Humanities Mid-Term
Who were the major artists of the Quattrocento and High Renaissance periods?
The major artists of the Quattrocento were Brunelleschi, Donatello, Masaccio, Bellini, Botticelli are a few of the most famous. The High Renaissance was dominated by Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo and Raphael.
What evidence would you give that realism was important in northern Renaissance art?
The more realistic figures and the subject matter portrayed gave evidence that realism was important in northern Renaissance.
What did Karl Marx believe?
Everything evolves course of history is determined by material forces
Woodwind section
- 1-2 flutes - 2 oboes - 2 clarinets - 2 bassoons - 2 horns - 2 trumpets - 2 kettle drums - Strings
What was the Chadwick Report?
- A report made by Edwin Chadwick on the sanitation of the industrial cities: Why were these cities so gross?
Boccaccio (3)
- Author of the Decameron
Role of Victor Emmanuel in Italian Unification
- King of Italy during its unification
Types of composition for Dance music
- Suite - Minuet
Role of Garibaldi and his desire of republic in Italian Unification
- raised an army of Red Shirts - when revolt broke out in Sicily against the Bourbon King, he took control of Sicily - Cavour returned when Garibaldi started moving into Rome- he feared it would start a war with France
Austria - why resisted liberal reforms
- realized that liberal and nationalistic ideas would tear Austria apart - the Austrian Empire was made of several different nationalities, so the division of them would be detrimental for Austria
They stayed in power by
-Hereditary rule -Generous support of arts and culture > Florence prospered greatly -Producing a series of powerful, popular leaders
Moses Iconography
-Jewish Prophet; freed Jews from Egypt -long hair and beard (prophet) -horns of light -holding tablets (ten commandments): teaches and explains
Sun king
-King Louis XIV -he argues that everything revolves around him, like the sun at the center of the universe
Choir
-between crossing and apse -where monks sit and processionals sing
Early Gothic Sculptures at Chartes Cathedral
-elongated (spiritual), no herky jerky dance, linear drapery, columnlike, bas relief -not as realistic
Jamb Figures- Chartres
1145-1155 AD. Kings and Queens (Royal Portal). Survived the French Revolution. Flanking the doorways of Chartres Cathedral. Gothic cathedrals usually have 3 doorways.
Notre- Dame de Paris
1163 AD Paris, France. Dedicated to "Our Lady" the Virgin Mary. Early Gothic cathedral once at the heart of Paris. There are Roman ruins underneath the courtyard. Pointed arches, rose window, two heavy bell towers, flying buttresses (all make it French Gothic).The north bell tower is wider than the south. The entrances usually faced west. The stones were imported so this took time to build. The sculptures on the outside were once painted. The kings and queens sculpted on the outside were destroyed by the lower class during the French Revolution.
Man with a Herring
1616, Frans Hals
Singing without instrumental accompaniment
A cappella
Lord
A person in the feudal system that gives land to a vassal
Sonata
A work, in several movements, for one or two instruments.
the last heiress of the Medicis is
Anna Maria Luisa de Medici
Who was Hildegard of Bingen?
Benedictine nun
Achilles and Ajax playing a board game
Black and Red figure pottery created by Exekias in c. 520 B.C.
Florence
Born?
the medicis ruled Florence INDIRECTLY through
Bribery Threats Friendship Arranged marriages Connection to the Church
Later version of david
Bronze david
Modulates
Changes
chapel of reservation
Chapel area of a church, whose central focus is the tabernacle containing reserved hosts, the Body of Christ
Clovis
First Frankish King to convert to Christianity
What are the characteristics of humanism?
Characteristics of humanism include anatomy, classicism, nature, realism, reason and learning, religion, individualism, youth, and perspective.
Tonic
Chord/ Note 1
Supertonic
Chord/ Note 2
Mediant
Chord/ Note 3
Subdominant
Chord/ Note 4
The Fronde (1648-1653)
Civil war between nobility and very upper part of the middle class. Happens when he is a boy.
What Florentine banker founded an academy for the study of Plato?
Cosimo de Medici
Thomas Coryate
Crudities hastily gobbled up in five months -English man who writes about being introduced to the fork when it was first introduced in Italy
External masonry supports for Gothic cathedrals.
Flying buttresses
Intellectual techniques using reason to draw logical conclusions.
Dialectics
The 8 Psalm Tones
Dorian, Hypodorian, Phrygian, Hypophrygian, Lydian, Hypolydian, Mixolydian, Hypomixolydian, and tonus peregrinus
Style Galant
Early classical style, a very courtly style meant to please the listener, as opposed to making the listener think.
The Virgin of Paris
(Not exact Picture) Located in Notre- Dame de Paris. Early 14th Century. Queen of Heaven. Late gothic "S" curve- position for a courtly lady of that era. Holding baby Jesus.
What is the message of The Song of Bacchus?
Enjoy the present moment
A social structure of landowners and serfs
Feudalism
The Colosseum
Gladiatorial arena, Rome, 72 -80 A.D.
Who composed the Messe de Notre Dame?
Guillaume de Machaut
What was Raphael known for?
He was an architect, painter, drawer and a printmaker.
Brunelleschi
He was the 1st painter to use _______ scientific system of single point linear perspective
Austria - role of Metternich
He was the prince of Austria set up spies throughout Austria to look for any liberal conspirators
What were two characteristics of the architecture between 1000 and 1150?
Heavy stone arches and walls; small windows
Where was Vinci body buried? what happened to it?
His body was buried nearby in the palace church of Saint-Florentin. The French Revolution war destroy the church and his remains were lost in the early 1800s
How does Gothic sculpture differ from Romanesque sculpture?
Instead of the Romanesque emphasis on damnation and judgment, Gothic sculpture focused on scenes of redemption, including moments from the life of Jesus or visions of the Apocalypse. Gothic sculpture also put the Virgin Mary in a role of primary importance.
What was its purpose?
It was governed by a General Congregation with satellite congregations. Missionaries belonging to the Jesuit Order were able to travel the world with the blessing of the Pope.
Parmigianino Madonna with the Long Neck Parma
Italy 1534-1540 Oil on wood - Parmigianino's Madonna displays the stylish elegance that was a principal aim of Mannerism. Mary has a small oval head, a long slender neck, attenuated hands, and a sinuous body.,
Dome of the Rock
Jerusalem, 691 A.D.
4. Based on sacred
Latin texts
Marxism's connection to socialism
Marx and Engels were part of a socialist group called the Communist League
Doni Madonna
Michelangelo, c. 1503
Moors
Muslims who lived in Spain - they were driven out of Spain in the Reconquista
Sophists
Offered education for a fee. Education should be put to practical use. There is no absolute truth. Rather than seeking truth, they sought to win arguments.
Who was the Gregorian Chant named after?
Pope Gregory I (Pope Gregory the Great)
Who hired Michelangelo to paint the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel?
Pope Julius II
Leonardo Da Vinci natural genius crossed so many disciplines that he epitomized the term ...
Renaissance
Arch of Constantine
Rome, 312-15 A.D.
Sculptures by donatello
Saint Mark David Saint John Later version of David
The Creation of Adam
Sistine Chapel ceiling, 1508-12 Fresco, Michelangelo
Day VI
Story 7: Madonna Filippa (summary),- fillippa is caught by her husband cheating - she tells the chief she did it but the law is invalid because the law only applies to women and men and women are equal - she claims she has never denied her husband of her body - she uses to wit to convince the court she is right and they change the law to only women who take money for sex as guilty
Collection of ancient Jewish learning
Talmud
Central Perspective
Technique developed to create the illusion of depth and space
Chanson de geste about Charlemagne's Spanish campaign
The Song of Roland
What is the frottola?
The Venetian secular ode to court life
What was Brunelleschi's contribution to Florence Cathedral?
The designed the dome.
What two innovations were made to European music during this period?
The development of muscial notation and the invention of the harpsichord
What two earlier "renaissances" were there in the 800s and 1100s?
The eleventh-century Spanish and Netherlandish Renaissances
Fief
The land given from a lord to a vassal
Nave
The long central walkway in the middle of a church, extending from the entrance to the altar, with aisles along the sides.
Clerestory
The part of a cathedral with windows which rises above the roof of the rest of the building.
Aisle
The walkway along the side of the cathedral.
Melismatic Text Setting
There are many notes for each syllable of text, and it is the most elaborate and florid form of text setting.
In his opinion what does myth reflect?
They reflect both truth and reality while having religious and moral value.
Plainchant
This is sometimes called "plainsong." It roots in Judaic tradition, and it has monophonic texture and modal melodies. It has relatively narrow melodic range and unmeasured prose rhythm.
Neumatic Text Setting
This is where several notes (two to four) represent each syllable of text.
Reliefs
Wall carvings that stand out from the surface of the building.
What shift occurred in the role of the musician and composer in the fourteenth century?
Fourteenth-century musicians and composers performed and composed music for secular audiences as well as for religious services.
Huguenots
French Protestants who followed John Calvin and were prosecuted during Bartholemew's Day Massacre
Choir of Cologne Cathedral
Gerhard of Cologne.
Who was Friedrich Engels?
German philosopher, social scientist and journalist, who founded Marxist theory together with Karl Marx.
Crescendo
Getting louder
Diminuendo
Getting quieter
The Lamentation
Giotto 1305-1306
Who did author Giorgio Vasari consider to be the first Renaissance artist?
Giotto di Bondone
deus ex machina
a god introduced into a play to resolve the entanglements of the plot
Hymn
a metrical song of praise derived from greek pagan practice
Likeness
a representation, picture, or image, especially a portrait: to draw a good likeness of Churchill.
Slavery Abolition Act of 1833
Got rid of slavery in Britain
guild
an organization that included all the people who practiced a certain trade or craft
Gothicesque Curve
attempt at weight shift, popped hip
Vikings
Group of people from Scandinavia best know for their raids of coastal towns and monasteries
Who invented the system of musical notation that contributed most to the one we use today?
Guido d'Arezzo
Fraternal associations of craftsmen or merchants.
Guild
Who was the most famous composer of the fifteenth century?
Guillaume Dufay
Poetic form using sets of three lines with rhyme scheme aba
bcb, cdc, etc.,Madrigals
Why did the Renaissance first begin in Italy?
because city-states grew urban due to Crusade trade. The merchant class rose to dominate politics, art, and business.
How do Shakespeare's works reflect Renaissance ideals?
He created characters that see themselves as individuals and compete with one another and fall in love, which is humanism.
For what contribution is Abbot Suger most famous?
He introduced or united the major features which defined Gothic architecture.
Joseph II of Austria d. 1790
He is Marie Antoinette's brother, he talks to Louis XVI and convinces him to get a circumcision and so the couple has a baby within 10 months. Ends up having 4 or 5 children.
What was Luther's core theological premise?
He mainly disagreed with the selling of indulgences in the church and then later on added ideas of "salvation by faith alone" and how to live as our savior Christ did.
What does he focus on in his most influential work?
He makes a shift of focus from God and afterlife to the present moment and focuses primarily on the human condition.
What sort of people must a prince strive to gather around himself? Avoid?
He must gather himself around people who make the state friendly towards them. He must avoid people who induce hatred.
How did he write?
He often wrote in vernacular.
What made Donatello so special?
He paved the way for standing art First sculptor to give viewer a chance to look at the sculpture from every angle. He could work with marble, wood, and bronze
Communion
chant accompanying communion Mass Proper
Renaissance Art
combined religious themes with humanistic values, realistic human figures and scenes, use of perspective
Sequence
comments on Alleluia Mass Proper
The Pantheon
commissioned by Marcus Agrippa as a temple to all the gods of Ancient Rome, 118-25 A.D.
Louis XVI (16th)
d. 1793,Not a stupid man like some say, he was shy, he liked to paint, liked to spend time in the woods alone, didn't like all the politics stuff.
who was Karl Marx?
He was a German philosopher, atheist, and journalist
humanism
devotion to or study of humanities
Utopia
don't seek wealth, put neighbor before themselves, education for life, all humans are equal, live by reason vs. passion, corrupt society is to blame instead of individual sinner
narthex
entrance area or gathering space
List the major positions taken by the Council of Trent on dogma and church reform.
examined doctrines, goals of the church and defined what Catholics believed Church's interpretation of the bible was final other interpretations are hersey bible and church tradition will guide your Christian life indulgences =valid expression of faith
Hubris
excessive pride or self-confidence; arrogance.
Artist: Titian Tittle: Assumption of the Virgin Date: 1516 - 1518 Significance: Assumption of the Virgin is a large oil painting by Italian Renaissance artist Titian
executed in 1516-1518.[2] It is located on the high altar in the Basilica di Santa Maria Gloriosa dei Frari in Venice, being the largest altarpiece in the city.,
They created an environment where ARTS and HUMANISM could
flourish
What was Luther's position in this upheaval?
he did not support it
Why didn't Leonardo complete ¨ The Adoration of Magi for Florence´s San Donato
he relocated to Milan to work for he ruling Sforza clan
humanism
human potential and achievement
Why is the Palace of Versaille so massive?
it was a tool used by Louis to control and domesticate the nobility
Reform Act of 1867
lowered monetary requirements for voting, all that you needed was to pay taxes or earn income The number of voters increased Important step in the democratization of Britain Industrial workers produced a huge liberal victory in 1868
Sans Culottes
lowest classes of revolution ("without silk pants") participated in violent actions against bourgeoisie
Act of Supremacy
made Henry VIII the head of the church, resulted in people taking an oath to recognize Henry VIII's divorce and accepting the king as the head of England's church
tabernacle
means "tent"; small box-like structure which holds consecrated hosts (Body of Christ) on reserve
Did everyone appreciate his genius ... (Vinci)
no
Medicis were NOT
nobles
Odyssey
sequel to the Iliad The poem mainly centers on the Greek hero Odysseus and his journey home after the fall of Troy.
Vikings
skilled sailors and tough warriors who attacked European towns
Gothic & Byzantine
styles of art still used by artists in north italy
Medicis had the wealth and interest to
support architecture and arts
Alleluia
thanksgiving chant Mass Proper
cathedral chapter
the group of people who were responsible to gather and record finances, hire workers and keep records of the cathedral building process and progress
Purgatory
the place in between heaven and hell. People would pay to get their family or friends out of purgatory and into heaven.
Catharsis
the purging of the emotions or relieving of emotional tensions, especially through certain kinds of art, as tragedy or music
Humanities
the study of great accomplishments in art, music, literature and philosophy
Middle Ages
the years between ancient times and modern times
What did Melzi sons heirs do to Vincis estates?
they sold them
What was the purpose of the crystal palace?
to house the great exhibition
Monophony
unaccompanied singing, either solo or in unison
ambulatory
walkway inside the church, around the edges
After the return of the papacy to Rome
what name was given to the split (1378-1417) in the Roman Catholic Church?,TheGreat Schism
Arpreggio
The notes of a chord played one after another instead of at the same time.
Manor
The place where most serfs lived - consists of fields, a manor house, a church, and various houses
How did the plague impact economic stability in fourteenth-century Europe?
The plague led to a huge deficit in agricultural labor and manpower in general. This in turn brought about famine and a series of uprisings of the lower classes.
Florence continued to flourish until 1574
when Medici fell into decline due to,no male heir
Fourth movement: Fast speed; light-hearted; rondo form or sonata form
with variations
Lux Nova
"New Light" Light shining in, like from the heavens.
Emperor Constantine
(227-337) first Christian emperor. Well known for being the first Roman emperor to convert to Christianity. Built a new imperial residence in place of Byzantium, naming it New Rome (Constantinople)
pinnacle
(architecture) a slender upright spire at the top of a buttress of tower
What is humanism?
Humanism was a study first done in the renaissance. instead of learning only about god and religion, people, for the first time, started to just think about ourselves as people. Instead of being focused on the church, humanism focused more on the people. They celebrated life, human potential, and achievement.
Stained Glass
In Gothic architecture, the colored glass used for windows. It was often used as a tool to teach about religion or workers of the time.
When and how did the Church of England become more Protestant?
In the reign of Elizabeth the first , she was a protestant and wanted everybody to be protestant instead of roman catholic like the queen before her.
What were major characteristics of Gothic architecture?
Increased height, unified space, pointed arches, flying buttresses and stained-glass windows
Commonalities of Italian and Northern Renaissance
Interest in early Greek and Roman culture, use of perspective in painting, reflected ideas of Christian Humanism.
inventions
Inventions new inventions allowed mass production to become a normal feature in industry by the 1870s, the invention of powered looms in the textile industry
Reconquista
The reconquest of Spain by Spanish Christians who drove out the Muslim Moors by 1492
Byzantine Empire
The remains of the Eastern Roman Empire, centered in Constantinople.
What was innovative about organum?
It introduced polyphony
What were seen as the advantages of humanist education and learning?
It would perfect and ennoble man
Jacopo da Pontormo Entombment of Christ Florence
Italy 1525-1528 Oil on wood - Mannerist paintings such as this one represent a departure from the compositions of the earlier Renaissance. Instead of concentrating masses in the center of the painting, Pontormo left a void,
In what parts of Europe did women study at universities?
Italy and Germany
L'etat c'est moi
"I am the state" -quote by Louis XIV -sovereign power resides in my person... to me alone belongs legislative power without subordination -this sentiment by Louis id very foreign to the English at the start of the 18th century
Virgin & Child and Angels- Chartres
"Notre Dame de la Belle Verriere" Window in the choir of the Chartres Cathedral. 1170 AD.
What does Machiavelli say about love and fear?
"it is much safer to be feared than loved because ...love is preserved by the link of obligation which, owing to the baseness of men, is broken at every opportunity for their advantage; but fear preserves you by a dread of punishment which never fails."
cathedral
"mother church" of a diocese
ambo
"pulpit" the location from which the Word of God is proclaimed
Why does Louis XIV like to build large things?
"the peoples over whom we reign, being unable to apprehend the basic reality of things, usually derive their opinions from what they can see with their eyes" -believes most people are stupid to understand his power, so he must physically represent it
Watson and the Shark
John Singleton Copley, 1778
Where was the international exhibition held?
Kensington in London at the Crystal Palace
Tournament
Knights would participate in these to hone their skills
Madonna Enthroned
Late 13th century Byzantine Icon
What is an "illuminated" book?
Lavishly decorated book
How was Leonardo know as in his time? and why? what was he framed as? (3)
Leonardo or as II Florentine since he lived near Florence, famed for an artist, inventor, and thinker
France - the July Monarchy
Liberal constitutional monarchy in France under Louis Philippe I, starting
Phimosis
Louis XVI had a condition where foreskin doesn't contract so sex is not enjoyable.
The Chapel
Louis sits above the alter and nobility, showing he is above, but he has nobles look at him instead of alter while mass is going on.
