Human Species test 3
Flores
Liang Bua Cave on an island east of Java, small bodied and small brained hominid. Nicknamed 'hobbits'
Olduvai
Louis Leakey unearthed a fossil skull at Olduvai, cranial capacity is relatively big and brow ridge is huge, thinner cranium than Asian H. Erectus which leads researchers to argue separate species of 'Homo Ergaster'
Tabun Cave
Mt. Carmel in Israel, less robust than european classic, contemporary with modern H Sapiens nearby
Apollo 11
Namibia, rock shelter, painted slabs
Middle Paleolithic
Neandertal associated with this period, and stone industry called 'Mousterian' industry
Results of DNA comparison
Neandertal seem more different from contemporary Homo Sapiens. Seem isolated from other hominins, a lineage separated from Modern H. Sapiens ancestors
Gran Dolina Site
Northern Spain, in Atapuerca region, Earliest hominid found in Western Europe, spanish paleoanthropologist named new species Homo Antecessor
Pinnacle Point
Ocher as possible personal adornment. Small stone tools (microlith)
Kabwe, Africa
One of the best known premodern fossils, complete cranium, mixture of older and recent traits, robust browridge but larger (modern) brain case
Cultural remains in Zhoukoudian
One of the longest history of habitation in the world, over 100,000 artifacts found. Site occupied for almost 250,000 yrs.
H. Erectus from Java
Other sites with fossils: Modjokerto, Sangiran, Ngnandong
Human Origins
Paleoanthropologists developed two major theories which are opposed to each other. 1. complete replacement, 2. regional continuity, and 3. partial replacement (compromising theory)
Abrigo de Lagar Velho
Portugal. Mixture of traits, best evidence for hybridization. 4 yr old child's skeleton. Dates later than last clearly Neandertal find, after or not as old as other Neandertals
Regional Populations
Some isolated regions died out, others continued 1. In Africa, Homo Heidelbergensis evolved into modern Homo Sapiens, 2. In Europe, Homo Heidelbergensis evolved into Neandertal 1
Terra Amata
Southern France, detailed middle pleistocene reconstruction of a shelter, evidence of short-term seasonal visits
La Chapelle-aux-Saints
Southwest France, Western Europe, important discovery, shallow grave with flexed burial
Altamira Cave
Spain. Bison in red and black. Used bulges in cave to give relief. Meaning not known, religious or magical maybe?
Qafzeh Cave
Tabun Cave nearby indicated modern Homo Sapiens and Neandertals occupations overlapped
Central Asia
Teshik-Tash site, Uzebkistan. Evidence that Neandertal range extended eastward into Central Asia
Around 200,000 yrs ago
1st modern Homo Sapiens evolve in Africa, descendents spread throughout Old World and later to New World
Technological Trends in Homo Erectus
Acheulian hand axes have been found with remains of large animals. Homo Erectus is seen as a hunter and scavenger
Homo Heidelbergensis Fossils
Africa and Europe more similar to each other, traits from both Homo Erectus and Homo Sapiens
Premodern Humans of the Middle Pleistocene
Africa, Europe, Asia
Earliest Discoveries of Modern Humans
Africa, The Near East, Asia, Australia, Central Europe, Western Europe, Flores (Indonesia)
Southern Africa
Apollo 11 rock shelter (Namibia), blombos cave, pinnacle point
Sima de los Huesos
Atapuerca in Spain near Gran Dolina, site called Sima de los Huesos (pile of bones), most of the Middle Pleistocene hominids remains found in world
Burins
Common upper paleolithic tool. pointed stone blade. working wood, bone, and antler. Small chisel-like for engraving of bone
Central Africa, Katanda Site
Congo, excavations show remarkable bone craftsmanship. Harpoons were made from ribs or long bone splinters of large mammals. Ground flat and precisely pressured flaked to made row of barbs.
