HUMN 1101 1-7 Quiz Qs (Midterm)

Abstaining from food, tobacco, and sexual intercourse from sunrise to sundown during the sacred month of Ramadan

Fasting (sawm)

A system of political organization based on the exchange of land for military defense

Feudalism

The elevated ancient stage

Proscenium

Early philosopher-scientists who asked questions like: "what is everything made of?" and "how do things come into existence?"

The Pre-Socratics

A member of the nobility who vowed to serve another in exchange for control of land or property

Vassal

An artistic style which seeks to represent objects as they actually appear in nature

naturalism

A Benedictine monk who arranged the tones of the commonly used scale in a progression from A through G to designate the seven notes of the Western scale

Odo of Cluny

The circular "dancing space" in front of the stage

Orchestra

This sacrament invested those entering the clergy with priestly authority

Ordination

A sculptural technique in which figures or forms are carved to project from the background surface

Relief

A Mass for the Dead, or a solemn chant to honor the dead

Requiem

An unfree peasant

Serf

The stage set and dressing room behind the stage

Skene

A philosopher who believed that ethical life belongs to a larger set of universal truths and unchanging moral order. Known for employing the dialectical method, which proceeded from his first principle of inquiry, "know thyself"

Socrates

The rule by god(s) or a representative of god(s)

Theocracy

Which of the following were Etruscan influences that were absorbed by the Romans? A. Chariot racing B. Bronze and gold crafting C. The toga D. Urban planning E. The arch

A. Chariot racing B. Bronze and gold crafting C. The toga D. Urban planning E. The arch

All of the following statements are true of the Age of the Renaissance, EXCEPT which one? A. The birthplace of the Renaissance was Rome, Italy B. Renaissance means "rebirth", referring to a revival of Greco-Roman culture C. The Renaissance was an age in which there was a broader intellectual renewal that produced a wealth of new technology and ideas D. The Renaissance is considered to be the turning point between medieval times and modern times

A. The birthplace of the Renaissance was Rome, Italy

"Cuneiform" comes from the Latin word for "wedge" (cunues), and refers to the more angular and wedged shapes of this ancient Near East writing system A. True B. False

A. True

Ancient sculptural female figures, such as the Venus of Willendorf, have exaggerated sexual characteristics which suggest a connection to fertility goddesses and "Mother Earth" A. True B. False

A. True

Aqueducts were used by the Romans to bring fresh water in to the Roman Empire's major cities A. True B. False

A. True

Classical humanism refers to the revival of Greco-Roman culture, which was a major feature of the Italian Renaissance that made the period distinctly secular A. True B. False

A. True

Donatello's David was the first free-standing, life-sized nude sculpture created since Classical antiquity A. True B. False

A. True

Early Christian music was directly influenced by ancient Jewish rituals, such as chanting daily prayers and singing the psalms A. True B. False

A. True

Mesopotamian ziggurats were shrines and temples that symbolized a sacred mountain linking heaven and earth A. True B. False

A. True

Relics - such as the remains of saints and martyrs or pieces of the Crucifixion cross - became objects of holy veneration during the Middle Ages, and they would be housed inside of ornamental containers called reliquaries, often shaped to replicate the person or body part of the saint they enshrined A. True B. False

A. True

The Classical cultures of antiquity were a great influence on the art and culture of the Renaissance, and the dominant feature of the Renaissance in Italy was the movement to recover the culture of the ancient Greeks and Romans A. True B. False

A. True

The Doryphorus is widely regarded as the embodiment of the canon of ideal human proportions A. True B. False

A. True

The Gutenberg Bible was the first book printed in 1455 on Johann Gutenber's new invention, a printing press with movable metal type A. True B. False

A. True

The Medici family were a wealthy banking family that ruled Florence for four generations, and they supported scholarship and patronage of the arts, including commissions from such artists as Brunelleschi, Botticelli, Verrocchio, and Michelangelo A. True B. False

A. True

The Old English language is a Germanic language that is spoken in part of the British Isles where Germanic tribes had invaded A. True B. False

A. True

The Trinity refers to the Christian doctrine of the union of the Father, the Son (Jesus), and the Holy Ghost in a single divine Godhead A. True B. False

A. True

The best known of Jesus' apostles was Paul, who is given credit for "co-founding" Christianity and helping it spread by writing between 10-14 of the 27 books of the Christian Bible A. True B. False