Boccaccio (3)
- Author of the Decameron - Italian humanist - lived in the 14th century
Friars who rejected ownership of property and lived by begging.
Mendicant
What gave rise to the Neoclassical Art Movement?
- The Age of Enlightenment and the Grand Tour - since fall of Roman Empire 13 centuries earlier, Euros had been fascinated by Ancient Rome - Roman intellectual background reignited in the Age of Enlightenment of the 18th century, due to philosophical return to classical thought, and renewed appreciation of Greek and Roman cultures - German art historian Johann Joachim Winckelmann gave the movement momentum with his book History of Ancient Art in which he proposed that since the ancients had already attained perfection in their art, "the only way for modern artists to achieve greatness was to imitate the Greeks" - in 1750s, art students in Rome gathered around Winckelmann and his student, the painter Anton Raphael Meng, one of the earliest artists to adopt classical themes in his paintings - by end of pilgrimage to Rome, part of Grand Tour, foreign artists had acquired ideals from the ancient past and a new artistic style
Impact of industrial revolution on artisans
- were the largest group of urban workers (with craftspeople) - were against the industrial revolution because the factories might make them loose out - worked in numerous small industries like shoemaking, glove-making, bookbinding, printing, and bricklaying - not factory workers; traditionally organized in guilds - guilds were increasingly loosing their power
Decameron theme points
- wit is used to get out of difficult situations - rhetoric is how you succeed highlighting humanism
What were the working conditions of the working class?
- worked 12-16 hours a day, 6 days a week - no security of employment - no minimum wage
impact of industrial revolution on workers
- wretched working conditions, had horrible jobs and pay, got diseases quickly and were easily deformed due to chemicals in certain workplaces
Bishop Bossuet
-"Politics drawn from the very words of the holy scripture" -written for Louis's children -felt french king is not subject to the penalties of the law
Notre Dam
-"our lady" -in appreciation for the Virgin Mary -Notre Dam in Paris is most famus
Romanesque
-1050 to 1140 CE -all European movement (no artistic capitol) -year 1000 starts it (thought world would end with millinium) -"white garment of churches"-made a lot of churches b/c they survived the believed to be apocalypse -people are on the move -"roman-ish"
Petrarch
(1304-1374) Sought to revive classical Greek and Latin thought. Believed in the importance of "human letters" or humanities. One of the first Humanists.
Desiderius Erasmus
Most influential humanist of northern Europe. He was a dutch scholar. He learned about humanist from printed books.
Symbols used for notation in Gregorian chant
Neum
The rule of law
-England is on a road towards a constitutional system based on laws
Gothic Period
-French dates: 1140 to 1500 CE -began in French, ends first in Italy and ends in France last -Renessance started calling "French Archetecture" gothic after the barbarians (negative/derogatory) -virgin Mary very important---called "cult of the virgin" -rose window is the symbol of the virgin -elevated status of women -significant rise in population -scolastism/acedemics: great universities are established
In 1490s Vince started writing notebooks about four main things..?
Painting,architecture,mechanics, and human anatomy
Self-Portrait
Paul Cezanne 1879
David
Perfect mirror for what was going on currently. Significant because it brought back the aspect of humanism back to art
What name is given to the style of late Gothic architecture in England?
Perpindicular
Who was the most famous teacher at the University of Paris in the early 1100s?
Peter Abelart
Gregorian Chant
Plainsong or prose rhythm reciting psalms, prayers and hymns. Liturgical music of the Roman Catholic Church. Mastered in European monasteries in the Middle Ages. Monotonous character of the music is meant to allow meditation on the prayerful, sacred nature of the text. Named after Pope Gregory (Died 604 A.D.)
How did Renaissance art reflect the political and social events of the period?
Politically, cities would be ruled by the richest families such as signoris or oligarchies. For example, the Medici ruled Florence in Italy. Socially, people would be divided into groups; those who pray, those who fight and those who work. Those who pray were the priests which were considered the top of the social monarchy, those who fight were the knights who were considered middle classed and those who work were the peasants.
Death of The Virgin
-emphasis on Virgin Mary's death -glance and gesture: Jesus raises right hand (bless) and holds doll (her soul) in left to protect on way to heaven -refined: use space better, but still has cluttered heads. very organic drapery -Mary Magdelon at Jesus's feet
elongation
-figures elongated -sign of spirituality
Abbey Church of St Denis
-first gothic church -Paris France -Abbot Suger: father of the Gothic -traditional burial site of French kings -all kings and religious leaders saw it when it was concecrated -Gothic Features: rib vaults, united chapels, stainglass
Gargoles
-guardian figures -functional: funnels rain out of gutter and buttresses
Mythological journey
-the palace has many metaphoric messages and symbols -each room is dedicated to planet or a greek god/goddess -apollo influences everywhere
Royal bed
-the symbol of the kings power -it is at the center of the palace, and the center of the room -people bow before it
What was the International Exhibition?
-the world's first industrial fair, held in Great Britain to display their wealth and success
Jewish Prophet/ Old Testiment Prophet Iconography
-typically Isaah or Jerimiah -holds scrolls -long hear and beards
Expenses to live at Versaille
-very expensive because you had to pay for everything -had to keep up with fashion and buy new clothes and hair accessories (wigs, combs)
Original use of Versaille
-was a hunting lodge, but for Louis XIV it was too primitive -he put hunting dog statues in the fountains which are standing over dead deer
Sources of new capital in Great Britain
Profits from trade and the cottage industry prior to the industrial revolution effective central bank and well-developed credit facilities with low interest rates profits from trade and the cottage industry prior to the industrial revolution - effective central bank and well-developed credit facilities with low interest rates
Story VI
1 and Madonna Oretta (meaning),- focusses oh how to tell a good story - good stories produce good results and bad stories produce embarrassing results - oretta shows the correct use of language by a women (wit) which is important for the narrator who says women should keep their remarks short - humor and rhetoric can work together to help someone escape a difficult situation
Story VI
1 and Madonna Oretta (summary),- A knight offers to carry Madonna Oretta a horseback with a story, but tells it so ill that she prays him to dismount her.
5 Characteristic Features?
1. Monophonic texture
When did Raphael create the paintings of the "Madonna's"?
1504 to 1507
Homophony
2 or more parts share the same rhythm but have different pitches
Trio
3 instruments
How old was Michelangelo when he became famous?
37 years of age,
Aristotle
384 -332 B.C. Pupil of Plato. Took an empirical stance, disagreeing with Plato. There is no perfect state / justice. Narrowed down government into three forms: monarchy, oligarchy and democracy (The most stable is a mix of the three). Goal should be happiness and moderation. Teacher of Alexander the Great
Quartet
4 instruments
Socrates
469 -399 B.C. Opposed both Sophists and Natural Scientists Concerned with the WHY? Why is the world constructed the way it is? The world must be ordered to fulfill a moral purpose. Concerned with the nature of good. One must "know thyself" "The unexamined life is not worth living."
Quintet
5 instruments
When were the middle ages?
500-1500 AD
Sextet
6 instruments
Who was Michelangelo?
A famous painter, and sculptor from the renaissance
Concord
A harmonious chord
Monk
A man who dedicates his life to the church and lives in a community with others who believe the same thing - usually dedicates himself to chastity, charity and obedience
Sacrament
A means of receiving grace in Christianity - there were 7 in the middle ages including baptism and communion.
Homophonic
A single melody being played with accompaniment.
Grotesques
A style of painting, sculpture, and ornamentation in which natural forms and monstrous figures are intertwined in bizarre or fanciful combinations. They were used to scare off evil spirits in the Middle Ages.
arabesque
A type of linear surface decoration based on foliage and calligraphic forms, usually characterized by flowing lines and swirling shapes
Location of Charlemagne's palace school
Aachen
Porch of the Maidens The Erechtheum
Acropolis, Athens. 421-405 B.C.
Why did Greece want independence and from whom?
Against Turks (Ottoman Empire); they were oppressive
Where was the residence of the Papacy from 1309 to 1367?
Avignon
What was the primary source of the Medici family's wealth?
Banking
What architect was responsible for the magnificent dome of Florence Cathedral?
Brunelleschi
A book of psalms
Psalter
Kritios Boy
Classical Greek sculpture created in c. 480 B.C.
What ethical issues did Humanists struggle with during the Italian Renaissance?
The wanted to find a balance between spiritual and earthly motivations, and quests.
Requiem
Roman Catholic mass for the dead with solo voices, chorus and orchestra.
What was the name of the most important style of architecture between 1000 and 1150?
Romanesque
Basilica of Constantine
Rome, c. 307 - 320 A.D.
Rose window
Round stained glass window with radial balance found in gothic cathedrals
Who was the author of the most famous "Rule" in western monasticism?
Saint Benedict of Nursia
Isabella d'Este
She was intelligent and powerful and used her wealth to support artists and scholars.
Vassal
Someone who receives land from a lord
How were they similar to Luther's beliefs?
They were similar because he also denied the authority of the church and thought that anyone can go to heaven.
What is the meaning of the term "trecento"?
Three Hundred
What was Leonardo´s first commissioned work? For whom?
The Adoration of the Magi for Florence´s San Donato a Scopeto monastery
What is the subject of the Bayeux Tapestry?
The Norman Invasion of England in 1066
What painting did he never get to finish because of his death?
The Transfiguration
Cathedra
The chair or throne in a bishop's cathedral from which he presides over special functions.
Who were the jongleurs?
Traveling minstrels
Critical Review
an essay or article that gives a critical evaluation
apprentice
an unpaid person training in a craft or trade
Bubonic plague
another name for the Black Death
3. Unmeasured rhythm (music sung freely
based on the natural flow of text)
"L'etat
c'est moi",This was his saying meaning "I am the state"
"living catechism"
cathedrals were called this because of all the details on the building itself which provided a way to teach the faith
"bible of the poor"
cathedrals were called this because the details of the cathedral architecture allowed all to learn about their faith
Abundance of natural resources
coal and iron ore helped development of those industries provided cotton - helped textile industries
limited palette
colour ?
How did Vinci see art and science?
complementary rather than distinct disciplines, and thought that ideas formulated in one realm could and should inform the other.
Stained glass windows
constructed of pieces of glass, held together by metal leading, said to shed "divine light" into the cathedrals because of their beauty, usually depict a religious scene
Marie Antoinette
d. 1793,Married to Louis XVI. Opposite of Louis, very out going, loved people, etc. Political marriage--didn't have sex until 20's sex was painful for Louis XVI.
Critical Thinking
disciplined thinking that is clear, rational, open-minded, and informed by evidence
Solid monumental figures
gestures and simple backgrounds,What aspect of Giotto's paintings was he influenced by
Northern Renaissance
interest in early Christian period, more realistic figures and subject matter in art work.
Musical compositions with three voices
often singing in different,Motet
Four-lobed frame used in the Baptistery competition
quatrefoil
pro-cathedral
temporary cathedral
transept
the two arms of a cross shaped church
excommunication
to be expelled from membership in the Church and participation in Church life
What was the purpose of the "signature frames" found at the bottom of many stained-glass windows?
to designate group or person who donated the window
Refers to the 1300s in Italy
trecento
Crossing
where the transept crosses nave -has two bays
Homer
wrote the Iliad and the Odyssey
Versailles
•French baroque style, palatial, there is no wall to protect--message that Louis XIV was not afraid •Louis XIV's bedroom is entirely made of gold •Hall of Mirrors
Louis XIV conclusions
•Louis XIV defined what it meant to be a European monarch •Louis XIV's arrogance in war and lavish style brought incredible misfortune and misery to the common people of France - he was irresponsible and selfish •The age of Louis XIV put France at the center of European culture
Louis XIV personal details
•wore high heels, slept less than 6 hours every night •went for a daily walk, rarely got sick, "vigorous man" •similar to his great grandfather Philip II of Spain secretive but hardworking •when he was 10-15 there was an event called the Fronde (1648-1653) civil war •everyone was trying to manipulate the king as a young man Louis XIV had to constantly move around according to the nature of French kings •develops paranoia to an extent, only trusts himself concerned about his legacy •works to make himself known as the greatest king •10,000 nobles, he keeps them busy keeps the nobility concerned with petty jobs by eliminating politics, instead making them bicker amongst themselves who pours his wine, who brushes his hair
Decameron's Author's conclusion (4)
- Boccaccio exemplifies the "death of the author" - once the book leaves the author it is up to the readers to find their meaning in the stories
The Role of women in the decameron
- Boccaccio's Decameron is written in a feministic approach at a time when women were socially lower than men - the women are the leaders and are the majority of the storytellers in the decameron - Boccaccio uses the book to encourage and give power to women who are in love and alone in their rooms - he portrays the women storytellers intelligent and his female characters as more cunning and stronger than the men
Development (Sonata form)
- Ideas are developed. - Creates a feeling of tension and conflict. - Climax may be in this section.
Concerto
- Solo instrument in competition with the orchestra, developed from Baroque solo concerto. - There is a dialogue between melodic lines and themes between the soloist and orchestra, with each taking turns to accompany the other. - 3 movements: fast, slow, fast like the early symphony (no minuet or trio).
Types of composition for Orchestral music
- Symphony - Concerto - Overture
Decameron style points
- stories are short - language is metaphorical
Galahad (2)
- the mention of galahad in the decameron is a reference to the Arthurian hero but also to Dante's mention of the word in the canto of Paolo and francesca
Decameron (3)
- this book has 10 stories that are told by 10 storytellers over the course of 10 days - the women are the leaders - stories take place during the Black Plague and - narrators want to escape the plague
Middle Ages
-500 to 1400 AD -middle ages is a negative/derogatory term -considered the age of faith -all art is associated with Roman Catholicism -began with fall of Rome in 500 AD (end of Greco-Roman culture)
Dark Ages/ Period of Migration
-500 to 800 AD -tribes are on the move trying to increase landmass -closely associated with the fall of Rome -Ireland/Scotland/western coast of England are very important art influence-----especially Ireland -Ireland has never been part of the empire---untouched/safe
Carolingian Period
-800 to 950 AD - Charlemange is center - he brings about classical revival and the idea of monumental architecture built with stone(was wood) upon charlemanges return to Rome -begin to experiment with basilica plan (2 towers, curved narthex) -electrocuted, wet drapery
Ottonian Period
-900 CE -Germany is artistic capitol -all three rulers were named Otto (1st, 2nd, 3rd) -Otto 2 married byzantine princess (ottonian period is highly influenced by byzantine art--expecially the gold background) -interest in monumental sculpture---now small, portable sculptures (big change from carolinthians) -very expressionalistic
Fibulas
-Dark Age artwork -broaches -zoomorphic -interlaced patterning -worn by men and women -horror vacui
Last Judgement on W. Tympanum of Autun Cathedral by Gislebertus
-France -Jesus as Judge -hierarchic scale -to right: heaven bound sould -to left: hell bound souls (tortured) -shows Michael defending heaven -demons shoving souls in furnace and trying to tip scales
The rule of one
-France starts to focus on laws with the French Revolution but Napoleon reverses it since he rules as a dictator
Florence Baptistry
-Italian: separate building, multicolored marble -Baptistry: rounded arches (Romanesque), where babies are baptized then carried to cathedral by godfather through narthex -Cathedral: gothic. pointed arches
Public life
-King Louis XIV is never alone, he is constantly being watched -he is even awakened by a group of 100 people every single morning -he is the hardest working monarch because he always has to be presentable and be "King Louis"
War
-King Louis XIV is very passionate about this -The new model army taken to massive extremes in terms of size -400,000 soldiers
1682
-King Louis XIV makes versaille his official residence -30,000 people live their -his counsel is there
Cultural Accomplishments Achieved under the Medici Family include
-Laurentian Library - the official library of the Medicis Contains over 10,000 manuscripts and 4,000 old books -Cathedrals like the "Duomo" -Santa Maria del Fiore -Uffizi "the Office" : art gallery that contains Medici-collected artworks - Michelangelo and Da Vinci would visit here for inspiration and to work -Platonic Academy in the Garden of San Marco: university to study and discuss the works of ancient Greek and Romans such as Plato and Aristotles
The civilizing process
-Louis XIV domesticated the nobles- took the war out of them -at the same time, the fork is introduced in Italy, before the fingers were used to eat meat -fork was introduced in Versaille as well- this emasculated and domesticated the once barbaric nobles -when the revolution happens, it will be everyday people who overthrow Louis, not the nobility because they are emasculated and no longer fight
The Medicis were
-The "ruling" family of Florence -Dominated life and politics in Florence for 250 years -Gained wealth by owning banks and commerce (TEXTILE business) in Florence
Louis XIV dies in 1715
-after he dies, the man's hairstyle changes completely -it gets shorter, smaller, and cheaper -he dictated fashion so much because of his immense power
Army cost
-all Louis XIV has to show for his army are small pieces of territory -not worth the cost -the cost is more than the french economy can stand
Key Features of Ottonian Art
-byzantine influence (gold backgrounds) -glance and gesture -linear/inorganic drapery -expressionalistic
Mary Magdelon
-reformed prostitute -Iconography: hair and clothing red, at Jesus's feet, holding vile of oil
Crypt
A cellar or vault or underground burial chamber (especially beneath a church)
Cathedral
A large and important church created during the Middle Ages where people learned about religion.
Orchestral form of Classical music (Symphony)
A large orchestral work, usually in three or four contrasting movements/sections (a sonata for orchestra). Fourth movement is commonly a Minuet and Trio.
Cadence
A modulation or inflection of the voice; A sequence of notes or chords comprising the close of a musical phrase.
What was "The Creation of Adam"?
A painting on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, of God reaching towards Adam as Adam reaches towards God.
Serf
A peasant in the middle ages - they lived on manors and were typically farmers
What was Carolingian minuscule?
A precise and rounded form of calligraphy
Apse
A recess, usually semicircular, in the wall of a building, commonly found at the east end of a church.
Tithe
A religious tax in the Christian Church - 10% of income
What was the Industrial Revolution?
A revolution in the industry field of Britain (mostly)
Communion/Eucharist
A sacrament in the medieval catholic church - involves a ceremony of eating bread and drinking wine.
Baptism
A sacrament in the medieval church - babies are sprinkled with water to show that they have entered the church
What is the subject of The Praise of Folly?
A satirical criticism of society
Flemish School
A school where the painters perfected certain techniques of painting on oil canvas. They paid attention to great detail.
Bar phrases
A section in which music seems to fall naturally that can often be played in one breath.
Crusades
A series of battles launched by the pope and European kings to reclaim the Holy Land (Jerusalem and surroundings) from the Muslims
fete galante
A subject in painting depicting well-dress people at leisure in a park or country setting. It is most often associated with 18th Century French Rococo painting
capital
A wealthy entrepreneurial class had finance and business skills-set up new industries Low bank interest rates encouraged them to develop new industries and manufacturing processes
In what town did Charlemagne build his palace and royal chapel?