Vindija Cave (Central Europe)
Croatia, less robust than classic, among most recent Neandertals found, smaller browridge and slight chin development. Possible link with modern Homo Sapiens
African Migration
Current evidence that earliest modern humans from Africa
Neandertal DNA (mtDNA)
DNA from several, including original Neander Valley Fossil. Mitochondrial most often used, extracted and amplified
Omo
Ethiopia, earliest of the fully modern found in Africa
Herto
Ethiopia, well-preserved and well-dated Homo Sapiens fossils. Best dated hominid fossil of time period, most conclusive evidence of African origin of modern humans
Mitochondrial DNA
Evidence of African origin, genetic data (living peoples), concluded the world's population, descended from single African lineage
Cro-Magnon
France, most famous site of early moderns. Eight individuals, best known Western European samples. France's earliest anatomically modern human. Associated with Aurignacian tool assemblage, an upper paleolithic industry
Grotte Chauvet
France. Dots, stenciled handprints, blow liquid pigment on hand held flat on wall. Hundreds of animals, by same artist? unknown.
Lascauz Cave
France. Wild bulls dominate 'hall of bulls' and horses, deer, and other animals. Red, Black, Yellow
Schoningen
Germany, three preserved wooden spears, large, finely made and expertly balanced, throwing spears for large animals, numerous horse bones found, indicate advanced hunting
The Partial Replacement Model
Gradual dispersal of Homo Sapien Sapiens out of Africa. Modern humans mixed with local archaic populations in Eurasia. Some interbreeding
Way of Life, Traditional View
H. Erectus at Zhoukoudian, traditionally described as hunter-gatherer who killed deer and horses, used fire, this interpretation now rejected by some
Transitional Europe
Hominids in Europe continue into Upper Pleistocene, evolution of premoderns takes unique direction, appearance and expansion of Neandertals
New Kind/Grade of Hominin
Homo erectus and contemporaries are a new kind and 1st hominins to leave Africa, over 100lbs, 5 '6, heavily built, brain size most obvious difference
Neandertal Discoveries
Western Europe (France and Spain) Central Europe (including Croatia) Western Asia (including Israel and Iraq in southwest Asia) Central Asia (including Uzbekistan)
Grade
a grouping with similar adaptive patterns
Herbivores in Pleistocene
abundant pasture for herbivorous animals. Large herds of reindeer, mammoths, bison, horses, across tundra and grasslands
Modern 'Homo Sapiens'
all contemporaries are placed in this species, first are probably descendants of premodern humans. Particularly African populations of H. Heidelbergensis
Age of Technological Innovation
anatomically modern humans, upper paleolithic. new and specialized tools
Klasies River Mouth Cave
and Border Cave. Somewhat later than Omo, Southern Africa on coast. Fully anatomically modern form. Seems likely that modern humans appeared in East Africa and migrated to Southern Africa
Archaic Homo Sapiens
another name for premoderns because they were considered an early, primitive, transitional Homo Sapien. Considered separate species. replaced by the name Homo Heidelbergensis in Europe and Africa
Skhul Cave
at Mt. Carmel, ten individuals, earliest good evidence of anatomically modern humans out of Africa
Upper Paleolithic
began in western europe. Five cultural periods based on stone tool technologies: Chatelperronian, Aurignacian, Gravettian, Solutrean, Magdalenian
Behavior Differences
behavior may explain what happened to Neandertals, including symbolic behavior. Homo sapeins may have had significant advantage. Expanded ability to symbolize, communicate, organize social activties
Acheulian Hand Axe
best known biface tool
Cultural Innovations
better shelters, sewn tailored clothing, increased use of bone, ivory, and antler
Blombos
bone tools, beads, ocher fragments
Neandertal Brain
brain is larger than today's humans, possibly a cold weather adaptation
Shanidar
cave in Iraq, deliberate burials. Severely injured person survived, helped by others
Differences of Premoderns
certain trends over time include brain expansion, less angled back of skull, diverse group over three continents, disagreement on how to classify
Nuclear DNA
confirms early divergence, Neandertal was separate for long time
Asian Homo Erectus
crania from Java to China similar, explained by Homo Erectus migration from Java to China, differ from older African Homo Erectus
Probable Hunter
definitely a scavenger, probably a hunter
Neandertal Burials
deliberately buried their dead, many placed in flexed position. Body bent with arms and legs drawn up to chest
Neandertal DNA
distinctive, strong direct evidence of genetic discontinuity between Neandertal and early fully modern humans. Argues for substantial replacement
