pheromones

are odorless chemicals detected by the nose Contributes to menstrual synchrony in women (??) Study controversies

research shows that following sex reassignment, most male to female transsexuals

are orgasmic during sexual intercourse

Maternal depression

baby blues Last for about ten days and do not impair functioning Statistically normal

Hot flashes and flushes stem largely from waves of dilation of the __

blood vessels

alcohol is known to have ___

both stimulating and depressing effects

the breech presentation is

bottom or feet first

cells in the __ cortex transmit messages when we experience sexual thoughts and fantasies

cerebral

HPV Is connected to ___

cervical cancer

gender roles

complex clusters of behavioral expectations for males and females

Schema

concept; way of interpreting experience or processing info

demographic

concerning the vital statistics (race, gender, age, religion) of human populations

Inference

conclusion or opinion

the most common form of female intersexualism is

congenital adrenal hyperplasia

vasocongestion

congestion from the flow of blood

according to kholberg, gender __ develops last

constancy

experimenters randomly assign subjects to experimental or ___ groups

control

both males and females have ___

corpora cavernosa

day 26-28: hormonal interactions during ovarian cycle

corpus luteum degenerats and ovarian hormones levels drop sharply -ends the blockade of FSH and LH -the cycle starts anew

Corpora cavernosa

cylinders of spongy tissue in the penis that become congested with blood and stiffen

Government studies of the sexual expierence of singel teenagers in the united states have found that the self reported incidence of sexual intercouse

decreased from 1988 to 2010

autogynephilic

descriptive of transgendered men who are sexually stimulated by fantasies that their own bodies are females

orgasmic disorders

difficulty reaching orgasm or orgasms more rapidly than one would like

Lightening

during childbirth, baby's head drops into the pelvis usually early in the 9th month

which of the following is most likely to have biological causes

dyspareunia

Cialis is used to treat

erectile disorder

confidentiality

ethics requires that sex researchers do not reveal the identities and behaviors of participants in researc h

accourding to masters and johnson, erection and lubrication occur during the __ phase of the sexual response cycle

excitement

Homosexual transgendered men

extremely feminine gay males who seek gender reassignment

sexual arousal disorder

failure to become adequately sexually aroused to engage in or sustain sexual intercourse

sex therapists are more likely to recommend masturbation as a treatment for

female orgasmic disorder

rhythm methods rely on

fertility awareness

an underdeveloped upper jaw is a characteristic of __

fetal alcohol syndrome

proximodistal

from the central axis of the body outward

cephalocaudal

from the head downward

transgendered people are most likely to have a

gender dysphoria

Ethics review committees (IRB)

help researchers weigh the potential harm of proposed studies in light of ethical issues

The concept of a third gender challenges

heteronormativity

neural tube

hollow area in the blastocyst from which the nervous system will develop

when the rear part of a male rats ___ is stimulated by electricity, the animal runs through its sexual routine mechanically

hypothalamus

research with african and thai prostitutes shows the nonoxynol-9 ___ the chances of being infected with HIV

increases

Prostatitis

inflammation of the prostate gland

cystitis

inflammation of the urinary bladder

the most controversial abortion method is the

intact D&X

sexual desire disorder

lack of interest in sex or aversion to sexual contact

introitus

larger than urethral opening, and lies below it

SRY (sex determining region Y gene)

leads to formation of the testes

sexual dysfunctions can be

lifelong or aquired

hypoactive sexual desire disorder

little or no interest or desire - absence of sexual fantasies -not repelled by genital contact -most commonly diagnosed sexual dysfunction -Does not indicate physical inability -More common in women than men -Cause unclear

the pudendal block is an example of

local anesthesia

climacteric

long term process of decline in reproductive capacity of the ovaries

according to epidemiological studies, the most prevalent sexual dysfunction is

low sexual desire

the most common cause of male infertility is

low sperm count

____ stimulates secretion of testosterone by interstitial cells

luteinizing hormone

a surge of ___ triggers ovulation

luteinizing hormone

___ Fetuses are more likely lost in spontaneous abortion, which helps balance the sexes

male

Penis

male copulatory organ flaccid: 3-4 in erect: 5-7 in (85% woman pleased)

alprostadil is used in the treatment of

male erectile disorder

which gender difference is supported by evidence?

males have more reading problems

corpora cavernosa

masses of spongy tissue in the clitorial shaft that become engorged with blood and stiffen in response to sexual stimulation

In vitro fertilization (IVF)

mature ova are surgically removed from an ovary and placed in a laboratory dish along with sperm

according to sexual strategies theory,

men are more interested in short-term sexual variety

Natural labor

most famous option, but less used today

which is true about the attitudes about abortion in the United States?