Aachen
Why did the industrial revolution start in Britain?
Abundance of natural resources, geographical industries, abundance of labor, capital, markets, government, inventions
What were the religious and political implications of Luther's reforms?
According to Luther, German rulers should be the reformers of the Church because the Church was weak to do it by itself. He also attacked the Church about indulgences and other corruptions that were going on.
Who was an important Anglo-Saxon scholar at Charlemagne's court in Aachen?
Alcuin of York
Theme/subject
An important melody which occurs more than once in a piece of music. A theme may be just a melodic figure.
Where was Leonardo born at? and close to what town?
Anchiano, Tuscany (now Italy) close to the town of Vinci
Why can early medieval drama be described as "liturgical drama"?
Based on religious themes
Alberti Bass
Bass line on piano that consists of simple broken chords, repeated in the left hand, which keeps the music going, and outlines the harmony.
How was Botticelli's Birth of Venus influenced by Platonic idealism as well as the Christian view of the Virgin Mary?
Botticelli's Birth of Venus depicts an image of idealized beauty modeled after the Platonic ideal of the Venus pudica or "Modest" Venus. The positioning of her hands, head and overall stance evoke the Christian view of the Virgin Mary.
Pyrenees/Alps/Rhine River
Boundaries of France were a little different then.
Baroque Ceilings
Ceilings are even more opportunity for the nobility to please the king. Very extravagant ceilings.
Rib Vault ceiling
Ceilings formed by using a straight line of either round or pointed arches
Types of composition for instrumental music
Chamber music (e.g. String quartet)
Which medieval cathedral is famous for its 173 stained glass windows?
Chartres
Leading note
Chord/ Note 7
Who used stories to reveal truth?
Christ
Who was one of the first women in medieval Europe to make a living as a professional writer?
Christine de Pisan
Canon Law
Church law
In his opinion where does poetry come from?
Comes from the bosom of god and moves minds of a few men from on high to a yearning for eternal.
Bacchanal
Created by Titan in 1518
In which work did he write about the events of his time?
Decameron
Opera
Dramatic piece for orchestra, chorus and vocal soloists combining acting with music. An opera begins with an overture for orchestra (prepares the audience for what is to come), followed by choruses and arias. They also include recitatives. The orchestra mirrors the mood and drama of the action.
Who commissioned Vinci to sculpt his grand statue tomb that was never completed? why?
Duke Ludovico Sforza and Gian Giacomo Trivulzio (he didnt finish it because Trivulzio scaled back his plan)
What were the characteristics of the art of the Northern Renaissance?
During this time, there was an emphasis on daily life, the lives of peasants. A greater emphasis was put on living a simple life.
Thomas More
English humanist and friend of Erasmus. He condemed governments are corrupt and argued that private ownership of property caused unnecessary conflicts between people. is most famous writing was Utopia, which describes the political arrangements of the imaginary island country of Utopia.
A moral example used in preaching and theology.
Exemplum
First Estate/Second Estate/Third Estate
First Estate- clergy Second Estate- nobility Third Estate- bourgeoisie
For what did Brunelleschi and 6 other competitors design a scene depicting the Sacrifice of Isaac on doors for in order to be chosen to design the Dome of the Florence Cathedral?
Florence Baptistery
Which Dominican monk preached against Florentine art and culture?
Fra Savonarola
Which two European countries were the main combatants in the Hundred Years' War?
France and England
Who was Vinci closest companion when he went back to Milan?
Francesco Melzi
Huguenots
French protestants
Apollo
God of music, poetry, plague, oracles, sun, medicine, light and knowledge Names: Phoebus, Sol, Helios, Cynthius, Pytheus.
How were the distinctive characteristics of Renaissance art and architecture different from medieval art and Gothic architecture?
Gothic art was characterized by religious art with a focus on architecture. The Renaissance period greatly expanded the scope and subject matter of art.
cathedra
Greek word for seat of the bishop, literally the chair of the bishop in a cathedral
What type of chant grew most directly out of the Roman musical tradition?
Gregorian chant
Who was Donatello
Greta sculptor at beginning of 1400s. Favorite Sculptor of Medici Family
Gargoyles
Grotesque flying statues at the roof of a church or cathedral, used as rain spouts. *Drains
tympanum
Half-round panel that fills the space between the lintle and arch over the doorway of the church.
What was innovative about Donatello's portrayal of David?
He combined a classical nude with Biblical texts
What is his idea about poetry?
He defends poetry and classical myth and believes that poetry improves life by revealing both truth and God.
Beau Dieu- Christ
High Gothic, 1220-1236 Trumeau statue of central doorway. Amiens Cathedral. Human like- how Christ actually was.
Monastery
Home of monks in the middle ages
Scandinavia
Homeland of the Vikings
Latona Fountain
Huge fountains (one used 6 million gallons of water an hour). Latona fountain (not the huge one) comes from a greek myth. Symbolizes Louis power.
Central Perspective
In Tribute Money was technique did he use to draw the eye to the figure of Jesus
How did the cathedral play an integral part in the lives of the townspeople?
In addition to its primary role as religious guide for the public, the cathedral also was an important center of social structure and power: It was the site where births, marriages and deaths were recorded. It was the primary focus of education and culture. It provided a major source of economic vitality in the community through the pilgrims (tourism) and trade fares as well as being a place of employment for craftspeople.
Where does the truth found in poetry or literature lie?
In allegory
What were the various responses that people had to the catastrophe of the plague?
In response to the plague, some people turned to debauchery, some to religious mania, some fled to the countryside, some took their vengeance out upon others (Jews, "witches"), and the poor revolted.
establishment of a conservative state after unification (German)
In the Hall of Mirrors, the German Willian I was proclaimed emperor, German unity was acquired
Pythagoreans
Individuals who believed in a system of esoteric and metaphysical beliefs held by Pythagoras. They were considerably influenced by mathematics (Everything can be explained mathematically)
What does Machiavelli say about cruelty?
Inflict all the cruelty at once, then never again. If he commits cruelty towards his subjects, the he is endangering himself by breeding hatred and resentment among the populace.
Leonardo da Vinci
Influenced by nature, uncle, and master. Many powerful people supported him including the Medici family and Pope Leo X. Better known for The Last Supper and the Mona Lisa. He was passionate about all of his works.
Henry VIII
Inherits the throne at age 18, Well educated and Renaissance man Marries his sister-in-law Catherine of Aragon (daughter of King and Queen of Spain), Wants divorce and splits from the Church
What were the main ideas and values of the Northern Renaissance?
Interest in the early Christian culture as well as the classics, and a value in the spiritual church were the main ideas and values of Norrthern Renaissance.
Artistic style of Fabriano's paintings
International Style
What style is exemplified by Simone Martin's Annunciation?
International style
Fall of the Roman Empire (what happens)
Invasion by barbarians, loss of trade, ruralization of the population, etc.
Hibernosaxton
Ireland/English art
What were the causes of the Peasants' Revolt of 1525-1526?
It began as a petition made to the Holy Roman Emperor on behalf of some German peasants in 1524.
How big is Mona Lisa and what is it also called.
It is 21-31 inches that was painted around 1503-1506 also known as La Gioconda
Catholic Emancipation Act of 1828
It repealed the requirement for the government officials to take communion in the Church of England Gave dissenters and Catholic inferior legal status Allowed Catholics to participate in the government
How was it a religious compromise?
It was a compromise in that a permanent religious division of the Holy Roman empire was agreed as an alternative to ongoing religious wars.
What was Mona Lisa often thought to be in the past? what is it thought of now?
It was thought to be Mona Lisa Gherardini a courtesan but now she is thought as Lisa del Giocondo, wife of Forentine merchant of Franciso del Giocondo
Giovanni da Bologna Abduction of the Sabine Woman Florence
Italy 1579-1583 Marble - This sculpture was the first large scale group since classical antiquity designed to be seen from multiple viewpoints. The three bodies interlock to create a vertical spiral movement,
What were the primary goals of the Council of Trent?
Its main object was the definitive determination of the doctrines of the Church in answer to the heresies of the Protestants; a further object was the execution of a thorough reform of the inner life of the Church by removing the numerous abuses that had developed in it.
Tintoretto
Jacopo (Jacopo Robusti) St. Mark Frees a Christian Slave/ Miracle of a Slave 1548 Oil on canvas,
Flemish painter of Giovanni and His Wife
Jan Van Eyck
Who was the primary subject of the 300 sonnets and 49 canzoni (songs) in Petrarch's Canzoniere (Songbook)?
Laura
The Hamlet
Louis builds Marie her own grounds, like a new life, miniature village, literally like a playground. Scandalous decision by Louis to build this.
Estates General
Louis has to call an estates general which hasn't been called since the middle ages 1400's. •Called to talk about conflict between bourgeoisie and Louis XVI •One day, a meeting room was closed so they met on a tennis court. The third estate takes what is now called The Tennis Court Oath saying they will not leave Versailles until there is a constitutional monarchy.
France - Revolution of 1848
Louis-Philipe fled to Britain - his government was corrupt and many people were upset (he banned political rallies, banquets for politics and anything that would mess with politics) - a new provisional government was established - new universal male suffrage, established national workshops (provided jobs like leaf raking) and also became increasingly burdensome The number of unemployed people rose a lot, which frightened the moderates
What are the different kinds of troops that Machiavelli discusses?
Machiavelli lists four types of armies:
Black Death
Major epidemic in the mid 1300s. Probably the bubonic plague. Spread especially by traders. Kills 1/3-1/2 of the medieval Europe population.
Ancient greece & roman sculpture
Masaccio preferred this type of art he seen in Florence
The Last Judgment
Michelangelo 1534-41 Fresco Wall of the Sistine Chapel, Vatican, Rome
What era is the Gregorian Chant used in?
Middle Ages
Polyphony
Music containing 2+ independent but harmonious melodies.
Realistic
Narrative, Master of Spatial Perspective,Masaccio's Style
Independence of Beligium
Netherlands came together in Congress of Vienna - Belgians unhappy - they were Catholic and didn't speak dutch Riots broke out Belgians defeated the Dutch when they sent in troops Belgium recognized as a neutral kingdom
Shrine of the 3 Kings
Nicholas of Verdun. Gold castor. The 3 wisemen are buried inside. A wooden portion used to be inside the gold w/ inlaid paintings on it.
Which Italian sculptors (father and son) demonstrate the Roman and northern Gothic influences in their work?
Nicola and Giovanni Pisano
Where the Renaissance occurred mostly
Northern Italy in Urban areas
Leonardo Da Vinci largely self-educated filled dozens of secret ¨ ¨ with ..(3)
Notebooks with inventions, observations, and theories about pursuits from aeronautics to anatomy
Francesco Petrarch
One of the first humanists. Scholar, teacher and wrote poetry. Felt it was important to lead a full life here on Earth. Wrote Poetry - "sonnets to Laura" considered some of the greatest love poems in Literature.
Germanic Tribes (and how they work)
Oral tradition, chief provides for everyone, no written language, personal loyalty
What did Pico della Mirandola write?
Oration of the Dignity of Man
Versailles Bedroom/Courtyard
Originally the very center was a hunting lodge but later Louis XIV built more around. •He lives at the center of the palace symbolizing he is the center of the state. •This is a palace, not a castle. No walls, or protection. •His bedroom is made entirely of gold leaf down to every thread. .
history painting
Paintings based on historical, mythological, or biblical narratives. Once considered the noblest form of art, history paintings generally convey a high moral or intellectual idea and are often painted in a grand pictorial style
Which of the following was NOT designed by Brunelleschi?
Palazzo Rucellai
Humanist
People who specialized in study the humanities. Included studying grammer, history, poetry, and rhetoric.
Italian Renaissance Art
Perspective, Geomerty, Naturalism, Chiaroscuro, Classical Themes, Contropposto
Who was crowned poet laureate of Rome in 1348?
Petrarch
Which artist wrote the first theoretical treatise about creating perspective in art?
Piero della Franscesca
King
Political leader, conflicts with the pope
Who did Raphael make portraits for?
Pope Julius II and Pope Leo X
What was the subject matter of The Book of the City of Ladies (1404)?
Presented an argument against the antifeminine writers
Why did Henry VIII's break with Rome have so much support from the English people?
Princes in Germany were supportive because they wanted to separate from the church so that they could gain power. They gave him the idea of separating from the church. Luther was planning on just changing the beliefs of the church, not separating. Also the church had a high tax on land in Germany and the princes were sick of it. So they thought that if Luther separated from the church they would not have to pay that tax anymore.
Anne Boleyn
Queen of England from 1533 to 1536 as the second wife of Henry VIII of England. Henry's marriage to Anne made her a key figure in the political and religious upheaval that was the start of the English Reformation.
How was the plague spread to Europe?
Rats aboard trade ships
What was the subject of the Summa Theologica?
Reconciling classical philosophy and Christian faith
Dutch School
Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn (1606-1669) was a Dutch painter and etcher. He is generally considered one of the greatest painters and printmakers in European art history and the most important in Dutch history
How did religion influence Renaissance thought and art
Renaissance art combined religions themes with humanistic values of the time period. It showed religious figures are realistic human beings. Renissance thought included leading a meaning ful life and believe in human dignity.
Municipal Corporations Act of 1835
Reorganized the Anglican Church to streamline its administration and finances
Westminster Abbey- Chapel of Henry VII
Robert and William Virtue. London, England. 1503-1519 AD. Decorated Gothic. Fan vaulting- very elaborate.
Pieta
Scene of Pity
What was the Divine Office?
Schedule of monastic worship
Method for reconciling conflicting theological opinions.
Scholasticism
Society of Jesus (Jesuits)
Started by Ignatious Loyola. Win back hearts and minds of the people through education.
Renaissance state
State was political organism independent of the ruler, if the ruler dies the state will continue with a new leader. State has 3 essential attributes: legitimacy, sovereignty, and territory. Royalty was only the servant, protector of the state. New style of monarchy with only one goal.
Marks on the body resembling the wounds of Christ.
Stigmata
Enlightenment
The Age of Enlightenment (or simply the Enlightenment, or Age of Reason) is an era from the 1650s to the 1780s in which cultural and intellectual forces in Western Europe emphasized reason, analysis and individualism rather than traditional lines of authority. It was promoted by philosophes and local thinkers in urban coffeehouses, salons and masonic lodges. It challenged the authority of institutions that were deeply rooted in society, such as the Catholic Church; there was much talk of ways to reform society with toleration, science and skepticism.
What is one example of Vincis notebooks? what was it about?
The Codex Atlantieus, a plan of a 65 foot tall machanical bat
What name did Michelangelo give to East Doors of the Florence Baptistery?
The Gates of Paradise
Michelangelo
The Medici family gave him money. he was extremely popular during the Renaissance, especially with the church. Also a painter and engineer. He was proud of his work and didn't let anyone help him with it. He expressed himself through art.
Famous book by Machiavelli
The Prince
How did the Quem Queritis trope affect the development of western drama?
The Quem Quaeritis trope is the point where the dialogue elements developed with the exchange between the angels and the Marys. From this starting point, over time additional words (not exclusively in the Bible) and characters were inserted. This evolved into short liturgical dramas which eventually developed into western drama.
What is the oldest and most famous of the chansons de geste?
The Song of Roland
choir
The area of the church between a transept and main apse. it is the area where the service is sung and clergy may stand, and the main or high altar is located.
Why do you think that they were labeled the "radicals" of the Protestant Reformation movement?
The early Anabaptists taught that Christians, as much as possible, should keep themselves separate from the world. They admitted that in this present life some kind of government is necessary, but they taught that believers should have no part in it. Consequently, according to them, a Christian should not hold government office because this involved "the use of the sword," should not be soldier, should not take an oath, and should not sue in the courts.
Why was Charlemagne's "palace school" at Aachen important?
The establishment of Charlemagne's "palace school" at Aachen brought together some of the brightest scholars of the period, increased literacy throughout the kingdom, and led to the establishment of a standard curriculum (The Seven Liberal Arts) and systemized pedagogy.
What are the five parts of the Mass Ordinary?
The five parts of the Ordinary are the Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus, and Agnus Dei.
Pope
The head of the Roman Catholic Church - resides in the Vatican
What factors explain the rise of formal educational institutions in twelfth-century Europe?
The increase in urbanization and the need for educated administrators and bureaucrats, the reemergence of Aristotle's texts, collaboration between Christian and Arabic scholars in the sciences and mathematics, and the rise of theology all contributed to the surge of formal educational institutions in twelfth-century Europe.
How was the Northern Renaissance different from that in Renaissance Italy?
The italian renaissance had a lot to do with the city-state and its own individual art and its relation to the church. The northern renaissance had more astronomy, science, and other studies.
Transcept
The part of a church with an axis that crosses the nave at a right angle.
Quattocentro Painting
The type of art heavily influenced by work of Giotto and the humanist teachings of Trecento Scholars (like Petrarch&Dante)
Why was Leonardo De Vinci notebooks difficult to read?
The world was just beginning to share knowledge in books made of moveable type and the concepts expressed in his notebooks were often difficult to interpet.
Storming of the Bastille
They overtake Bastille (a fortress) on July 14, 1789 (important date). Bastille Day •Bread prices rise, people upset •This shows people how weak the government actually is.
How were Renaissance artists trained?
They were trained as apprentices, under a master painter.
Responsorial Singing
This is a method of performance where solo voice alternates with chorus. The solo passages are referred to as "verse." The choral passages are referred to as "respond."
What was the specific reason that La Sainte Chapelle was built?
To house relics of Christ's Passion, including the Crown of Thorns
Why was the international exhibition held?
To show the variety of products created in the industrial revolution, display Britain's wealth, and a huge symbol of British success
How many years did Vinci refined his painting and sculpting techniques? What did he trained in?
Took about a decade and trained in Mechanical arts
What did Francis of Assisi believe was necessary for a life of perfect freedom?
Total poverty
When were clarinets introduced?
Towards the end of the 18th century
Bridge
Transition
Mannerism
Trend after the High Renaissance characterized by an artificial, exaggerated figurative ideal (Madonna with the Long Neck)
Which are the oldest universities in Europe?
University of Bologna
Notre-Dame de Paris-- Gargoyle
Used to ward of evil spirits and also as drainage fountains.
All of the diagonal perspective lines from the architecture of the temple on the right meet at the vanishing point behind Christ's head
Uses of central perspective in the tribute money
Paolo Veronese Triumph of Venice ca. 1585 Oil on canvas Venice - Within an immense oval frame
Veronese presented an illusionistic tableau of Venice crowned by Fame amid columns, clouds, and personifications. Baroque painters adopted this 45 degree view from the ground,
Spanish Inquisition
When Spanish Christian officials tried to make sure that everyone in Spain was Christian - tried potential heretics and tried to convert them
Excommuncation
When a heretic is thrown out of the medieval catholic church, effectively condemning them to hell
Children's Crusade
When children decided to go on a crusade to liberate Jerusalem from the Muslims. Most are killed or sold into slavery.