Discoveries in Peking
dragon bones used as medicine and aphrodisiacs, geological survey of China investigated sites where bones collected, discovered fossils at Zhoukoudian cave
Eugene Dubois
dutch anatomist, first with research program to find fossils of the 'missing link', discovered Pithecanthropus Erectus
Lake Mungo
earliest finds in Australia, dates controversial
Near East
early modern Homo Sapiens sites in Israel, Skhul Cave, Qafzeh
Dmanisi
easternmost Europe, republic of Georgia, new fossils dated radiometrically, earliest African emigrants
End of Upper Paleolithic
ending of the Ice Age. Temperature rises, glaciers retreat. Dynamic age doomed by climatic changes. Traditional prey animals disappear. (decrease in herds, grassland replaced by forests)
Shelters
evidence of temporary shelters at several sites including Terra Amata site
Macellin Boule
famous paleontologist studied the La Chapelle skeleton, unusually robust, described find as brutish and bent-kneed and not fully bipedal
Venuses
female figurines throughout Europe. Some realistically carved. Others with sexual characteristics exaggerated. Perhaps for fertility or ritual purposes
Pithecanthropus Erectus
fossils found along Solo river near Trinil, found skullcap and femur. Discovery of 'ape man' criticized but now agreed that it is Homo Erectus
Why Similar
gene flow between these archaic populations. Modern humans not separate species, never independent
Cranial Shape of Homo Erectus
heavily built cranium, thick bone, large brow ridges, maximum cranial breath below ears
premodern humans
hominids that followed Homo Erectus. Before anatomically modern humans, includes homo heidelbergensis and others like Neandertal
Glaciations
ice sheets covered much of the northern continents, northern areas of europe and Asia became uninhabitable
Neandertal Technology
improved on Levallois technique, new techniques to produce more flakes from same core. Used many flake tools: Bone, ivory, antler tools very rare
Portable Art
in addition to cave art. numerous small sculptures in Europe, elaborate engravings on tools and handles
Other European Sites
in west europe, H. Erectus like fossils not as early
Australia
inhabited by modern humans, not connected to mainland... possible bamboo rafts used
Cave Art
known from more than 150 sites. Majority in France and Spain. People in other areas didnt use deep caves for art, painted and carved on rock surfaces in the open that eroded away.
Neandertal Cranium and Face
larger, long, low, bulging at sides, browridges arched, face projects
Zhoukoudian Homo Erectus
largest collection of H. erectus material anywhere, more than 40 male and female adults and children
Homo Erectus in Java
last of homo erectus contemporary with Homo Sapiens, no artifacts found
Magdalenian
last stage of Upper Paleolithic, more advances in technology
Trends in Homo Erectus
liked to travel, stone tools found on island of Flores suggest construction of ocean going vessels, embraced culture as a strategy of adaptation
The Regional Continuity Model (Multiregional evolution)
local populations in Europe, Asia and Africa evolve into anatomically modern humans
Late Pleistocene
major environmental shifts during this period. last glacial period, late ice age
Western Europe
many anatomically modern human fossils
China
mix of earlier and later characteristics, Chinese paleoanthropologists suggest some features: shared with homo erectus fossils from Zhoukoudian, found in modern homo sapiens in China today. Controversial view that a separate Homo erectus lineage led to modern Chinese
Model (recent African Evolution)
modern populations arose only in Africa, migrated from Africa replacing populations in Europe and Asia. (Africa is their single origin)
Homo Heidelbergensis
more consensus about H. Heidelbergensis, premodern fossils from African and Europe, placed within Homo Heidelbergensis
Y- Chromosome
more genetic data, variation in DNA less compared to other primates, Bolsters complete replacement model
Europe
more middle pleistocene fossils found in Europe than other regions
West Turkana/Nariokotome
most complete H. Erectus skeleton ever found was uncovered, frequently called 'Homo Ergaster', Nariokotome in Kenya was a boy about 12 yrs old
Neandertal Fossils in Europe
most found here, more robust than other areas. Called 'Classic' in Western Europe
Solutrean Blades
most highly developed upper paleolithic industry, skill and aesthetic appreciation, parallel flaked lance heads, so delicate considered as possible 'art'
Middle Pleistocene
most premodern hominids lived during this period, neandertals lived in the Upper Pleistocene
Terrain of Late Pleistocene
much of Eurasia dotted with lakes and marshes, permafrost prevents growth of trees. Treeless tundra and steppe in Eurasia. Flowering plants, mosses, other vegetation in short summer
