Humanities Chapter 13 : The Working Class and the Bourgeoisie

Alexander Gardner

1st photographer to photograph a dead soldier on the battlefield. He visited the battlefield at Antietam, Maryland and took photos.

Proletariat

A class of workers who neither owned the means of production nor controlled their own work. As a result of industrialization, the European workforce increasingly became this.

Odalisque

A female slave or concubine in a Middle Eastern, particularly Turkish, harem.

Flaneur

A man-about-town, with no apparent occupation, strolling the city, studying and experiencing it coolly, dispassionately. This man also holds the bourgeoisie class in contempt. Baudelaire and Manet were this. French version of a dandy man.

Wounded Knee Creek

A massacre ensued here. Many participants in the Ghost Dance were slaughtered by the US Army.

Walt Whitman

A poet who linked the Romantic, Transcendental, and Realist movements. He wrote "Crossing Brooklyn Ferry" and "Leaves of Grass."

The Human Comedy

A series of books written by Balzac. The novel is populated by characters from all levels of society. These characters came from direct observations. It pictures urban society as amoral and brutal.

Rigoletto

A tragic opera by Verdi. Verdi believed that opera should be dramatically realistic.

Avant-Garde

Any group, including artists, on the cutting edge. Advanced guard.

Charles Garnier

Architect who designed the new Paris Opera House.

Rue Transnonain

Art piece by Daumier, not a cartoon. It is a direct reportage of the killings committed by government troops during an insurrection by Parisian workers.

Simon Legree

Character in Uncle Tom's Cabin who was a harsh, cruel, or demanding person in authority. The most evil of slavery. He kills Tom.

Literary Realism

Charles Dickens became a leading creator of this new type of prose fiction

Daguerreotype

Daguerre, of France, found this process that yielded a positive image on a polished metal plate.

Thomas Cole

Founding Father of American landscape painting. He painted regularly in the Hudson River valley. He also painted "The Oxbow."

Baudelaire

French poet who wrote "Flowers of Evil." He was charged with giving "offense to the public and religious morality." He attacked romanticists. He wanted to shock the Bourgeoisie because he held their vulgar and materialistic lifestyle in contempt.

Chios

Greek Island. The Sultan sent an army here to kill thousands and sell women and children into slavery.

Schulze

He found the scientific principles for photography

Frederich Engels

He issued a scathing indictment of industrial life in Condition of the Working Class in England. Also co-wrote the Communist Manifesto

Edgar Degas

He painted "Dance Class." It presents young women in a moment of great stress, struggling in a world in which only the most able survived.

Renoir

He painted "Luncheon of the Boating Party."

Timothy O'Sullivan

He photographed the famous "A Harvest of Death" in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.

Henry David Thoreau

He refused to pay taxes to a government that tolerated slavery. He wrote "Walden, or Life in the Woods." This was inspired by his simple living in a cabin at Walden Pond.

Matthew Perry

He sailed into Tokyo Bay and helped open to their trade.

William Lloyd Garrison

Head of the American Anti-Slavery Society. He enlisted Frederick Douglass as a lecturer.

Claude Monet

Impressionist painter who painted "The Regatta at Argentenuil" and "Impression: Sunrise." He was the most insistent that only "en plein air" could he realize the full potential of his artistic energy.

Opium

In order to compensate for the gold and silver spent on the purchase of tea and silks, the British East India Company sold this to the Chinese. It was produced a low cost and very profitable. However, it soon became a severe social problem in China. The emperor's son died from it.

En Plein Air

In the open air. There was a new preference for painters to paint out-of-doors. Another term for impressionism.

Leitmotif

Leading Motive. A brief musical idea connected to a character, event, or idea that recurs throughout the music drama.

Daumier

Leading proponents of a new realist art style. He was known for political satire who regularly submitted cartoon drawings to newspapers. He focused on the truth of everyday experience.

Capitalism

Marx and Engels believed that this must be eliminated because of its inherent unfairness.

Buffalo

Military in the US hunted these animals in hopes to lead into the extinction of Native Americans. The end of this animals signaled the end of Native American culture.