Which character in the Canterbury Tales argues against misogyny and also sees sexual relations as a good given by God?
Wife of Bath
What are some of his more famous works?
Will accept: "The Creation of Adam","The pieta","David","The Final Judgment".
Joan of Arc
Woman general who led the French to victory in the Hundred Year's War, later burned at the stake for heresy.
Did Leonardo appreciate his talent? what did he do?
Yes, at the age of 15 he noted Leonardo to a sculptor and painter Andrea del Verrocchio of Florence
Praise and Folly
a Renaissance literature called for a return to simple values and virtues
Psalter
a book containing psalms
Perspective
a technique of depicting volumes and spatial relationships on a flat surface
Ziggurat
a temple of Sumerian origin in the form of a pyramidal tower, consisting of a number of stories and having about the outside a broad ascent winding round the structure, presenting the appearance of a series of terraces.
Collective Unconscious
a term of analytical psychology, coined by Carl Jung. It is proposed to be a part of the unconscious mind and describes how the structure of the psyche autonomously organizes experience in a similar way with each member of a particular species
Pointillism
a theory and technique developed by the neo-impressionists, based on the principle that juxtaposed dots of pure color, as blue and yellow, are optically mixed into the resulting hue, as green, by the viewer.
Myth
a traditional or legendary story, usually concerning some being or hero or event, with or without a determinable basis of fact or a natural explanation, especially one that is concerned with deities or demigods and explains some practice, rite, or phenomenon of nature
troubadour
a traveling poet and musician of the Middle Ages
Pier
a vertical support that holds up an arch or a vault
Sanctus
acclamation to The Lord Mass Ordinary
Edict of Worms
addressed Martin Luther and the effects of the Protestant Reformation. It was conducted from 28 January to 25 May 1521, with Emperor Charles V presiding.
What is a melisma?
an Intricate series of musical notes often on a single syllable of text
What did Leonardo served for the ruling Sforza Clan
an engineer, painter, architect, designer of court festivals and most notably a sculpter
The Stone Breakers
created by Gustave Courbet in 1849, shows realism
Petrarch
early humanist, father of humanism, vernacular poet, sonnet- 14 line poem
Cloisonne
enamel work in which colored areas are separated by thin metal bands, common in dark ages
they were seen as
friends of "common people"
Edict of Nantes
guaranteed conditional religions freedom to Calvinists in France
Animal Style/ Zoomorphic
highly abstracted animals. common in dark ages
Introit
intro chant Mass Proper
What is a Gregorian Chant?
is a type of chant that's classified as a plainchant/plainsong
Levee
is the french word for "waking up." It is the first ceremony of a day filled with ceremony for the king -part of his daily ceremony
Charlemagne
king of the Franks
nave
main body of the church
Lines that converge on a single point in a painting
orthogonals
sovereignty
territory, and legitimacy,the Renaissance ideas concerning the state
Chiaroscuro
the use of deep variations in and subtle gradations of light and shade, especially to enhance the delineation of character and for general dramatic effect (Mona Lisa)
What did the ruling Sforza clan asked Leonardo to do? and for what? how long did he work on it?
to create a magnificent 16-foot-tall equestrian statue to honor dynasty founder Francesco Sforza. Worked on it on and off for 12 years.
gargoyles
used to help water flow from the roof, make gargling sound
When was the sculpture Leonardo did for the ruling Sforza clan ready? then what happened to it?
was ready in 1493, war re-purpose the bronze earmarked for the sculpture into cannons and the clay model was destroyed in the conflict after the ruling Sforza duke fell from power in 1499
Bartholemew's Day Massacre
when huguenots were prosecuted
On the last supper Jesus say to his 12 apostles was what?
¨ One of you shall betray me¨
What did Sigmund Freud say about leonardo?
¨ like a man who awoke too early in the darkness, while the others were all sill alseep.
Greeks and Romans
What groups influenced the Renaissance humanists the most?
1401-28
When Masaccio was born and died
When was Milan invaded by the French? what happened to Vinci and what did he do there?
When Milan was invaded by the French in 1499 and the Sforza family fled Vinci escaped to Venice and then to Florence. There he painted La Gioconda a 21-31 inch work
Martin Luther
a German monk and priest who started the Renaissance by writing his 95 theses
Council of Trent
a meeting of Catholic leaders resulting in the decision to not change the Catholic church's ideas in the light of Protestantism
Rose window
a round stained glass window
Psalm
a sacred chanting of the texts taken from book of psalms
Charles Martel
"The Hammer," held the role of majordomo (mayor of the palace). Won the Battle of Tours to hold of Moorish invaders.
Renaissance
"rebirth", Study of classical Greek and Roman culture and philosophy allows one to become "fully human"
Carl Jung
(1875-1961) a Swiss psychiatrist and the founder of analytical psychology.One of the best known researchers in the field of dream analysis and symbolization.Theory - all persons are born with an instinctive knowledge of certain archetypes.
Classical Greek Sculpture
(480 - 323 BC) was created during a "golden age", from the time Athens rose to prominence and Greek expansion, right up until the death of Alexander the Great. Produced some of the most exquisite sculptures known today. It was during this age that sculptors had mastered marble and began creating statues that showed joyous freedom of movement and expression, while celebrating mankind as an independent entity.
Etruscans
(800 B.C -100 B.C.) According to Greek historian Herodotus, the Etruscans migrated from Asia minor to the Tuscan Region of Italy. Built cities. Joined Greeks and Phoenicians in Mediterranean trade.
Classical music
- Art music - Instrumental music - Emphasis on beauty and elegance/grace of melody, and balance and control. - More variety and contrast within a piece than Baroque (dynamics, instruments, pitch, tempo, key, mood and timbre).
Decameron's Author's conclusion (4)
- Boccaccio exemplifies the "death of the author" - once the book leaves the author it is up to the readers to find their meaning in the stories - compares it to the bible (can be harmful if misinterpreted) - he is empowering the readers and making them central to the way the book is understood - the reader need to understand how to move between reality and fiction
France - Revolution of 1830 (What sparked it?)
- Charles X called for new elections - he made rigid censorship in the press - he reduced the electorate in preparation for new elections - he got rid of legislative assembly - Louis-Philipe: Chamber of Deputies - one wanted new change but the other wanted it to stay the same (Party of Movement/Party of Resistance)
Conservative Reaction of French Revolution of 1830
- Charles X implemented July Ordinances which were strictly conservative ideas - immediate rebellion known as the July Revolution - Charles X fled to Britain and his cousin Louis-Philipe became new monarch - Party of Resistance won out - there was no change - Party of Resistance helped Louis-Philipe with suppressing ministerial responsibility and pursuing a policy favoring interests of manufacturers and tradespeople
The Exposition (Sonata form)
- Composer exposes his musical ideas. - First subject (main idea) is in the tonic, which modulates near the end to a bridge passage, which leads to the second subject which is in a new, but related key, often the dominant or relative major (if first subject is in a minor key). - Second subject is usually more tuneful.
Orchestral form of Classical music (Minuet)
- Dance in 3/4 (in 3 time) - Often part of a Minuet and Trio - Slow and stately waltz
Piano
- Invented in 1698. - Allows soft and loud notes to be played. - More expressions can be played (legato, staccato, cantabile). - Plucked by small hammers.
Italy after unification
- Italy was a unified state, with Venetia and Rome was the new capital of united Italy
Classical period: Important composers
- MOZART (Clarinet, Symphony, Opera, Piano) - HAYDN (Symphony) - Stamitz (Symphony) - Gluck (Opera) - C.P.E. Bach (Style Galant, Piano) - J.C. Bach (Style Galant, Piano) - Beethoven (Piano Sonatas, Symphony, Opera) who used more discords, more dynamic contrast and more contrast in pitch.
Types of composition for Church music
- Mass - Requiem
Leonardo Da Vinci is best known for his art including two painting named ...
- Mona Lisa - The Last Supper
Recapitulation (Sonata form)
- Music is repeated from the beginning, but the second subject is now in the tonic. - Finally, the music may have a coda, which rounds off the music.
Rebels of a New Generation
- Neoclassical painters rebelled against Rococo art because it epitomized what was wrong with a formerly great nation - Rococo represented the extravagances of pre-French Revolution society under Louis XV - Rococo art aimed at French aristocracy, Neoclassical art aimed at people revolting against aristocracy
Types of composition for vocal music
- Opera - Oratorio - Chorale - Aria
Orchestra
- Orchestra expands in size, dynamics and textual range. -Harpsichord continuo gradually fell out of use. - Woodwind becomes a self-contained section (more important), especially the horns to bind the texture.
(summary)
- Ser Cepparello, commonly known as Ciapelletto, a notoriously wicked man, travels on a business to Burgundy, a region he is unknown in, as a favor to Musciatto Franzesi. Once there, he soon falls terminally ill. The two Florentine brothers who were housing him during his stay bring a friar from a nearby convent to hear his confession and give him his last rites. Ciappelletto proceeds to tell the friar lies about his life that make him seem very pure, while pretending to cringe over venial sins. He is completely believed by the friar, who preaches a sermon on his life after he passes away. The townspeople who hear the sermon believe that he was a holy man and revere him as a saint long after Ciapelletto died.
Classical music: Key features (15)
- Simple, 'singable' melodies. - Comprises short, clear-cut, regular/periodic phrase-lengths (4-8 bar phrases; 2-4 bar phrases). - Clear, homophonic texture (less complicated texture, more lighter and more clearer than Baroque). - Dynamics (volume) uses crescendo and diminuendo. - Only timpani used in percussion section - Simple harmony. - Strings dominate orchestral sound - Small woodwind section. - Reasonably small orchestra. - Use of scalic passages. - Dominant right hand melody. - Limited range of piano, with Alberti bass accompaniment. - Consonant harmony. - Tonic-dominant harmony. - Clearly marked cadences.
Franco-Prussian war
- Spain overthrew Queen Isabella II and a Prince related to Prussia came into rule - France was unhappy (didn't want Prussians on both fronts) - Bismarck edited a telegram sent by France and made them more mad - France declared war - Bismarck captured Napoleon III and his army - a peace treaty was signed, France paid $1 billion and gave up Alsace and Lorraine
Classical music: Forms and designs (5)
- Symphony - String quartet - Minuet (+trio) - SONATA (most important design) - Concerto
Role of Piedmont in Italian Unification
- Was the country that was believed to be able to run the effort of unification
The Age of Revolution
- arrival of revolutionary movements in France and America, based on classical ideals such as democracy of ancient Athens and Rome, made Neoclassical art rather appealing - those ideals were a major force behind the American colonies' Declaration of Independence against the British Empire and the overthrow of the French monarchy - as they rejected and revolted against the unjust governments, they found values and inspiration in the Greco-Roman past - concepts of republic and senate from Rome provided vision for the American and french republics - to approach the French Revolution, Neoclassical artists portrayed themes of civic duty and allegiance to the state rather than to family or church - paintings showed virtues glorified by the Greeks and Romans, like fighting for one's country, bravery, and loyalty - promoted ideals such as revolutionary heroism, patriotism, courage, and sacrifice - one of best examples of Neoclassical paintings was The Oath of the Horatii painted by French artist Jacques-Louis David whose artwork anticipated the revolution (painted 5 years before the revolution) - 3/4 of French were illiterate, so art became political tool to stir up revolution -
Characteristics of Romanticism
- balance use of reason - emotion, sentiment, and inner feelings - Heroic - interest in past - beauty isn't timeless - awakening of emotion
Boccaccio as a humanist
- because he reflected back on other humanists work to further his knowledge such as Dante and Petrarch - his characters and storytellers are in control of their lives instead of god - they are also central to the world portraying the same mindset as the Vitruvian man - shows how rhetoric is extremely powerful and can shape the world
Where did Neoclassical art originate?
- born in mid-1700s in Rome - popularity exploded in France - generation of French and Euro art students finished their training and returned from Rome to their home countries with newly-rediscovered Classical ideals - art style widely adopted and popularized by French artists, since France was the center of culture and art in Europe at the time - art movement not limited to painting and sculpture, also manifested in literature, architecture, and music - embraced by artists all over Europe and America - born on the eve of the Age of Revolution - reflected intellectual, social, and political changes of that period - became the semi-official voice of the French Revolution
How did the locomotive contribute to further industrialization?
- brought different goods of the industrial revolution to places, furthering those industries and promoting change
What were the benefits of the locomotive in Britain?
- created jobs - quicker transportation of goods and people - furthered growth of iron and coal industries
How did the locomotive impact Britain?
- created new jobs - furthered coal and iron industries - reduced the price of goods, so larger markets were created which increased sales- more factories and more machinery, reinforcing self-sustaining nature of the industrial revolution which marked a fundamental break in traditional European economy - enabled entrepreneurs to reinvest their profits in new capital equipment, further expanding productive capacity of the economy - created a new sense of power over nature which hadn't been felt before
Characteristics of Realism
- deliberate rejection of Romanticism - ordinary characters - careful observation and accurate description - interest in everyday life and people
Use of violence in Marxism
- fight constantly and result in revolution
Bismarck
- king's chancellor - traditional landowning aristocrat of Prussia - wine, women, and song - read widely in German history - earned a law degree - managed country estates - governed Prussia by ignoring Parliament - politician - went to war
How did Neoclassical art get its name?
- means New Classicism - as a testimony of the influence the Greeks and Romans had on Western civilization, the term is a merger of words derived from both languages - neos is Greek for new - classicus is Latin for first class - ismos is Greek for doctrine or ideaology
Sources of new labor in Great Britain
- population increase - new farming techniques required less labor, so many farm helps were pulled out of jobs, making them more willing to work for little pay
Characteristics of conservatism
- reject the idea that society can be improved by change - very traditional, try to "conserve" the past and what they know - afraid of change
The Ruins of Herculaneum and Pompeii
- revival inspired by digging up ruins of Herculaneum and Pompeii over 1730s and 40s - both were Roman sites, buried under volcanic ash and mud in the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD - ancient lost cities preserved for centuries to give an accurate picture of life - artifacts sparked interest of artists - books published about Greco-Roman art and Euro fascination with classical antiquity began to be reflected in paintings, fashion, furniture, tableware, and garden design - Arc de Triomphe of Paris is one of best Neoclassical constructions - White House and US Capitol built in Neoclassical style
Giotto
- single most important artist of this century; progenitor of a ALL Renaissance; first Renaissance painter; Proto-Renaissance - His return to naturalism displaced the Byzantine style in Italy - achieved monumentality and solid 3dimmensional characters; proto-renaissance - real overlapping of characters; proto-renaissance - one of the first to use foreshortening and observations of nature - first to use shadows with same key light - first to use point-of-view and fixed point of view - simplified painting; proto-renaissance - by observing the world around him, he helped contribute to the foundation of empirical science; visual world must be observed before it can be analyzed and understood - Cimabue was his teacher - his "Madonna Enthroned" marks the end of medieval painting and the beginning of a new naturalistic approach to art
Role of Mazzini in Italian unification
- supporter of unified Italy - founded movement of young Italy(Unified Italy) - wanted to be able to have all Italian states that were being restricted to revolut
Decameron (3)
- this book has 10 stories that are told by 10 storytellers over the course of 10 days
What were coal mines like?
- very dangerous: cave-ins, explosions, gas fumes - cramped - 3 to 4 feet in height - deformed bodies and ruined lungs
What were cotton mills like?
- very hot, often in 80s or 90s - very dirty, dusty, and unhealthy - caused many to get lung diseases and other diseases
Why did European states support Independence of Greece?
- wanted to weaken Ottoman Empire - they never had been able to before - Russia and Austria wanted land, France and Britain wanted access to the eastern Mediterranean, and Christians wanted access to the Holy Land - Greek democracy was being reborn
Abbey Church of St. Michael's Bronze Doors
-16 ft single cast bronze doors -only monks were allowed to use (how they entered) -tells story in Genesis--expecially Adam and Eve on left door -story of Jesus on the right door -Bishop Bernward crafted -use glance and gesture (gods right hand is blessing, left hand is damning. adam and eve are pointing)
King Louis XIV
-1643-1715 -the sun king -palace of versailles -feels he makes all of the decisions for everyone and everything
The elias theory
-1939 -The civilizing process -theory by a german anthropoligist -argues that in the 1600s we became divorced from violence
Keep your enemies close
-30,000 people lived at Versailles -was so Louis could keep an eye on them -he felt many of the people might try to overthrow him, but if he can watch them is becomes more difficult
King Louis XIV army
-400,000 soldiers -not religiously driven -use french terms: colonel, lieutenant, sergeant -modern organization -permanently in existence- it is their full time job -expensive
Daily life
-Louis XIV had a very detailed schedule of everyday -woken up by a large group every day at 8:00am -had council at 11:00am and would talk about certain things based on the day of the week -social gatherings at 6:00pm- Billiards -very planned and followed very closely
Versailles
-Louis XIV likes to build things -his palace 12 miles outside of paris -focal point of the gov't and of social life in france -HUGE -a reminder that he is in charge -it is an embodiment of his power -lots of gardens, water features, huge collection of art -bigger than Blacksburg!
Key Features of the Dark Ages
-animal style/zoomorphic -interlaced patterning -horror vacui -cloisonné -human body abstracted and not realistic -bright, vibrant colors -similar to Islamic Canon
Hall of mirrors
-as large as a football field -opposite the windows are large mirrors -in the 17th century that would have been VERY expensive -was meant to impress people by his wealth
Ekkehard and Uta
-at Naumburg Cathedral in Bamberg, Germany -Ekkehard is a secular ruler (not religious figure): honors them -made long after their death -used models but not the actual Ekkehard and Uta -juxtaposition between Ekkehard and Uta: *Ekkehard: strong, fierce warrior, can see sword * Uta: very feminine---pulled up gown, bejeweled hand, lifted hand toward her face -returning of the man is measure of all things
Florence Cathedral by Brunelesci
-baptistery is Romanesque, cathedral is gothic (rose window, pointed arches) -largest dome made of bricks -no buttresses or flying buttresses (not striving for great height) -very few windows (not into stainglass, leaves walls as frescos) -Italian: multicolored marble, campinilli, freestanding statues in archetectureal niches -rib vaults (gothic)
Romanesque Cathedrals Background
-cathra=chair-- (each cathedral has special chair for leader of church: archbishop) -point of civic pride -made of stone (wont burn) -where people ask for sanctuary (during wars) -important way to represent city -bays: from pier to pier
corset
-caused medical problems -women fainted all the time since they couldn't breathe and their brain was being deprived of O2
Charlemagne's Palatine Chapel
-close to his palace complex -where he and his family came to worship -originally a central plan church *now: flat/square apse, new entrance/stainglass window/darker pattern on western façade added in Gothic Period -Interior: monumental architecture made up of multicolored marble
High Gothic Features
-decorated exterior -stainglass in tympanum becoming popular -recessed portals -external niches
Celtic Cross
-displays canon of dark ages -lots of artwork in dark ages influenced/features (especially ornamental pages--cover of bible)
English Gothic Cathedral Features
-first to embrace gothic (close with French) -favor flat apse -built in a lawn (called park) -favor rectilinear/horizontal: no longer in race to sky -fan vaulting/perpendicular style
Why did Louis XIV move his palace out of Paris?