Sungir
near Moscow, most spectacular burial. Bed of red ocher, thousands of ivory beads, mammoth tusk spears
Genetic Evidence
new research with advances in molecular biology. Extract, amplify, and sequence ancient DNA
Gran Dolina
northern Spain at Atapuerca, Fossils are not Homo Erectus, Spanish researchers claimed it was another species but it might be early Homo Heidelbergensis
Neandertal Art
not common, only small personal items
Grave Goods
not elaborate, lacked artifcats, not as complex as later anatomically modern H. Sapiens
The Pleistocene
often called the Ice Age, glacial advances and retreats, hominids impacted
Bodo, Africa
one of the earliest Homo Heidelbergensis in Africa, evidence of butchering
Ceprano
only one individual but may be among best evidence of Homo Erectus in Europe, central italy
Neandertals
premodern Humans of the Upper Pleistocene, difficult to place, classified as Homo Sapiens (Homo Sapiens Neandertalensis) or as a separate species, Homo Neandertalensis
Africa
premodern fossils found at several sites in South and East Africa
Premoderns and Homo Erectus
premoderns generally succeeded Homo Erectus, except coexisted for long periods in Asia
Neandertal Speech and Symbolic Behavior
prevailing consensus has been that they were capable of articulate speech
Challenges of Traditional View
probably not a hunter, remains are refuse of giant hyena carnivores, probably didn't make fire. burning was after fossilization, the 'ash' is organic settlement, cave probably not inhabited, it had a vertical shaft and was a 'trap' instead of a shelter
Prehistoric Art... Europe
reached its climax during final phases of Upper Paleolithic. Particularly during the Magdalenian
Dmanisi
recall that this is one of the earliest Homo erectus found anywhere, could be classified as 'early' Homo cause it's primitive, 3 cranium and a mandible
Europe
recent discoveries push time back for Homo Erectus in Europe.
Abundance in Pleistocene
relative, upper paleolithic people spread over Europe. Caves, open-air camps, large shelters, elaborate burials
Postcranial Neandertal
robust, barrel-chested, powerful muscles, shorter limbs, adaptation to living in cold climate
Africa
rock art possible as early as in Europe in Southern Africa
Africa
several early fossils are fully anatomically modern forms. Omo (Ethiopia), Klasies River Mouth Cave (South Africa), Herto
Dmanisi Skulls
similar to East Africa Homo Erectus, however it has less robust browridge, smaller cranial capacity, front looks like 'early homo' of east Africa
Similarities of African Premoderns
single species, Homo Heidelbergensis, and similar to premoderns in Europe
Kow Swamp
some archaic traits difficult to explain, more 'robust' than Lake Mungo
Fire
some evidence for controlled use
Characteristics of Premoderns
some homo erectus characteristics, and modern features, larger brain, rounded brain case, maximum breath higher, trend toward brain expansion
Sima de los Huesos Morphology
some indications of early Neandertal-like pattern (arching eyebrows, projecting midface), Homo Heidlebergensis or a very early Neandertal ancestor
Hunting
some strong cases, especially the recent find at Schoningen in Germany
Biface Tools
stone that worked on both sides and used to cut, scrape, pound, and dig. Acheulian hand ax best known type
Neandertal Subsistence
successful hunters, used close-proximity spears, no long distance weapons, dangerous (many injuries), numerous fractures, head and neck injuries
Homo Erectus in Java
survives a long time. Other population branched off from some early inhabitants of Indonesia
The Lavallois Technique
technique for stone tool making, was used in Africa and Europe. Requires several steps to control flake size and shape
Summary of East African Homo Erectus
term Homo Ergaster suggested for African remains because scientists argue that African and Asian erectus should be separate species. But current consensus- all Homo Erectus
Homo Floresiensis
three ft tall, probably descended from Homo Erectus populations. Isolated island population diverged. Natural selection favors reduced body size, dwarf elephants also found in same geological beds.
Homo Heidelbergensis
transitional, probable ancestor to both modern humans and Neandertals
Upper Paleolithic Art
upper paleolithic well-known for art. best known in Europe. includes North Africa, South Africa, Australia
Mousterian
widespread, Europe, North Africa, as far east as central Asia and other areas. Stone industry
Spear Thrower(atlatl), Harpoon, Bow and Arrow
A hooked rod enhancing force and distance, barbed harpoons for salmon and other fish. Bow and arrow may have been used for first time
Kebara Cave
Israel near Tabun Cave, skeleton with most complete pelvis. First 'hyoid' bone found (base of tongue), important for reconstructing speech capabilities