Madame Bovary

Novel written by Gustave Flaubert. It is a realist attack on Romantic sensibility. It is based on the true story of Daphine Delamar.

Anarchist

One against government. Pierre-Joseph Proudhon was the first person to call himself this. He also coined the phrase, "property is theft."

Drury Lane

One of the worst slums in London. Charles Dickens writes about it. It was dominated by prostitution and gin houses.

Scenes from the Massacre at Chios

Painted by Eugene Delacroix. It takes place after the initiation of the Greek War of Independence from Turkey.

The Stonebreakers

Painted by Gustave Courbet. It presents the mundane and the everyday. He painted the world just as he saw it, without any taint of romanticism or idealism.

Olympia

Painted by Manet. It is an assault on his fellow Parisians' sensibilities.

Grands Boulevards

Physical embodiment of bourgeoisie lifestyle. The greatest wealth of the city of Paris was focused here and so was the city's best shopping.

Ukiyo-e

Pictures of the floating world. Japanese art of woodblock painting.

Landscape, Still Life, and Genre Painting

Renoir assimilated these three pieces of art in his painting titled "Luncheon of the Boating Party."

Interlocking Triangles

Renoir painted his "Luncheon of the Boating Party" by carefully structuring a group of people in a series of these.

Music Drama

The actions carried out on stage are the visual and verbal manifestations of the drama created by the instruments in the orchestra. Wagner considered his work this new genre.

Lithography

The development of this new medium made Daumier's regular appearance in newspapers to be possible. Stone writing. Oil and water do not mix.

Haussmannization

The task of planning the modernization of Paris by destroying the old city and building it anew.

Bourgeoisie

These were shopkeepers, merchants, and business people. The class of modern capitalists, owners of the means of production and employers of wage labor.

Ultraroyalists

They imprisoned and executed hundreds of revolutionaries, Bonaparte sympathizers, and Protestants in France. They also advocated the return of their confiscated estates and abolition of revolutionary and Napoleonic reforms. This group was composed of families who suffered because of the revolution.

The Great Wave

This Japanese piece was painted by Katsushika Hokusai. Mount Fuji rises in the background

Nationalist

This agenda focused on regional autonomy, cultural pride, and freedom from monarchical control.

Albumen Paper

This allowed for the blurry effect in "A Harvest of Death." It retains a high degree of sharpness on its glossy surface.

Ingres

This artist painted "The Vow of Louis XIII," and "La Grande Odalisque." His paintings were very royalist.

Liberal

This belief was founded upon the Enlightenment values, the universal necessity for equality and freedom at the most basic level.

Treaty of Nanjing

This ended the Opium War and China ceded Hong Kong to Britain.

Social Darwinism

This explained the supposed social and cultural evolution that elevated Europe above all other nations and races. Europeans were the fitter race and were destined to dominate the world.

Transcendentalism

This movement claimed that the human spirit was possessed of a certain oneness with nature. In the direct experience with nature, the individual is united with God, thus transcending knowledge based on empirical observation.

American Anti-Slavery Society

This society organized lecture tours by abolitionists, gathered petitions, and printed and distributed anti-slavery propaganda.

Cotton

This was Egypt's chief cash crop.

Boz

This was the pen name of Charles Dickens

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Unitarian minister who wrote his first book "Nature." It became the intellectual beacon for Transcendentalists.

Ghost Dance

Wavoka claimed that if Indians performed this new circle dance, the world would be transformed into what it once had been: populated by herds of buffalo and the ancestral dead.

Elba

When Napoleon was defeated by Louis XVIII, he was exiled to this island

Photogenic Drawing

William Henry Fox Talbot presented this process for fixing negative images on paper coated with light-sensitive chemicals. This process derived in England.

Uncle Tom's Cabin

Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe. It describes the differing fates of three slaves: Tom, Eliza, and George.

Heart of Darkness

Written by Joseph Conrad. It is a framed tale about Africa, narrated by Marlow.

Communist Manifesto

Written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. It argues that class struggle characterized all past societies and that industrial society amplified these class antagonisms.