-for 600 years kings had their palaces in the city of Paris -Louis didn't feel safe in Paris because as a child he was experienced a revolt of the nobility and nearly died because of it
Rib Vaults
-gothic feature on Romanesque buildings -skeleton framework -hold weight of heavy roof and funnel to nave piers
Key Charactoristics of German Cathedrals
-heavy and strong -twin towers on western façade -smaller crossing tower
Rebuilt Statues of Chartes Cathedral
-high gothic -very freestanding, organic drapery, realistic, beginning contropossto
Charlemagne
-king of the Franks (how France got its name) -first of the Holy Roman Emperors -crowned on Christmas Day in 800 CE at St Peters Basillica in Rome by the Pope -carolingeon period
Typical Crusifiction Scene
-mary to Jesus's right -John to Jesus's left
Gothic Sculpture
-monumental and freestanding -organic drapery -naturalism refined -not from model---not as realistic -attempt at weight shift (gothicesque curve)
Guilded
-most everything in the palace was coated in gold -this was very costly and will later cause economic decline and turmoil
Pisa Cathedral
-multicolored marble (similar to pantheon) - very little architectural sculpture -cathedral complex: baptistery, cathedral, campinille -Italy -Interior: carved wooden roof with coffers, nave arcade held up with corrintheon columns -enormous tower at crossing -Leaning Tower of Pisa: began sinking immediately, attempted to correct, no railings around balconys -Baptistry: infant baptized, then carried to cathedral by godfather
Hair
-must also buy very expensive hair tools- bone curlers, combs, curling iron -men buy wigs -hair is huge for both women and men -elaborate hair styles -Louis was a fan of large curly hair for men (wore wigs)
Chartes Cathedral
-notre dam in Chartes city near Paris, France -contains relic of shroud (tunic) of virgin Mary -mainly early gothic, but rebuilt in high gothic style after fire -relic survived fire but building was rebuilt assymetrical--towers
Archetectureal Sculpture of Charts
-part of west/north/south portals of Chartes Cathedral -pointed arches -more elaborate than previous -center: displays last judgement--peaceful (displays cultures optimism), right hand raised to bless
Key Features of Romanesque Cathedrals
-radiating chapels off apse; house relics (pilgrams enter through transept and walk ambulatory looking at relics) -bays and crossing squares -made ofstone -Roman arches and vaults (groin/barrel/rib) -multiple towers, crossing tower -compartimentalized -buttresses/flying buttresses -in lawn/park----not in center of city (change)
Iconography of Virgin Mary
-red and blue (stain glass generally reflects) -rose windows -crown
Gothic Sculpture/Stainglass/ Book Illuminations background
-refine naturalism and refined drapery -natural stance -almost freestanding -first time a freestanding monumental sculpture is seen (sculpture in the round)
Gothic Features
-rib vaults -united (not compartimentalized) chapels -stain glass windows -rose window on exterior (symbolizes Virgin Mary) -flying buttresses -pointed arches -big choir
Westminster Abbey with Chapel of Henry VII
-royal church -in London -houses of parliament is located behind (neogothic style--rebuilt) -Chapel: almost flat apse but still semicircular, choir
Sainte Chappelle
-san Louis commissioned -house relics Louis brought back from Crusades -pilgrammage site to see relic -rose window, tall (race to sky), pointed arches= Gothic -no flying buttresses -ceiling blue and stars--- mary -crown of thrones is most important relic housed here, mary wore
Ebbo Gospels: St. Matthew
-shows frenzied energy (not classically calm) -gospel writer Matthew (angel on top right corner and has book) -all his energy is poised on writing the gospel -borrowing from classical past (Roman arch in background) -wet drapery, but its also "electrocuted"---- typical of period
Abbey Church of St. Michael
-significantly damaged in WW2- exterior different, interiors same -monumental basilica plan -where the monks worshipped---monumental so regular citizens used too -has two apses, two transepts, and two entrances, but no narthex (experimental) -crossing square -alternate support system -monumental Roman arch
Italian Gothic
-slow to embrace Gothic style because it was so close to classical past -Key: multicolored marble and still somewhat resemble classical
Apollo
-sun and apollo artifacts/statues are everywhere in the palace of Versailles -the sun "represents the duties of a prince.... endlessly promoting life, joy, and growth"
Open house
-the Palace of Versailles is open to all, everyone has access to the king -he wanted people to see him in his element- it makes him more powerful
Romanesque Archetectural Sculpture
-tympanum: where most elaborate sculptures are; like pediment -lintel: above door, under tympanium. supports -portal: doorway -trumau: in between doors -jambs: support to each side of portal -rounded arches -glance and gesture -struggle to fit composition into space -linear/inorganic drapery -elongation of figures -herky jerky dance -Last Judgement is most popular subject matter
Gothic Cathedrals
-vaults: high and light -stain glass: "mystical light of God"- Abbot Suger quote -all icons/imagery because many people were illiterate -3 main features: rib vaults, gothic (pointed arch), flying buttresses -not segmented/compartimentalized lie Romanesque -more elaborate choir
Clothes of the court
-very expensive -couldn't wear the same thing twice -men- coat, pants, shirt, neck tie -women- heavy dresses, corset (much harder) -wanted to be a man when it came to clothing
Story I
1 and Cepperello (4)
Story I
1 and Cepperello (4) (summary),- Ser Cepparello, commonly known as Ciapelletto, a notoriously wicked man, travels on a business to Burgundy, a region he is unknown in, as a favor to Musciatto Franzesi. Once there, he soon falls terminally ill. The two Florentine brothers who were housing him during his stay bring a friar from a nearby convent to hear his confession and give him his last rites. Ciappelletto proceeds to tell the friar lies about his life that make him seem very pure, while pretending to cringe over venial sins. He is completely believed by the friar, who preaches a sermon on his life after he passes away. The townspeople who hear the sermon believe that he was a holy man and revere him as a saint long after Ciapelletto died.
Story I
1 and Cepperello (humanism/vitruvian man),- storytellers and Cepperello are in control of their lives instead of god - they are an example of the Vitruvian man because they are central to the world - show's how rhetoric gives power and shapes the world
Story I
1 and Cepperello (meaning) (4),- Boccaccio is ridiculing the church by showing how gullible human beings are and that a good liar can usually trump any gullible friar - or that even the worst sinner can be a symbol of good through god's will - Cepperello fools the friar just as Boccaccio fools his readers -ultimately about the gift off storytelling
Story III
1 and Masetto (meaning/humanism) (4),- young poor man is able to use his intelligence to create his own story and destiny - mocks holy figures by emphasizing saintliness even though the convent is corrupt - demonstrates the power of gesture because he cannot speak - boccaccio uses metaphorical language to address sexual situations
Story III
1 and Masetto (summary),- pretends to be mute and goes to work at a convent - nuns take advantage of him and take turns having sex with him - Abbess takes him and has sex with him over and over again until he cannot take it and pretends to be healed - Abbess keeps him at the convent so he won't ruin their reputations
Why people traveled during Romanesque
1) pilgrimage to see relics (find miracle, make up for sins, steal) 2) crusades (war to free Jeruselum/ Holy Land from Muslims, brought back tons of relics from Holy Land) 3) growing power of monastics (own a lot of land/relics, orders mother church and others spread throughout Europe, monks on move to transport relics and visit other monastarys)
Elizabethan Theater Conventions
1. All-male cast 2. Verse as primary dialogue 3. The aside 4. The soliloquy 5. No scenery 6. Unities discarded 7. Subtext
Developments of the Greeks in the Classical Period
1. Founding of Philosophy 2. Democratic Government 3. Advancements in Art, Literature, Poetry and Theater 4. Olympic Games 5. Began to write about history and anthropology 6. Spread their language and culture throughout the Mediterranean and east to India.
How do you identify Neoclassical art?
1. Greek or Roman men with swords and spears 2. people in static calm poses, draped in flowing Greek robes, Roman togas and sandals 3. clear and sharp outlines within a rectilinear composition featuring people looking polished and posing in a statuesque manner, as if they're marble sculptures
Characteristics of the archetypal hero
1. Parents of high status 2. Conceived with difficulty. 3. Dream or oracle connected to birth. 4. Child sent away or exposed to danger. 5. Rescued by peasants or wild beasts. 6. As an adult, discovers noble parentage, overcomes all obstacles, recognized.
Marxism's historical dialectic
1. Start with the Thesis (initial statement or argument) 2. Oppose with an Antithesis (contradictory statement or argument) 3. The resulting opposition creates a Synthesis, which embraces both ideas 4. This process continues until an Absolute Idea is reached
Stages of communist development?
1. The industrial working class would over throw the bourgeois 2. The proletariat (Working class) would form a dictatorship to reorganize production 3. A classless society would form where everyone was equal
Classical Theater Conventions
1. Verse 2. Masks 3. All-male cast 4. The Messenger 5. The Chorus 6. Unity of time, place and action 7. Violence (Greek: off-stage ; Roman: On-stage )
Greek Democracy
1.Polis - made up of middle and upper class men. (no aristocracy) 2. Juries (500 or more) drawn by lot. 3. Relied on a slave population. 4. Assembly met to make laws. 5. Generally believed that justice is freedom from the influence of private interests. 6. Leaders were temporary
Chartres Cathedral- Interior
1194 AD. Dark colors in their stained glass. Gradually gets lighter in newer work. Very dark inside b/c the stonework is covered in soot. Pointed arches, tryphorium, clerestory. Groin vault and Lanset Windows.
Rose Window and Lancets
1220 AD. Chartres Cathedral. In the North Transept.
Salisbury Cathedral
1220-1258. Salisbury, England. Different from French gothic: built horizontally, has a single huge crossing bell tower. The facade projects out from the edge of the building. Has 2 transepts and a squared off apse- typically British. Chapter House contains one of four copies of the Magna Carta. Has distinct horizontal lines made of dark marble to emphasize them.
Saint Chapelle
1243-1248. Paris, France. Palace Church. Bottom church for court personnel and top floor is for nobility. The top church walls are 3/4 stained glass. Huge rose window taking up most of the front wall.
What year did Leonardo become a master as a painter?
1478
Where and when was Raphael's birth date?
1483, in Urbino, Italy
Mannerism
1520-1600,- Mannerism emerged in the 1520s in reaction to the High Renaissance style. A prime feature of Mannerist art is artifice. Renaissance artists generally strove to create art that appeared natural, whereas Mannerist artists were less inclined to disguise the contrived nature of art production. Ambiguous space, departures from expected conventions, and unique presentations of traditional themes are common features - Parmigianio's Madonna with the Long Neck epitomizes the elegant stylishness of Mannerist paintings. The elongated proportions of the figures, the enigmatic line of columns without capitals, and the ambiguous positions of the figure with a scroll are the antithesis of High Renaissance classical proportions, clarity of meaning, and rational perspective - Mannerism was also a sculptural style. Giovanni's Abduction, which does not really have a subject, is typical. The sculptor's goal was to depict elegant nude figures in a dynamic spiral composition that presaged the movement of Baroque sculpture
Edict of Nantes
1598,Gave protection to French protestants (Huguenots), for 87 years
Louis XIV (14th)
1643-1715,Louis XIV was king for 72 years - longest rein in European history. •Louis XIV is Philip's grandson?. He is similar to Philip. •France is the wealthiest country in Europe at this point
Revocation of E. of Nantes
1685,•Wanted France to be a thoroughly Catholic country, but it isn't by the time Louis XIV comes along •Everything is fine for 87 years, but Louis says the Huguenots are morally wrong and he revoked the Edict of Nantes --> biggest mistake because it will lead to enormous deviousness internally and all of Europe will go to war against him.
Classical period
1750-1810
Stele with Law Code of Hammurabi
1760 BC
The Third of May
1808,Goya, 1814-1815
Independence of Greece
1821
Impressionism
19th century, relatively small, thin, yet visible brush strokes; open composition; emphasis on accurate depiction of light in its changing qualities; common, ordinary subject matter; the inclusion of movement as a crucial element of human perception and experience; and unusual visual angles (Monet)
Plato
423 - 347 B.C. Recorded teachings of Socrates. Concerned with defining the best possible state. (Plato's Republic) Ideal government can be derived from the nature of man. A man is defined by his wisdom, honor and appetite. An ideal state is governed by a man of wisdom. (Philosopher King) Everything that we see is an imperfect reflection of its "true form." True reality involves searching beyond ones senses. Started the Academy
Niccolo Machiavelli
A Florentine diplomat and historian. Worked to describe a goverment based on the way in which it worked. Looked to the ancient Romans as models. "...Much safer to be feared than loved."
Flying buttress
A buttress that stands apart from the main structure and connected to it by an arch that supports the walls of the cathedral.
Qualities of a Renaissance man?
A person who is skilled in multiple fields or multiple disciplines, and who has a broad base of knowledge. A good example is Leonardo De Vinci. He was an inventor, painter, philosopher, poet, and architect .
Who does he compare the poet with?
A philosopher and a theologian.
Jean Paul Marat
A physician, political theorist and scientist best known for his career in France as a radical journalist and politician during the French Revolution. His journalism became renowned for its fierce tone, uncompromising stance toward the new leaders and institutions of the revolution, and advocacy of basic human rights for the poorest members of society.
Who was Martin Luther?
A pious German monk who lived in a monastery in Wittenberg and taught in the university there. Thought that the church claimed too much power over individual conscience. His Ninety-five Theses objected to indulgences, doctrine of papal supremacy. What aspects of Luther's personality and experience contributed to his reforming zeal? He could easily stand up for what he believed in. Since he strongly disagreed with some of the church's beliefs, he easily rejected them and started his own, separate section of the church.
Who was Giovanni Boccaccio?
A poet who was born in Italy and then moved to Paris and was one of the founders of the Renaissance.
Feudalism
A political system in the Middle Ages where land is traded for fealty (loyalty and protection)
Leonardo´s combination of intellect and imagination allowed him to create on paper what inventions and based on what? (3)
Allowed him to create the bicycle, helicopter, and an airplane based on the physiology and flying capability of a bat, and military tank
Perspective
An art technique that makes different objects look smaller in the background and it was to create an illusion of depth on a flat canvas.
Secular
Another word for worldly or non-religious
Who was Villard de Honnecourt?
Architect and engineer
Lenardo da Vinci
Architect, engineer, painter, sculptor, and scientist. His science and math knowledge helped him to create his paintings. Most famous paintings - last summer and Mona Lisa
Knight
Armed horsemen of the middle ages.
Education Act of 1870
Attempted to make elementary schools available for all children Sought to strengthen the nation and its institutions 1870: Competitive exams replace patronage for positions in the civil service 1871: ended the Anglican requirement to be a university professor and the purchasing of officer commissions in the military
Battle of Hastings
Bayeux Tapestry,-France -Historical work of art -enormous (230 ft) piece of embroidery (handwork) -depicts Roman conquest in 1066: revolves around William the Conquerer as he and the Normans cross English channel and slaughter the English -also has text (latin) -explains entire battle
Chartres Cathedral
Began in 1134 and Rebuilt in 1194. Chartres, France. Contains the Mantel of the Virgin Mary- worn by Mary when she gave birth. One tower is from the original church and the other was rebuilt after a devastating fire.
How do you account for the fact that people in northern Europe seemed to be more concerned about daily devotion and the state of their relationship with God than those in the south?
Beginning in Italy, and spreading to the rest of Europe by the 16th century, its influence affected literature, philosophy, art, politics, science, religion, and other aspects of intellectual inquiry.
First sculpture of David
Biblical story from the Old Testament Story of David and Goliath-- David is the underdog, but still conquers someone bigger and stronger.
What Italian author used the events of 1348 as a backdrop for his work the Decameron?
Boccaccio
What was the subject of the painting the Lamentation?
Body of Christ surrounded by disciples and angels
Why did the printing press spread so quickly throughout Europe.
Books could not be printed quickly and economically which resulted in ideas spreading faster.
Books that included psalms and passages to be recited at certain times during the day
Books of hours
Why did medieval universities require their students to participate in note-taking and copying?
Books were so expensive
One of the foremost architects of the Italian Renaissance. He is perhaps best known for his development of linear perspective and the engineering of the dome of the Florence Cathedral.
Brunelleschi
Who were the two most famous competitors in the 1401 competition for the decoration of the doors of the Florence Baptistery?
Brunellischi and Ghiberti
What dramatic event in 1348 greatly reduced the population of Europe?
Bubonic Plague
To where did Calvinism spread throughout the 16c?
Calvinism spread widely in Western and central Europe, and in New England, without the patronage of any political authority.
raphael
Came from a family of artists. Beloved by the Pope and he painted many things for the Pope. Thought he was going to be the greatest painter of all time. Had a huge ego. He invented a new style of art. Put realistic emotions in his art and influenced other artists to do the same thing.
Latin for "plainsong" or "plainchant"
Cantus planus
Examples of liberalism in Great Britain
Catholic Emancipation Act of 1828 Reform act of 1832 Slavery Abolition Act of 1833 Municipal Corporations Act of 1835 Reform Act of 1867 British North American Act of 1867 Education Act of 1870 Public Health Act and the Artisans Dwelling Act of 1875
What does Machiavelli say about fortune?
Chapter XXV discusses the role of fortune in the determination of human affairs. Many thinkers have considered the question of whether a man's actions are a manifestation of his own free will, or if they are simply determined by fate or his environment. Machiavelli attempts to compromise between free will and determinism by arguing that fortune controls half of human actions and leaves the other half to free will. But Machiavelli also argues that, through foresight—a quality whose importance Machiavelli stresses throughout The Prince—people can shield themselves against fortune's slings and arrows. Thus, Machiavelli can be described as confident in the capabilities of human beings to shape their destinies, but skeptical that such control is absolute. Fortune favors energetic youth over cautious age.
Who was the greatest English writer of the 1300s?