A. True

The development of the medieval romance coincided with the rise of a European "textual culture," or a culture dependent upon written language rather than oral tradition A. True B. False

A. True

Thomas Aquinas is considered the greatest of the medieval scholastics, known for his efforts to prove that the truths of reason are compatible with the truths of revelation A. True B. False

A. True

Titian's painting, Venus of Urbino displays a sensual style using oil paints, loosely applied strokes of paint, and semitransparent glazes to build up the forms, and his style became the definitive expression of the High Renaissance in Venice A. True B. False

A. True

Virgil's epic poem, the Aeneid, reflects the sober ideals of ancient Rome: the duty of the citizen, the duty of the warrior, and the duty of the state A. True B. False

A. True

A philosopher who was briefly the tutor of a young Alexander the Great. Associated with the empirical method, ethics, and logic, as seen in his sue of the syllogism

Aristotle

The receptacle bearing the stone tablets inscribed with the Ten Commandments

Ark of the Covenant

A welsh chieftain who would become King of England

Arthur

The Ionic order of Classical Greek columns is the most ornate of the orders A. True B. False

B. False

The Romans were known for employing the structural advantages of the arch, knowledge of which they inherited from the Greeks A. True B. False

B. False

The primary intention of the First Crusade, called by Pope Urban II, was to convert pagans and nonbelievers A. True B. False

B. False

The round arch can rise to any height, while the height of the pointed arch is governed by the space it spans A. True B. False

B. False

The top of the Roman Colosseum is pierced by a 30-foot-wide oculus, or "eye" that admits light and air into the structure A. True B. False

B. False

Very few of the population of Medieval European societies were unfree peasants, and most people enjoyed freedom, land, and property A. True B. False

B. False

All of the following statements are true of Saint Francis of Assisi, EXCEPT which one? A. Francis practiced absolute poverty to imitate the first apostles, begging for food and lodging on his travels throughout Christendom B. Francis was a cloistered monk who stayed isolated within the confines of the monastery and never left to be among the people C. Francis came to be known as a missionary to all of God's creatures, and popular depictions of him in art show him sermonizing among beasts and birds D. Legend has it that, toward the end of his life, Francis received the stigmata, or the physical marks of the Crucifixion

B. Francis was a cloistered monk who stayed isolated within the confines of the monastery and never left to be among the people

All of the following statements are true of the Medieval Roman Catholic Church, EXCEPT which one? A. The Church acted as a civilizing agent by prohibiting warfare, assuming responsibility for the poor, sick, and homeless, and organizing hospitals, refuges, orphanages, and other charitable institutions B. The Church was not very wealthy and did not own much of its own property during the medieval era, due to Christian values such as anti materialism and charity C. During the Inquisition, physical torture was used to obtain confession from alleged heretics, as the Church considered injury to the body preferable to the eternal damnation of the soul D. The Church shaped medieval culture and values, and governed the life of European Christians from the cradle to the grave

B. The Church was not very wealthy and did not own much of its own property during the medieval era, due to Christian values such as anti materialism and charity

All of the following statements are true of the Hebrews, EXCEPT which one? A. Sometime after 2000 BCE the Hebrews, under the leadership of Abraham of Ur, migrated across the Fertile Crescent and settled in Canaan (modern-day Israel) B. The Hebrews were a polytheistic culture, worshiping many gods and goddesses C. Around 1300 BCE the Hebrews were led out of Egypt and toward Canaan by a charismatic leader named Moses D. Almost everything we know about the Hebrews comes from the Bible

B. The Hebrews were a polytheistic culture, worshiping many gods and goddesses

All of the following statements are true of Homer and his works, the Iliad and the Odyssey, EXCEPT which one? A. The main character of the Iliad is the legendary ancient Greek hero Achilles B. The Iliad is a story based around a legendary hero who is attempting to return home after the Trojan War C. The main character of the Odyssey is the legendary hero Odysseus D. Little is known about the blind poet Homer, and scholars are not even sure if he existed at all E. Both the Iliad and the Odyssey are stories based around the Trojan War