most people would allow abortion under some circumstances

myotonia

muscle tension

Accourding to masters and johnson, sexual arousal is characterized by vasocongestion and

myotonia

generalized sexual dysfunction

occur in all situation

situational sexual dysfunctions

occur only in some situations

gender identity

ones belief that one is male or female

which of the following is the most effective method of birth control

oral contraceptives

men enter a refractory period following the __ phase of the sexual response cycle

orgasmic

Zygote Intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT)

ovum is fertilized in a laboratory dish and then placed in a fallopian tube

Donor IVF

ovum is taken from one woman, fertilized, and then injected into another uterus or fallopian tube of another woman

sample

part of a population

Kathrine Frank engaged in

participant observation

all of the following are sex therapy methods, with the exception of

penile implants

sexual dysfunctions

persistant or reacurrent difficulties in becoming sexually aroused or reaching orgasm

sexual pain disorders

persistent or recurrent experience of pain during coitus

in many animals the vomeronasal organ detects

pheromones

Third stage of childbirth

placenta is expelled

the presence of human chorionic gonadotropin is assessed to determine

pregnancy

male circumcision removes the ___

prepuce

Mullerian inhibiting substance (MIS)

prevents Mullerian duct system from developing

Amenorrhea

primary amenorrhea -Lack of menstruation in a woman who has never menstruated Secondary amenorrhea -Lack of menstruation in a woman who has previously menstruated

For woman who obtain HRT, combing estrogen with __ lessons the risk of endometrial cancer

progestin

The endometrium develops during the ___ phase of the menstrual cycle

proliferative

Menstrual cramps are caused by

prostaglandins

In a __ sample, every member of the target population has an equal chance of participating

random

Basal body temperature

remains high for about three weeks after ovulation

A scientific sample must be __

representative

foods such as oysters and bananas have been considered aphrodisiacs because they __

resemble the male genitals

corona

ridge that separates the glans from the body of the penis

Sphincters

ring shaped muscles that surround body openings

the masculine gender role stereotype is seen as all of the following except

sensitive

frenulum

sensitive strip of tissue that connects the underside of the penile glans to the shaft

which of the following is most likely to afflict African Americans

sickle cell disease

analogous

similar in function

homologous

similar in strucuture, developing from the same embryonic tissue

gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT)

sperm and ova are inserted into a fallopian tube to encourage conception

perimenopause

start of menopause

according to the text, a low level of ___ can lessen sexual desire

testosterone

the hormone __ activates the sex drives of both men and woman

testosterone

vestibule

the area in the labia minora that contains openings in the vagina and the urethra "entranceway"

anthropomorphism

the attributing of human characteristics to an animal

Gender stability

the concept that people retain their genders for a lifetiem

gender constancy

the concept that peoples genders do not change, even if they alter their dress or behavior

reliability

the consistency or accuracy of a measure

most researchers agree that the best means of learning about cause and effect is

the experiment

pudenda

the external sexual structures of the female "something to be ashamed of"

Mullerian inhibiting substances prevents the mullerian ducts from developing into

the female duct system

prepuse

the fold of skin covering the glans of the clitoris (or penis)

impotence

the inability to attain an erection

sex assignment

the labeling of a newborn as a male or female. also termed gender assignment

dependent variable

the measured result of an experiment which is believed to be a function of the independent variable

frequency

the number of times an action is repeated within a given period

___ is/are the most widely used contraceptive

the pill

socialization

the process of guiding people into socially acceptable behavior patterns by means of information, rewards and punishments

The enzyme hyaluronidase __

thins the zona pellucida

generalize

to go from the particular to the general

Participants did not provide informed consent in the __ syphilis study

tuskegee

the critical period for development of the facial features associated with FAS seems to be the first ___ of prenatal development

two months

___ nanograms of prostate specific antigen per milliliter of blood are considered normal

under 4

During the emission stage of ejaculation, semen is propelled into the __

urethral bulb

both semen and urine pass through the ____

urethral meatus

the most common method of abortion in US today is

vacuum aspiration

According to the text, ___ is most likely to be connected with a history of sexual trauma

vaginismus

___ is sometimes treated with a series of rings of plastic dilators

vaginismus

people who agree to participate in psychological research may not represent the general population because of

volunteer bias

validity

with respect to interviews, questionnaires, and tests, the degree to which an item measures what its supposed to measure

which of the following is termed nonmethod of birth control in the text

withdrawal

Katherine Frank

worked as a stripper in graduate school, both to argument her income and to learn about men who frequently went to strip clubs