Chaucer
Dominant
Chord/ Note 5
Submediant
Chord/ Note 6
Water Lilies
Claude Monet, 1922
The covered interior gardens and walkways in a monastery
Cloister
Chivalry
Code of conduct that all knights are supposed to follow. Knights are supposed to honor and serve their heavenly lord (God), feudal lord, and their chosen lady. They are supposed to defend the weak and protect the church.
Cologne Cathedral
Cologne, Germany. Begun in 1248- finished in 1880. Matching towers, very dark. Holds the shrine of the 3 wise men. Gerhard of Cologne.
Opera buffa
Comic opera
Abbey Church of Saint Denis- Interior
Commissioned by ABBOT SUGER. Uses pointed arches instead of rounded-- distributes weight better, allowing the walls to be opened up to stained glass windows. Flying buttresses were added to the outside for extra support. Stained glass is typical of Gothic cathedrals. The Choir was redesigned- opens up the ambulatory and adds radiating chapels. Groin vaulting with pointed arches. Rose windows are common in Gothic churches and usually found on the arms of the transept.
Dionysus
Commonly known as Bacchus God of wine, agriculture, and fertility of nature, who is also the patron god of the Greek stage. Statue originally attached to Parthenon c.435 B.C.
Coda
Concluding passage of a piece or movement, typically forming an addition to the basic structure.
Orchestral form of Classical music (Sonata form)
Consisting of two themes or groups of themes, linked by a bridge passage. It is a way of building up an individual movement, not a piece. It is the form most often used for the 1st movement of large works like symphonies and concertos.
What was the original meaning of the term universitas?
Corporation
Notable Medicis include...
Cosimo, Patriarch of the Medicis Lorenzo Il Magnifico Pope Leo X (Giovanni de Medici) pope clement vii (Guilio de Medici) Catherine de Medici, wife of King Henry ii King of France
Multiple melodies moving in contrast to one another
Counterpoint
What were the events that lead to the Renaissance in Italy?
Crusade and trade lead to contact with Byzantine civilization, renewed with classical Greek and Roman literature, knowledge of African achievements in science and medicine.
Cupid & Psyche
Cupid and Psyche is a story from the Latin novel Metamorphoses, also known as The Golden Ass, written in the 2nd century AD by Apuleius. It concerns the overcoming of obstacles to the love between Psyche ("Soul" or "Breath of Life") and Cupid (Latin Cupido, "Desire") or Amor ("Love", Greek Eros), and their ultimate union in marriage. Although the only extended narrative from antiquity is that of Apuleius, Eros and Psyche appear in Greek art as early as the 4th century BC. The story's Neoplatonic elements and allusions to mystery religions accommodate multiple interpretations, and it has been analyzed as an allegory and in light of folktale, Märchen or fairy tale, and myth
Bronzino Venus
Cupid, Folly, and Time ca. 1546 Oil on wood - In this painting of Cupid fondling his mother Venus, Bronzino demonstrated a fondness for learning allegories with lascivious undertones, a shift from the simple and monumental statements and forms of the High Renaissance. As in many Mannerist paintings, the meaning here is ambiguous - Time pulls back the curtain to reveal the "playful incest in progress" - Other figures represent human qualities and emotions,
Interdict
Cutting off an entire region from the sacraments and the church - a powerful weapon used by popes against kings
Which writer was exiled from Florence for political reasons in 1300?
Dante
Who was his poet hero?
Dante
What was the subject of Donatello's most famous near-life size sculpture?
David
What is his most influential work?
De Genealogia deorum gentiliu or the genealogy of the Gods of the gentiles.it was a collection of classical myths and legends.
What building is the city hall of Venice?
Doge's Palace
Who was Michelangelo apprenticed to?
Domenico Ghirlandaio, at age thirteen.
Who was the greatest Florentine sculptor of the first half of the 1400s?
Donatello
Do you think Donatello's David emphasizes physical beauty or religious truth? Explain.
Donatello's David is more pagan than Christian and emphasizes physical beauty over religious truth—but both, if seen through the eyes of the Renaissance neo-Platonists.
Democracy
During the Classical era of Ancient Greece many city-states had forms of government based on this, in which the free (non-slave), native (non-foreigner) adult males citizens of the city took a major and direct part in the management of the affairs of state, such as declaring war, voting supplies, dispatching diplomatic missions and ratifying treaties
Johannes Gutenberg
First European to use moveable type to print books. He printed copies of the Bible. 1400-1468. German goldsmith and printer who is credited with inventing movable printing type in Europe abround 1439. Created the 42-line Gutenberg Bible, noted for its high aesthetic and technical quality. HIs printing technology was a key factor in the European Renaissance, and is considered one of the most important inventions of all time.
British North American Act of 1867
First in a series of acts that formed the constitution of Canada entails the creation of a federal dominion sets the framework for the operations of the government of Canada
Movements of the Symphony
First movement: fairly fast; sonata form
The Holy Trinity
First surviving example of single point linear perspective to painting
Charlemagne
First to be crowned "Holy Roman Emperor" in AD 800. Very tall. Expanded Empire. Valued Education.
Anna Maria Luisa de Medici made sure all Medici artworks stayed in
Florence
Which city was the most important center of the early Italian Renaissance?
Florence
Santa Maria Novella
Florence,Where the Holy Trinity (1427) is located
Hall of Mirrors
Football field long, wall is silver mirrors the whole way down. (place where many peace treaties held into modern period)
Chamber music
For playing in a room or chamber, i.e. written for a small number of instruments. - string quartet (2 violins, viola, cello) - piano trio (violin, cello, piano) - string sextet
Acropolis
For purposes of defense, early people naturally chose elevated ground to build a new settlement, frequently a hill with precipitous sides. In many parts of the world, these early citadels became the nuclei of large cities, which grew up on the surrounding lower ground. The best example: the citadel of Athens and the site of the Parthenon.
What does Machiavelli say about virtue?
He defines virtue as qualities that are praised by others, such as generosity, compassion, and piety.
Where did Vince die? and at what age?
He died at Cloux in 1519 at age 67
What was Raphael's death date?
He died at age 37 in the year 1520
What did Henry VIII do to the property of the Catholic Church once he was excommunicated by the Pope?
He stripped the Church of all its property, land, Churches, monasteries, and schools.
Why were liberal attempts to reform Britain attempted?
Health issues in inner industrial cities - no proper sewage systems workers were overworked children were working in harsh conditions coal mines were especially dangerous
How did Henry VIII's marital difficulties lead to a break with Rome and the creation of an independent Church of England?
Henry wanted a divorce and the pope would not let him. Henry was desperate for a male heir and removed the pope as head of the church in england and declared himself Head of the Church in England.
What was the effect of Boccaccio's ideas?
His defense had an impact on literary theory and criticism especially through renaissance and it paved the way for one of the most famous defenses of all,sir philip Sidney's defense of Poesy.
Ancien Regime
In October 1789 a group of women march to Versailles from Paris and bring Louis and Marie back to the heart of Paris. They feel like prisoners in Paris so they decide to sneak out and head towards the German border. They get all the way across France but then get caught and become even less popular.
How did it reflect the societies of Northern Europe?
It let people express themselves through their art. The art showed comedy and tragedy.
What was most revolutionary about Masaccio's painting?
It's two-dimentionality
In what period did Brunelleschi exist?
Italian Renaissance
Jacques Louis David
Jacques-Louis David (30 August 1748 - 29 December 1825) was an influential French painter in the Neoclassical style, considered to be the preeminent painter of the era. In the 1780s his cerebral brand of history painting marked a change in taste away from Rococo frivolity toward a classical austerity and severity, heightened feeling[1] harmonizing with the moral climate of the final years of the Ancien Régime
Who invented printing with movable type?
Johannes Gutenburg
Who was John Calvin?
John Calvin spoke of justification by faith alone and of the supremecy of individual conscience.
Institutes of the Christian Religion
John Calvin's seminal work on Protestant systematic theology, part of Calvinism.
What famous painting of Sandro Botticelli celebrates the spring?
La Primavera
Gothic cathedral
Large churches originating in twelfth-century France; built featuring pointed arches, tall vaults and spires, flying buttresses, and large stained-glass windows. Cathedrals that had tall, thin walls often containing many stained glass windows and rib-vaulted ceilings.
The period named after Lorenzo de' Medici's accomplishments
Laurentian Era
When did Vinci leave Italy for good and why? where did he live?
Left Italy for good in 1516 when French ruler Francis I offered him the title of ¨ Premier Painter and Engineer and Architect to the king¨ which gave him the opportunity to paint and live a huge house called the Chateau of Cloux near Amboise in France.
Madonna and St. Anne
Leonardo Da Vinci, c. 1508-13
The Last Supper
Leonardo da Vinci, c. 1495-98 15'2" x 28'10", Milan
Mona Lisa
Leonardo da Vinci, c.1503-05
When was the last supper created and made of what? why?
Leonardo painted the last supper during his time in Milan from about 1495 to 1498. It was painted with tempera and oil mural on plaster. He painted it for the refectory of the city´s Monastery of Santa Maria Delle Grazie
Russia - Alexander II
Liberal actions - he abolished serfdom, created the zemstovs which gave the people some form of self-government Failed Liberal actions - tried to give land to peasants, but the land was unable to be used for farming to make a profit
Egalite
Liberte, Fraternite,Goals of revolution were egalite (equality), liberte (liberty), and fraternite (fraternity)
Christ's Crown of Thorns
Located in the Norte-Dame de Paris treasury. Made of crystal and gold. Thorns purchased by St. Louis- supposed to be the actual thorns that Jesus wore on his head. No thorns left on it, they have all be broken off and given away as gifts. Only brought out and showed at 4:15pm on Fridays during Lent for an hour and 15 minutes.
Professional army/bayonet
Louis had professionally trained army to protect him.
Where is the Mona Lisa held out?
Louvre Museum in Paris, France.
Fealty
Loyalty sworn to your feudal lord (in exchange for land).
Why did he take that position?
Luther was an educated man and had a low opinion of the peasants.
What were the provisions of the Peace of Augsburg of 1555?
Lutheranism as recognized as an official religion in theHoly Roman Empire
Where was Lutheranism most successful in the 16c?
Lutheranism was most successful in Prussia, present-day Germany, and Flanders, present-day Belgium.
What does Machiavelli say about generosity?
Machiavelli basically says generosity can hurt a prince if the prince is unwise, but it can also be good if the prince knows how to control it. It is more important for the prince to keep his power by being a bit mean than it is for him to be generous and loved. Being generous is a good thing, but only when it is given wisely. Liberality, or generosity, is a quality that many men admire. But if a prince develops a reputation for generosity, he will ruin his state. A reputation for generosity requires outward lavishness, which eventually depletes all of the prince's resources. In the end, the prince will be forced to burden his people with excessive taxes in order to raise the money to maintain his reputation for generosity. Ultimately, the prince's liberality will make the people despise and resent him. Moreover, any prince who attempts to change his reputation for generosity will immediately develop a reputation for being a miser. Also see - http://luftyapeuro.blogspot.com/2010/10/according-to-machiavelli-when-is.html
In what way does Machiavelli's work differ from that of other humanists?
Machiavelli foucused more on the aspects of governement rather than on the people. The lack of concern for conventional morality in the prints sets him apart from other humanists of that time.
What are the different kinds of principalities that Machiavelli discusses?
Machiavelli lists four types of principalities:
Horatii
Male triplets from Rome. During a war between Rome and Alba Longa during the reign of Tullus Hostilius (approx. 672-642 B.C.), it was agreed that settlement of the war would depend on the outcome of a battle between the Horatii and the Curiatii
Petite Trianon
Marie Antoinette didn't like court so had Louis build her own small court, there's a little village built right next to it, everything is 3/4s size, people come to the little hamlet but don't live there!
95 Theses
Martin Luther's disputation on the power and efficacy of indulgences. It said that repentance is for everyone, not just a few people. Also said that selling indulgences was wrong. Thought that people should not talk about indulgences in a good way. Said that the gospel was what saves you. Said that if you make God mad, the pope cannot get you out of it. Said that bishops cannot pay for offices.
Why did Friedrich Engels and Karl Marx develop their ideology?
Marx had been refused jobs because he was an atheist- became a journalist Engels saw first hand how the low wages of factory workers can restrict them They then joined up and joined a group of German socialist revolutionaries, after they wrote the Communist Manifesto
Masolinio da Panicale
Masaccio's influences
Catholic Church
Masaccio's patrons
Religious
Masaccio's theme
Michelangelo
Master of Renaissance art. Painted the Sistine Chapel at the Vatican. Wrote poetry and helped to design St. Peter's in rome. Sculpted David
Describe the typical Family life during the Renaissance?
Men still married late. Women married much younger. There were large families, especially among the wealthy. Women were expected to run household expertly. Upper class women's position declined. Middle class women had a greater responsibility, nearly equal role. Women were wives of artisans, merchants often partners in business. Working class women still in male-dominated society.Women's work was spinning, weaving, care of livestock. They did same jobs as men.
Conservative Reaction to French Revolution of 1848
Moderates closed workshops - workers refused to accept this and stormed streets which caused bitter and bloody fighting a new constitution was established they elected Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte
How did his artwork have to do with religion?
Most of his artwork had to do with religion. In Germany, Raphael had an immense influence on religious art.
William Shakespear
Most widely known author in all fo English literature. His insight in to human nature and use of the English language mark his many plays and his poetry. Wrote Romeo & Juliet. Macbeth.
From what class did most women who received a humanistic education come? What pressures did women scholars confront? Who in the text exemplifies the pressures women faced?
Most women who received a humanistic education were from the upper classes or from families who particularly prized education. These women faced censure from both men and women who were threatened by their freedom and intellectual prowess. The writing of Laura Cereta who defended women's learning exemplifies the pressures women of the period faced.
Virgin with the Dead Christ- Rottgen Pieta
NOT EXACT IMAGE. 1300-1325 AD. Painted wood. Germany. Heads are huge. Gives an emotional impact rather than realistic.
Abbey Church of Saint Denis- Exterior
Near Paris. 1140-1144 AD. This is where Gothic ism started. A bell tower was destroyed in a fire.
Nobility of the Sword/Nobility of the Robe
Nobility of the Sword is the traditional nobility and the Nobility of the Robe is the new bourgeoisie buying their title.
What did early Gregorian Chants lead to the development of? How?
Originally, the chants were passed down orally but as the quantity of chants increased, singers had a hard time remembering them all. Resulted in the development of neumes (notation system)
Italian for "Public Palace" begun in 1288
Palazzo Vecchio
Egyptian
Palette of King Narmer,Egyptian large stone tablet created c. 3150-3125 B.C.
What is the narrative framework of Canterbury Tales?
Pilgrimage
A church designated as a destination for traveling worshippers.
Pilgrimage church
How did the church initially react to the printing and dissemination of Luther's 95 Theses in Wittenberg?
Pope Leo X excommunicated him from the church.
Describe the counter-reformation that took place during this time
Pope Paul III moved to counter some of the problems. He established a commission, examined doctrines and practices, and focused on the education of young and all Christians. Jesuit Order organized to win back believers. Society of Jesus started by Ignatious Loyola. Win back the hearts and minds of the people through education.
What did Vinci fail to complete a number of great paintings and projects? what would he be doing instead?
Probably because of his abundance of diverse interests. He would immerse in nature,testing scientific laws, dissecting bodies, and thinking and writting about his observation.
Public Health Act and the Artisans Dwelling Act of 1875
Prohibited the construction of new buildings w/o running water and an internal drainage system For the first time, the role of municipal governments had been expanded to include detailed regulations for the improvement of the living conditions of urban dwellers To bring in clean water and expel sewage from it
Sun King
Propaganda: Louis XIV is known as the sun king because of his wealth. •everywhere in the palace there are L's for Louis, suns to represent him, and reminders of his wealth and greatness •At the end of his reign, writes to his heir that he had loved war too much •Louis XIV had a professionally trained army, he was able to conquer and attack much of Europe
Reforms made in liberal attempts to reform Britain
Public Health Bill of 1848 Factory Act of 1830 (Age restrictions and work hours restrictions relative to age) Ten Hours Act of 1847 reduced the work hours to 10 hours for children 13-18 and women Coal Mines Act of 1842 - age restrictions to work in mines
Artist: Titian Tittle: Rape of Europa Date: 1488 Significance: Tiziano Vecillio was a high Italian renaissance painter born to a family of moderate means in 1488 and living in the Venice mountains. He received his tutelage through the workshop of Giovanni Bellini; the most prominent artist in 15th century Venice.
RAPE OF EUROPA
What is Raphael's full name?
Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino.
What was the locomotive?
Rail transport vehicle that provides the motive power for a train.
How did his work demonstrate the principles of the Renaissance?
Raphael continues to be widely regarded as the leading artistic figure of Italian High Renaissance classicism.
What is one of Raphael's greatest accomplishments?
Raphael is best known for his "Madonnas," and for his large figure compositions in the Palace of the Vatican in Rome.
The School of Athens
Raphael, 1510-11 Fresco, Vatican Palace, Rome
Renaissance
Rebirth - was both a philosophical and artistic movement. Movement following the Middle Ages that centered on revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome; French word meaning "rebirth."
The Return of the Prodigal Son
Rembrandt, c. 1665 Oil on canvas
What were the distinctive characteristics of Renaissance art and architecture?
Renaissance architecture demonstrated a revival and development of certain elements of ancient Greek and Roman thought and material culture. The Renaissance style places emphasis on symmetry, proportion, geometry and the regularity of parts.
How did Renaissance and medievel art differ from each other?
Renaissance artists created realistic scenes and images. Medieval art was more about the world beyond everyday life. Medieval focused of religion, while Renaissance focused on realistic scenes and images.
What is the significance of the Gregorian Chant?
Represents one of the earliest attempts to document music in the Western World
What musical qualities distinguished ars nova from the music of the previous era?
Rhythmic and melodic complexity
Who invented the locomotive?
Richard Trevithick
Amiens Cathedral
Robert de Luzarches, Thomas de Corment and Renaud de Cormont. begun 1220.fully high gothic--started as such from the beginning, very pointy--pinacles, recessions, projections. pointed arches. little solidity of the outside walls. moving upward. quadrapartite vaulting. unity--greater integration of space. trancept is shrinking, more toward center. huge clearstories.20 feet higher than chartres. different proportions: longer vertical than Laon.
Rococo
Rococo (/rəˈkoʊkoʊ/ or /roʊkəˈkoʊ/), less commonly roccoco, or "Late Baroque", is an 18th-century artistic movement and style, affecting many aspects of the arts including painting, sculpture, architecture, interior design, decoration, literature, music, and theatre. It developed in the early 18th century in Paris, France as a reaction against the grandeur, symmetry, and strict regulations of the Baroque, especially of the Palace of Versailles.[1] Rococo artists and architects used a more jocular, florid, and graceful approach to the Baroque. Their style was ornate and used light colours, asymmetrical designs, curves, and gold. Unlike the political Baroque, the Rococo had playful and witty themes.
Apollo Belvedere
Roman copy of a Greek bronze c. 320 B.C.
Romanticism
Romanticism (also the Romantic era or the Romantic period) was an artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in Europe toward the end of the 18th century and in most areas was at its peak in the approximate period from 1800 to 1850. It was partly a reaction to the Industrial Revolution, the aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment, and the scientific rationalization of nature. It was embodied most strongly in the visual arts, music, and literature, but had a major impact on historiography, education and the natural sciences. It had a significant and complex effect on politics, and while for much of the Romantic period it was associated with liberalism and radicalism, its long-term effect on the growth of nationalism was perhaps more significant.
Upon what earlier model did Charlemagne base his administration and decrees?
Rome
Rose Window
Round stained glass window.
What were the important requirements of the monastic life as set forth by Saint Benedict?
Saint Benedict of Nursia was the author of the "Rule" in western monasticism. The requirements of a monastic life were to live a communal life under a chosen abbot, to live in poverty, chastity, and stability, and to live a life of prayer, work, and study.
The room used by monks for the copying of manuscripts
Scriptorium
What was the primary purpose of a reliquary?
Served as a place for sacred objects
How did Ignatius Loyola organize the Jesuit order?
Society of Jesus as founded by St Ignatius Loyola and the constitutions as designed by Juan de Polanco had, as its main purpose, the goal to share the Gospel of the Church of Rome with the world.
Characteristics of Nationalism
Someone should defend a compatriot against a foreigner almost worship of national personalities and heroes of their country revival of past traditions
Day VI
Story 7: Madonna Filippa (meaning),- witty use of language is able to get someone out of a very serious punishment - laughter helps someone present a dangerous situation in a light fashion to help diffuse the situation
How did the Italian Renaissance differ from the Renaissance of the 12c?
The 14th-17th century Renaissance was a cultural movement. The 12th century Renaissance was more of a political and economic movement.
Boston Massacre
The Boston Massacre, known as the Incident on King Street by the British, was an incident on March 5, 1770, in which British Army soldiers killed five male civilians and injured six others. The incident was heavily propagandized by leading patriots, such as Paul Revere and Sam Adams to fuel animosity toward the British authorities. British troops had been stationed in Boston, capital of the Province of Massachusetts Bay, since 1768 in order to protect and support crown-appointed colonial officials attempting to enforce unpopular Parliamentary legislation. Amid ongoing tense relations between the population and the soldiers, a mob formed around a British sentry, who was subjected to verbal abuse and harassment. He was eventually supported by eight additional soldiers, who were subjected to verbal threats and thrown objects. They fired into the crowd, without orders, instantly killing three people and wounding others. Two more people died later of wounds sustained in the incident.
France - the restoration
The Bourbon Family was restored to the throne with Louis XVIII Louis XVIII followed most of the liberal reforms made by Napoleon Charles X replaced Louis and implemented many conservative ideas which outraged the liberals
what is the last supper also known as? How big is it?
The Cenacle, it is about 15 by 29 feet and is the artists only surviving fresco
What were the differences in interpretation of the two terms--Catholic Reformation and Counter-Reformation?
The Counter Reformation is generally seen as the Roman Catholic reaction to the Protestant reformation; primarily via the Council of Trent. The Catholic Reformation was the intellectual counter-force to Protestantism.
Curiatti
The Curiatii were male triplets from Alba Longa and of the same age as the Horatii. In the battle, the three Curiatii were wounded, but two of the Horatii were killed. The last of the Horatii, Publius, turned as if to flee. The Curiatii chased him but, as a result of their wounds, became separated. This enabled Publius to slay them one by one.
Grand Tour
The Grand Tour was the traditional trip of Europe undertaken by mainly upper-class European young men of means. The custom flourished from about 1660 until the advent of large-scale rail transport in the 1840s, and was associated with a standard itinerary. It served as an educational rite of passage. Though primarily associated with the British nobility and wealthy landed gentry, similar trips were made by wealthy young men of Protestant Northern European nations on Continental Europe, and from the second half of the 18th century, by some South and North Americans, among others. The tradition was extended to include more of the middle class after rail and steamship travel made the journey less of a burden
How were they different from previous Catholic religious orders?
The Jesuit Order was formed to evangelize as part of the Counter Reformation of the Catholic Church. The idea was to bring missionary work to other nations and to evangelize the Protestant Reformers back to the Catholic Church. The Jesuits were very successful, but they were not the only Religious Order that was created for this task. With the hard work of the Jesuits and other Religious Orders the Thirty Years War ended.
Why was Florence at the heart of the Italian Renaissance?
The Medici family showed a special interest for arts and literature and they financed significant art creations and gatherings for the benefit of their city. The result was that the city of Florence became a cultural center for seminars, meetings, discussions about art and classical texts and the city of Florence was decorated with the major art creations of all centuries.
In what ways did Renaissance art and philosophy reinforce each other?
The Renaissance, which started in Italy, was about bringing back the values of the classical era, which included both Classical Roman and Greek culture. The philosophy of the Renaissance was one that placed importance to glory and perfection and beauty. The art of the Renaissance would reflect all of these things and and would also bring back the Greco-Roman style and knowledge of art, sculpture and architecture
Cornelia and her Treasures
The Swiss-born painter Angelica Kauffmann is just one artist to contribute to this genre. Painted in 1785, Cornelia, Mother of the Gracchi, Pointing to Her Children as Her Treasures, is her subject. Roman architectural influences frame two women portrayed wearing what one can imagine is typical of ancient Roman dress, along with three children, also wearing masterfully draped togas with thin leather sandals. They look like they might have stepped directly off a temple's pediment.
How did the power of the British monarchy increase during the reign of the Tudors?
The Tudors extended their power beyond modern England, achieving the full union of England and the Principality of Wales in 1542, and successfully asserting English authority over the Kingdom of Ireland.
What was the subject of the stained glass window "Notre Dame de Belle Verrière"? How is the depiction of Mary in glass a religious metaphor?
The Virgin Mary is the subject of the stained glass window "Notre Dame de Belle Verrière." This window serves as a metaphor for the figure of Virgin Mary in that she is the mother of Christ (the light) and it was through her body (the glass) that he came into this world.
What were the basic beliefs of the Anabaptists?
The believed in adult baptism, sharing of worldly goods. Put down violently. Re-emerged much later as Amish, Mennonites.
What was life like in Calvin's Geneva under his Ecclesiastical Ordinances?
The city government retained the power to summon persons before the court and the Consistory could judge only ecclesiastical matters having no civil jurisdiction
Jerusalem
The city that was the goal of most of the Crusades
Constantinople
The city was originally founded as a Greek colony under the name of Byzantium in the 7th century BC. It took on the name of Konstantinoupolis ("city of Constantine", Constantinople) after its re-foundation under Roman emperor Constantine I, who designated it as his new Roman capital. The modern Turkish name is İstanbul
How was his Lecturae Dantis?
The first Lecture series dedicated to European vernacular text,Dante's commedia.
What are the themes of the morality play Everyman?
The main themes of the play are that life is a pilgrimage, that death is inevitable, and that man's willingness to learn, act, and convert make the difference between salvation and damnation.
What issues were left unresolved?
The main unresolved issue was that although Lutheranism was officially recognized,other Protestant groups such as Calvinists and Anabaptists were not.This left them open to persecution by both Catholic and Lutheran rulers, and was a major cause of the outbreak of the Thirty Years War in 1618.
What characterizes the music of the school of Notre-Dame?
The music of the school of Notre-Dame used organum, especially in motets, but still focused on clear pronunciation of the text. Music became increasingly complex and innovative, making use of multiple melodic lines and complex counterpoint.
Neoclassicism
The name given to Western movements in the decorative and visual arts, literature, theatre, music, and architecture that draw inspiration from the "classical" art and culture of Ancient Greece or Ancient Rome. The main Neoclassical movement coincided with the 18th century Age of Enlightenment, and continued into the early 19th century, latterly competing with Romanticism. In architecture, the style continued throughout the 19th, 20th and up to the 21st century
In what respects did the art of Cimabue and Duccio di Buoninsegna move beyond the Italo-Byzantine tradition?
The paintings of Cimabue and Duccio di Buoninsegna exhibit more realism and attention to the emotional expressions of their subjects than was typical of the Italo-Byzantine tradition.
government
The parliamentary system - dominated by peeps with interest in successful industry Governments passed legislation enabling the building of roads, canals, and railways kept taxes low created the patent system to protect investors from having others steal their designs
Bourgeoisie v. poor class
The poor in France were very poor. 50% of what they made goes to the government. Other countries start to catch up in terms of growth because of this huge taxation.
How did the development of the printing press contribute to the Renaissance?
The press was able to translate any book into different languages so anyone could learn it. It increased literacy and made reading not just for scholars, but also for the common people.
How did the printing press effect life in Europe?
The printing press made possible the spread of Renaissance ideas. It was a faster way to share the
Who was their audience?
Their audience was contemporary audiences of the period in the context of religious rituals. Today, they are viewed as great works of art, but at the time they were seen and used mostly as devotional objects. Many Renaissance works were painted as altarpieces for incorporation into rituals associated with Catholic Mass and donated by patrons who sponsored the Mass itself.
What Renaissance artists' status in Renaissance society?
Their status was pretty high. They got paid well for their work, and were able to afford and move in a higher social class than most others of the time
What was the role that Witchcraft played in the Renaissance period?
There was a reemergence of witchcraft in the Renaissance. Women were seen as weaker and more susceptible to the evils of the devil. So, women were executed and accused of being witches. If you committed a sin, then you were a witch. Many people started reading more about witched.
Romanesque cathedrals
These cathedrals were built earlier in the Middle ages, had shorter, thicker walls with less light and small windows. They were darker and had curved arches.
Why did they have such a strong appeal in Germany?
They did not want the people to start doubting the church and going along with Luther's beliefs.
What role did the Medici family play in Renaissance Florence?
They had a political, economic, artistic, and social influence on the Renaissance. They were the cause of the merchant class rising to dominate politics, art, and business. They conducted trade throughout Europe, helped the merchant class grow in power, and patronized the arts.
How were they different?
They were different because Luther believed faith was the only prerequisite to heaven and Calvin demanded works as well. Luther believed in definite hierarchy of authority within a state church. Calvin insisted on moral independence of the church from state. Lutheranism in German-speaking countries; Calvinism became an international religion.
How did Erasmus and More differ from Italian Humanists in their outlook in life?
They were interested in early Christians as well as classical culture.
Why did children work in mines and mills/what were they paid? Orphan children
They were small and could reach things easier Were paid 1/6-1/3 of what a man was paid Orphan children had inadequate food and recreation
Gregorian Chant
This is a form of plainchant. It was named after Pope Gregory the Great (ca 590 - 604) who is associated with organizing the chant repertory and standardizing liturgy. It is sacred, liturgical music of the Roman Catholic Church, which is made up Latin texts and modal, monophonic melodies with unmeasured rhythm.
Gradual
This is the fourth section of the Mass Proper (variable texts). The texts of the gradual derive primarily from the Psalms (poetic texts from the Old Testament). The chants sung during this portion of the Mass were generally melismatic and performed in a responsorial style.
Syllabic Text Setting
This is where the text can be heard very clearly, and there is one note for each syllable of text.
Who was the most famous teacher of "Golden Age of the University of Paris"?
Thomas Aquinas
What illuminated book is considered the literary masterpiece of the Carolingian Renaissance?
Utrecht Psalter
Author of Lives of the Artists
Vasari
Doge's Palace
Venice, Italy. Sucular Gothic Art. 1340-1345 AD. Next to St. Marks.
Absolutism
When Louis wakes up and the nobility fill his bedroom, he gives them jobs to do. Very petty little jobs like dressing him, or bringing him champagne. Keeps them on their toes, they want to please the king. This idea that Louis is everything forms absolutism. Nobility supports this because the more they can serve the king, the more favors they can get. Idea that a court, parliament, etc. is not needed.
How did the Renaissance affect the status of women?
Women were expected to run household expertly. Upper class women's position declined. Middle class women had greater responsibility, nearly equal role. Wives of artisans, merchants were often partners in business. Working class women still in male-dominated society.
The Prince
a book written as a political handbook on how rulers can gain and keep power
Moscow
a city that was considered a 3rd Rome
War of Roses
a civil war that occurred over the issue of succession to the English throne
cruciform
a cross shaped church
Renaissance Man
a cultured man who was knowledgeable, educated, or proficient in a wide range of fields (Leonardo Da Vinci)
Black Death
a disease that wiped out one-third of Europe's population between 1347 and 1351.
Westminster Abbey
a famous Gothic church in London on the site of a former Benedictine monastery
serf
a farm worker considered part of the manor on which he or she worked
monasticism
a form of religious life where monks live in monasteries
Inquisition
a group of institutions within the judicial system of the Roman Catholic Church whose aim was to "fight against heretics"
Despot
a king or other ruler with absolute, unlimited power; autocrat
manor
a large estate, often including farms and a village, ruled by a lord
95 theses
a list of Martin Luther's beliefs
Romanticism
a new type of art
Realism
a new type of art, dominant over Romanticism when it came along
Leonardo Da Vinci was a ...(4)
a painter, architect. inventor ,and student of all things scientific
Aside
a part of an actor's lines supposedly not heard by others on the stage and intended only for the audience
Baroque
a period of artistic style that used exaggerated motion and clear, easily interpreted detail to produce drama, tension, exuberance, and grandeur in sculpture, painting, architecture, literature, dance and music.
Mosaic
a picture or decoration made of small, usually colored pieces of inlaid stone, glass, etc
Sonnet
a poem, properly expressive of a single, complete thought, idea, or sentiment, of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter, with rhymes arranged according to one of certain definite schemes
Machiavelli
a political strategist who believed that the ends always justified the means
Russia - People's will
a radical terrorist group that believed that the only way to have a truly liberal state was for the power to be with the people - they killed Tsar Alexander II
Primitivism
a recurrent theory or belief, as in philosophy or art, that the qualities of primitive or chronologically early cultures are superior to those of contemporary civilization
Iconography
a representation or a group of representations of a person, place, or thing, as a portrait or a collection of portraits
Psychological Realism
a school of realism that emphasizes interior, psychological reality over external reality. Attempt to portray the inner workings of the mind as accurately as possible
fief
a share of land given to vassals
Antiphon
a short sentence or verse that is sung before or after a psalm
middle class
a status of people between nobles and peasants who were merchants, traders, and craft workers
Buttress
a support usually of stone or brick that helped hold up the thin walls of the cathedral.
feudalism
a system in which land was owned by kings or lords but held by vassals in return for their loyalty
scholasticism
a system using reason to support Christian beliefs
Lancet Window
a tall, narrow window crowned by a sharply pointed arch
Archrtype
a universally understood symbol, term[1], or pattern of behavior, a prototype upon which others are copied, patterned, or emulated. Five main: The Self, the regulating center of the psyche and facilitator of individuation, The Shadow, the opposite of the ego image, often containing qualities with which the ego does not identify, but which it possesses nonetheless, The Anima, the feminine image in a man's psyche, or The Animus, the masculine image in a woman's psyche, The Persona, the image we present to the world, usually protecting the Ego from negative images (like a mask), and considered another of 'the subpersonalities, the complexes
In a polyphonic work
a voice given a single, repeating line,Isorhythm (and/or cantus firmus---the old monophonic line of Gregorian chant upon which other parts were built)
According to Machiavelli
above all else, what must a prince avoid?,Of all the things he must guard against, hatred and contempt come first, and liberality leads to both. When inducing fear, however, a prince must be careful to avoid inducing hatred. He must make sure that any executions are properly justified. Above all, a prince should never confiscate the property of his subjects or take their women, since these actions are most likely to breed hatred. If a prince must confiscate property, he must make sure he has a convincing reason. With one's army, however, there is no such thing as too much cruelty. Keeping an army disciplined and united requires cruelty, even inhuman cruelty.
Aesthetic
an experience in the arts or in life that we value for no reason beyond itself: i.e. Abstract art
Machiavelli
an importance Renaissance writer who focused on how leaders should conduct themselves in this time period.
printing press
an invention that allowed for greater spread of literacy and literature
soliloquy
an utterance or discourse by a person who is talking to himself or herself or is disregardful of or oblivious to any hearers present
El Greco Burial of Count Orgaz Spain 1586 Oil on canvas - El Greco's art is a blend of Byzantine and Italian Mannerist elements. His intense emotional content captured the fervor of Spanish Catholicism
and his dramatic use of light foreshadowed the Baroque style. - Celestial sphere represented in a quite personal manner with elongated undulating figures while the terrestrial realm is shown with firm realism,
secularism
another term for "worldly" and refers to the focus on here and now not the afterlife
Performance Art
any situation that involves four basic elements: time, space, the performer's body, or presence in a medium, and a relationship between performer and audience (a performance to and audience)
choir/crypt
area behind the altar and where there is room for the choir to sing, in ancient cathedrals this area might also contain crypts of saints
relic
artifacts connected to the saints such as fragments of bone or hair, scraps of garments they wore or cloth they touched
Why was Vincis notebooks not have an influence in the Renaissance?
because they were not published
individualism
belief that human potential is important not Christian Humility
Greek Theater
c. 350 B.C. Origins: Festival honoring the gods at harvest time.Tespis preforming solo in dialogue with Chorus.
Offertory Chant
chant for offering before communion Mass Proper
Psalm Tone
chant formula for singing a psalm; 8 psalm tones
Artistic technique of creating illusion of three-dimensionality through light and shadow
chiaroscuro
journeyman
craftsmen earned this title after finishing an apprenticeship and before becoming a guild member
Discobolus
created by Myron in c.450 B.C.
Marriage of the Virgin
created by Raphael in 1504 during Italian Renaissance
The Birth of Venus
created by Sandro Botticelli in 1480 during Italian Renaissance
Donatello David
created in c. 1425-30 by Donatello in Bronze and is 62" tall
Michelangelo David
created in 1501-1504 by Michelangelo in Marble and is 13'5" tall
She-Wolf
created in c. 500 B.C. and was made of bronze. Depicts a mother wolf feeding Romulus and Remus
Etruscan sarcophagus
created in c. 520 B.C. and was made from terracotta.
Renaissance Thought
critical approach, studied classics, admired human achievement
Catherine of Aragon
daughter of King and Queen of Spain, marries Henry VII but gets a divorce. Peasants' War (1524-1525)- a widespread popular revolt in the German-speaking areas of Central Europe, 1524-1525. It failed because of the intense opposition of the aristocracy, who slaughtered up to 100,000 of the 300,000 poorly armed and poorly led peasants and farmers. The survivors were fined and achieved few if any of their goals.
markets
demand from 2 large markets benefited from manufacturing industry: a growing and increasingly wealthy domestic population and the British Colonial population (colonists were compelled by law to purchase British goods)
List the major beliefs of John Calvin.
denied the authority of the church argued that God grants his grace to whomever he chooses, regardless of individual behavior rejected alliances with the government
What did NOT help make possible the increased height of Gothic cathedrals?
domed ceiling
Sumerians
dominated Mesopotamia from the beginning of written history (c. 3100 BC) to the fall of Babylon in 539 BC, when it was conquered by the Achaemenid Empire. It fell to Alexander the Great in 332 BC and, after his death, it became part of the Greek Seleucid Empire. Worshiped many local gods. Rulers acted as stewards of the gods. Despotic civilization centered around Mesopotamia. (Between Tigris and Euphrates Rivers).
What were the political
economic, and social/cultural legacies of the "Two Reformations?,The two most important developments in the European economy during the Reformation were the rise in prices and the shift from trade centered on the Mediterranean to one centered on the Atlantic. Also significant was the creation of money markets and in general an increasing sophistication in business practices.
Peace of Augsburg
ended German civil war and divided land according to religion, allowed German princes to practice the religion of choice in their own provinces
Council of Trent
examined doctrines, goals of the church and defined what Catholics believed, Church's interpretation of the bible was final, other interpretations are hersey, faith + good works = salvation, bible and church tradition will guide your Christian life, indulgences = valid expression of faith Peace of Augsburg- a treaty between Charles V and the forces of the Schmalkaldic League on September 25, 1555, at the imperial city of Augsburg. It officially ended the religious struggle between the two groups and made the legal division of Christendom permanent within the Holy Roman Empire. St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre- in 1572 was a targeted group of assassinations, followed by a wave of Roman Catholic mob violence, during the French Wars of Religion.
Three sections (large 3-part form): introduction
exposition (A), development (B), recapitulation (A), with a coda to end
Facade
facing
Notre Dame
famous cathedral in Paris, "Our Lady"
The Tribute Money 1425
fresco incorporates 3 scenes telling story of how Jesus and his apostles received money to pay a tribute to the temple
Humorous or amorous poem set to music
frottola
baptismal font
full immersion or for pouring; should be the first liturgical point to be encountered in a church
Reform act of 1832
gave explicit recognition to the changes of British life brought about by the Industrial Revolution disenfranchised 56 rotten boroughs and enfranchised 42 new towns and cities the property qualification for voting was lowered
geographical industries
good harbors and rivers - made foreign trade of bulky goods easy and provided water power before there was steam power
Mass Proper
group of changing mass texts according to the day in the year
Elizabeth I of England
half sister of mary, protestant, never married despite many suitors, compromised between Roman and Protestant doctrines, church of england, kept theology, got rid of pope
Artist: Titan Tittle: Madonna of pesaro family Date: 1518 Significance: When Titian painted this altarpiece
he broke with a centuries-long tradition of placing the devotional figures (the Virgin and Child) in the center of the painting and the painted space. By doing this, he allowed for a greater sense of movement through the painting, presaging the Baroque period's more complicated compositional techniques. The painting is particularly innovative and shows an example of developed High-Renaissance style, as Titian has used diagonal and triangular principles to draw the viewer's eye up to the Madonna and Child, thus creating hierarchy within the work and shows that the Pesaro family are pious.,
Russia - Alexander III
he took away many of Alexander II's liberal reforms to try and avoid getting assassinated
Louis' idea was instead of him visiting all the different places in France
he wants to have all the key nobles to come live with him at Versailles. •Versailles built to accommodate all the nobles •Remodeled many times but Louis kept his room at the very center of the palace on the center floor •symbolically the center of the state
Donatello's statues
he was influenced by the gestures and emotional expression in who's statues?
king
head of the nobles who owned land/person the lords and vassals were loyal to
According to Jacob Burckhardt's The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy (1860)
how did the values and beliefs of the Renaissance differ from those of the Middle Ages?,According to Jacob Burckhardt, the Renaissance heralded a period of political evolution, in which people strove for achievement and fame. This contrasted acutely with the values of asceticism and humility which characterized the Middle Ages.
According to Machiavelli
how should princes honor their word?,Machiavelli acknowledges that a prince who honors his word is generally praised by others. But historical experience demonstrates that princes achieve the most success when they are crafty, cunning, and able to trick others. There are two ways of fighting: by law or by force. Laws come naturally to men, force comes naturally to beasts. In order to succeed, the prince must learn how to fight both with laws and with force—he must become half man and half beast. In dealing with people, a prince must break his promises when they put him at a disadvantage and when the reasons for which he made the promises no longer exist. In any case, promises are never something on which a prince can rely, since men are by nature wretched and deceitful. A prince should be a master of deception.
cathedral
huge medieval church which served as a house of worship, a gathering place, and even as a religious school
Catacombs
human-made subterranean passageways for religious practice, primarily burial. (Catacombs of Rome)
Renaissance system of learning and reform
humanism
What were the main features of Renaissance humanist thought?
humanist thought focused on studying the classics, taking a critical approach, and admiring human achievement.
Gloria
hymn of praise Mass Ordinary
"It is best to be both feared and loved; however
if one cannot be both it is better to be feared than loved."
atmospheric/aerial perspective
illusion of depth created by making things look paler the further they are from the viewer
Naturalistic
imitating nature or the usual natural surroundings
Respond
in liturgical chant, a tripartite call-and-response structure a freely composed respond (begun by the cantor, followed by the choir)
Disciplines
in the humanities, a given art form - literature, visual arts, music, drama, dance and cinema - as well as a form of academic study.
Leonardo Da Vinci believed art was ...
indisputable connected with nature and science
Italian Renaissance
interest in human achievements, figures in art work looked like Greek gods.
Nationalism
interests of a particular nation or state are most important
Mesopotamia
is a toponym for the area of the Tigris-Euphrates river system, largely corresponding to modern-day Iraq, northeastern Syria, southeastern Turkey and southwestern Iran. Widely considered to be the cradle of civilization, Bronze Age Mesopotamia included Sumer and the Akkadian, Babylonian and Assyrian empires.
Iliad
is an epic poem in dactylic hexameters Set during the Trojan War, the ten-year siege of the city of Troy by a coalition of Greek states, it tells of the battles and events during the weeks of a quarrel between King Agamemnon and the warrior Achilles
Peter Iconography
key, close to Jesus
Stonehenge
large arrangement of stones located in Salisbury Plain, England, c. 2000 B.C. (diameter 97')
Parthenon
located in Athens Greece on the Acropolis, 448-432 B.C
Songs for two or three voices with no accompanying instruments (eventually even more voices)
madrigal
noblewomen
managed the household, performed necessary medical tasks, and supervised servants
Vincis notebooks were often referred to as ..? Where are they now?
manuscript and codies, located in the museum collections all over the world
vassals
men who promised to raise and lead armies that would fight for their lord
Pope Paul III
moved to counter some of the problems. Established a commission, examined doctrines and practices, focused on education of young and all Christians
Embellishment or improvising upon noted music with sounds not written on the page
musca ficta
abundance of labor
new farming techniques and enclosures created unemployment among agricultural workers, leading to migration toward cheap labor supply
Although there had been heretics and reformers in the Catholic Church before Martin Luther
none had threatened the unity of the church. What were the social, economic, and political conditions in Germany that contributed to the enormous success of Lutheranism?,Luther acquired a following among those disgusted by rampant church corruption and unfulfilled by mechanistic religious services. Also the printing press helped spread the new message
Venus of Willendorf
oldest statue of the goddess Venus c. 25,000 - 20,000 BC
Third movement: Minuet and Trio
or Scherzo
How many works did Michelangelo finish before death?
over one hundred but there were debates as to if the Sistine Chapel was on job or many.
lords
owned or managed land who treated their vassals with honor
When Vinci was 20 in 1472 the painters of ¨ ¨ offered him what? What did he do?
painters of guild of Florence, Vinci remained with Verrocchio until he became an independent master
Cave paintings at Lascaux
paintings found on the walls of a cave dating 15,000-10,000 BC
What was the principal material used for manuscripts in the Middle Ages?
parchment
they were originally part of the
patrician class (minor landlords)
clergy
people with the authority to perform religious services
Kyrie
petition for mercy Mass Ordinary
Agnus Dei
petition for mercy and peace Mass Ordinary
Erasmus
plea for simple virtues, inner nature of Christianity, forerunner of Protestant Reformation
Marxism
political and economic theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
peasant
poor people who made their living as farmers and laborers
Alienation
preventing empathetic responses. An example would be the breaking of the fourth wall so audiences don't have the illusion of being an unseen spectator.
list his major ideas/beliefs
priests were not needed to mediate between humans and God only God had the power to absolve people of their sins Church shouldn't have as much power of the individual conscience doubted if sacraments were important there shouldn't be indulgences
Credo
profession of faith Mass Ordinary
What book
published in 1550, documents the relationship between Giotto and Dante?,Lives of the Artists
What was the functional purpose of the Gothic gargoyles?
rain gutters
Leonardo received no formal education except basic ... (3)
reading, writing, and math
Objective
reasoning that is not influenced by ones personal feelings, interpretations, or prejudice; based on facts; unbiased
Renaissance
rebirth, revival of art and learning, return to classical heritage of Greece and Rome, starts in northern Italy and spreads to Europe Individualism- fate not such a factor- celebrate uniqueness
niche
recessed area of a wall, often a location for statues
medieval
referring to the Middle Ages
gothic
referst to a style of architecture containing stained-glass windows, sculptures, and masses of stonework
Gradual
reflective chant Mass Proper
exposition
revelation through dialogue integrating background material and information.
Grammar
rhetoric, and dialectic,Trivium
Medieval verse tales with comic
ribald themes,fabliaux
Charles V
ruler of the Holy Roman Empire from 1519 and of the Spanish Empire from 1516 until his voluntary retirement and abdication in favor of his younger brother Ferdinand I as Holy Roman Emperor and his son Philip II as King of Spain in 1556.
Charlemagne
ruler who spread the Christian religion, established schools, and united Western Europe
Contemplative
serene atmosphere,type of atmosphere in his paintins
Ite missa est
short dismissal Mass Ordinary
Elimination of private property in Marxism
shown in the Communist Manifesto
What did Vinci say about sight?
sight was mankinds most important sense and that ¨saper vedere (knowing how to see) was crucial to living all aspects of life fully¨
chapel
smaller area within a church or cathedral with a small altar and fewer seats
knight
soldier who received honor and land in exchange for serving his lord
Canticle
song or chant nonmetrical with words taken straight from the New Testament
Short poem of fourteen lines
sonnet
Black Death
spread by fleas from infected rats
St. Ignatius of Loyola
started the Jesuit order to win back the hearts and minds of the people through education
Mass Ordinary
stays the same "usual" texts from the mass
Flying buttress
stone arms that connect the buttress to the cathedral in a gothic church
Gothic architecture
style of architecture begun in France in the 1100's that is marked by flying buttresses, high pointed arches, ribbed vaults and large stained glass windows
Romanesque architecture
style of architecture, these churches were smaller, castle-like structures with thick walls, smaller windows and rounded arches
Flying Buttresses
takes away weight and thrust of roof
Spires
tall, pyramidal, polygonal, or conical structures rising from a tower or roof, usually on a church, and terminating in a point; this is a term most often associated with Gothic art
chiaroscuro
technique used for light and shade to create a 3 dimensional effect
Aerial Perspective
technique used to let the figures emerge from the background
neumatic
text is set so that there are 2 or 3 notes per syllable
melismatic
text is set so that there are multiple notes accompanying each syllable
syllabic
text is set so that there is one note per syllable
Sacred Heart Cathedral
the "mother church" of the Diocese of Rochester
Antagonist
the adversary of the hero or protagonist of a drama or other literary work
Fresco
the art or technique of painting on a moist, plaster surface with colors ground up in water or a limewater mixture
Byzantine Icon
the artistic products of the Byzantine Empire from about the 5th century until the Fall of Constantinople in 1453. Gold background, no perspective, religious and not aesthetic.
Still Life
the category of subject matter in which inanimate objects are represented
indulgences
the church sold these for money
chivalry
the code of honorable conduct by which knights were supposed to live
Great Schism
the controversy concerning 3 different popes fighting for power
King John of England & The Magna Carta
the danger of despotism became severe in England under the rule of King John. On June 15, 1215 the English nobility forced him to recognize Magna Carta, which reaffirmed traditional rights and personal liberties that are still enshrined in English law. The 4 themes are rule of the law, fairness of the law, due process of the law, and economic rights.
Horror Vacui
the fear of unused spaces, common in dark ages
predestination
the idea that God has chosen very few people to save called the "elect"
Fourth Wall
the imaginary "wall" at the front of the stage in a traditional three-walled box set in a proscenium theatre, through which the audience sees the action in the world of the play
Subjective
the influencing of ones reasoning based on a person's emotions, prejudices
keystone
the last stone added to a ceiling vault, keeps the others in place
Protagonist
the leading character, hero, or heroine of a drama or other literary work
Gregorian Chant
the monophonic and traditionally unaccompanied music of Eastern and Western Christian liturgy; texts taken from psalms or other scripture, named after Pope Gregory I
Doric Order
the oldest and simplest of the three Greek orders or organizational systems of ancient architecture and the only one that normally has no base (Parthenon)
Frieze
the part of a classical entablature between the architrave and the cornice, usually decorated with sculpture in low relief (Dionysus statue once on the Parthenon)
floor maze
the pattern on the floor of a cathedral, it was said that if you reached the center God would give you a special blessing
High Renaissance
the period denoting the visual arts in the Italian Renaissance. The High Renaissance period is traditionally taken to begin in the 1490s, with Leonardo's fresco of the Last Supper in Milan and the death of Lorenzo de' Medici in Florence.
Catholic (Counter) Reformation
the period of Catholic revival beginning with the Council of Trent (1545-1563) and ending at the close of the Thirty Years' War (1648), which is sometimes considered a response to the Protestant Reformation.
Mass
the primary public worship service of Roman Catholic churches; also a cyclical setting of the ordinary of the mass
It is much easier to maintain control over a new principality if the people share the same language and customs as the prince's own country. If this is the case
the prince has to do only two things: destroy the family of the former prince, and maintain the principality's laws and taxes. People will live quietly and peacefully so long as their old ways of life are undisturbed.
Symbolism
the representation of something in symbolic form or the attribution of symbolic meaning or character to something
Ionic Order
the second of the three Greek orders or organizational systems of ancient architecture; the capital is decorated with spiral scrolls (Temple of Artemis)
ambry
the structure that holds the three vessels containing the three holy oils used for Baptism, Confirmation, Holy Orders and the Sacrament of the Sick
Corinthian Order
the third of the three Greek orders or organizational systems of ancient architecture; the capital is decorated with carvings of acanthus leaves (Forum of Augustus)
vernacular
the use of a common or native language instead of a classical language
Jesuits
this order was known as the "Society of Jesus" instrumental for creating institutions of learning
"the Church"
this organization had power in every kingdom, every fief, and every village, and was run by Catholic clergy
Renaissance Literature
used classical writing as models, shown concern for morality
use of gestures and facial expressions
used to depict emotion
Fan Vaulting/ Perpendicular Style
very decorated and ornamented ceiling. key feature of English Gothic Cathedral
Characteristics of liberalism
wanted to free people from government restraint laissez-faire economics protection of civil liberties written constitution religious toleration - separation of church and state elections for legislature limited suffrage rights
According to Machiavelli
what are the different ways a prince can act to win honor?,Chapters XXI and XXII underscore the importance of appearing honorable and wise. This goal can be achieved partly through the selection of a loyal and competent personal staff. Machiavelli distinguishes between a virtuous appearance and an honorable, wise appearance. Appearing virtuous—generous, benevolent, and pious—is desirable but not necessary. However, appearing honorable and sagacious is crucial. Machiavelli's preference for some good qualities over others—for example, courage and decisiveness over generosity—is grounded in a practical argument. Generosity is undesirable because it wastes capital resources; decisiveness is desirable because it breeds respect among allies and subjects.
From c. 1150 to 1300
what city was the intellectual and cultural center of Western civilization?,Paris
According to Machiavelli
what is the best way to acquire a new state?,By fortune or strength, a prince can acquire a new principality with his own army or with the arms of others.
Which book of Machiavelli is often considered the first purely secular study of political theory? According to Machiavelli
what was the role of morality in the exercise of power? What justification did he offer for the use of cruelty or hypocrisy?,Machiavelli's The Prince is often considered the first purely secular study of political theory. In it, Machiavelli gives no role to morality in the exercise of power and is completely pragmatic about the circumstances in which a ruler should or should not be cruel or hypocritical, indicating that whichever serves to maintain power is the preferred course of action.
theocracy
when a government is controlled by religious leaders, ex: Geneva
The Brancacci Chapel Frescos 1424-85
where masaccio painted for 3 years
Human Roman Empire
where the Habsburgs were a powerful dynasty
Mercenaries or hired soldiers
which are dangerous and unreliable Auxiliaries, troops that are loaned to you by other rulers—also dangerous and unreliable Native troops, composed of one's own citizens or subjects—by far the most desirable kind Mixed troops, a combination of native troops and mercenaries or auxiliaries—still less desirable than a completely native army
Hereditary principalities
which are inherited by the ruler Mixed principalities, territories that are annexed to the ruler's existing territories New principalities, which may be acquired by several methods: by one's own power, by the power of others, by criminal acts or extreme cruelty, or by the will of the people (civic principalities) Ecclesiastical principalities, namely the Papal States belonging to the Catholic church
Panfilo is the storyteller of the first tale of the entire collection
which is also the first tale ridiculing then-current practices of the Roman Catholic Church
Filomena narrates this tale
which many see as revealing Boccaccio's opinion of what makes a good or bad storyteller
In the 1500s
who was the most important Christian humanist in Europe?,Aldus Manutius
According to Machiavelli
why have the Italian princes lost their states?,The rulers of Italy have lost their states by ignoring the political and military principles Machiavelli enumerates.
Second movement: slower speed; more song-like; ternary form or sonata form
with variations
Erasmus
writer of the Praise and Folly
Maximilien Robespierre (d. 1794)
•By 1792, tensions are very high between the lower and middle classes. •Bourgeoise are now living like the nobility which makes the lower class mad. They lead the most violent portion of the revolution led by Robespierre. •His job was to kill the king. People voted on it and voted yes. Louis XVI was executed.
Voltaire and the arts
•Some see Louis XIV as a forerunner to the enlightenment. •Louis wants people to design buildings for him, cultured in the arts. •Louis XIV gave more support to arts than all kings put together, e.g. opera house at Versailles