B. The Iliad is a story based around a legendary hero who is attempting to return home after the Trojan War

All of the following statements are true of the Minoan civilization, EXCEPT which one? A. The name "Minoan" was given to this civilization by early 20th century archaeologist Sir Arthur Evans, who named them after the legendary King Minos B. The Minoans were a militant and aggressive people, challenging other traders for control of the Mediterranean C. The Ancient Greeks immortalized the Minoan civilization in their myths and legends, including the legend of the Minotaur D. The Minoans were a pre-Greek civilization who lived on the island of Crete in the Aegean Sea

B. The Minoans were a militant and aggressive people, challenging other traders for control of the Mediterranean

All of the following statements are true of the Parthenon, EXCEPT which one? A. The Parthenon was originally decorated with brightly painted sculptures, all of which paid homage to the patron deity of Athens B. The Parthenon makes use of the Ionic order of architectural design C. The cella of the Parthenon originally held a colossal cult statue of Athena, which no longer exists D. The Parthenon was built in Athens, and served as a sacred shrine to the goddess Athena, goddess of wisdom and war

B. The Parthenon makes use of the Ionic order of architectural design

All of the following statements are true of the sculpture, the Augustus of Primaporta, EXCEPT which one? A. The Cupid and dolphin at Augustus' feet are reminders of his alleged divine descent from the goddess Venus B. This sculpture is a figurine, and is smaller-than-life sized C. Augustus' stance and physical proportions are modeled after the Greek statue, the Doryphorus D. Augustus was idealized in this sculpture with a handsome face and tall, muscular physique to create a heroic image

B. This sculpture is a figurine, and is smaller-than-life sized

This sacrament would be performed at birth, and purified the recipient of Original Sin

Baptism

Which of the following early cultures is NOT considered part of the "River Valley Civilizations"? A. Ancient Mesopotamia B. Ancient Egypt C. Ancient Mesoamerica D. Ancient India E. Ancient China

C. Ancient Mesoamerica

All of the following statements are true of Moses and the Ten Commandments, EXCEPT which one? A. The Ten Commandments were revealed to Moses by the Hebrew god, Yahweh, at Mount Sinai B. The Ten Commandments revealed to Moses do not mention retribution in the afterlife, nor do they mention heaven or hell - reward and punishment occur here on earth C. Around 2000 BCE, Moses led the Hebrews out of Mesopotamia and toward Canaan, an event enshrined in Genesis, the first book of the Hebrew Bible D. The Ten Commandments are also called the Decalogue, and they reveal the essence of the covenant between the Hebrews and God in a set of ten laws

C. Around 2000 BCE, Moses led the Hebrews out of Mesopotamia and toward Canaan, an event enshrined in Genesis, the first book of the Hebrew Bible

All of the following statements are true of Beowulf, EXCEPT which one? A. Beowulf describes the burial rituals of Germanic cultures, in which the bodies of their chieftains would be placed in boats with lavish objects and then cast out to sea B. Beowulf is about a Scandinavian prince named Beowulf who has three major adventures in which he encounters a monster named Grendel, Grendel's mother, and a fire-breathing dragon C. Beowulf is a Frankish poem that was written in the Old French language D. Beowulf is an Anglo-Saxon epic poem that was written in the Old English language

C. Beowulf is a Frankish poem that was written in the Old French language

All of the following statements are true of Charlemagne (or Charles the Great), EXCEPT which one? A. Charlemagne's holy wars resulted in many people being forced to convert to Christianity, as well as pushing Muslims out of his empire and into Spain B. Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne "Emperor of the Romans," which established a firm relationship between the Church and the state, and created a new "Holy Roman Empire" C. Charlemagne was an Anglo-Saxon chieftain who pursued the dream of destroying the remains of the Christian Roman Empire D. Charlemagne was driven by a passionate interest in education and the arts, even though he could barely read or write himself

C. Charlemagne was an Anglo-Saxon chieftain who pursued the dream of destroying the remains of the Christian Roman Empire

Which of the following terms refers to the study, identification, and interpretation of the "hidden meanings" of symbols used in art? A. Calligraphy B. Chivalry C. Iconography D. A capella

C. Iconography

All of the following statements are true of Niccolo Machiavelli and his writing, The Prince, EXCPET which one? A. Machiavell's The Prince called for the unification of Italy under a powerful and courageous leader, and laid out the guidelines for how a ruler might gain and maintain political power B. Because The Prince was an expose of real-life politics, the word "Machiavellian" soon became synonymous with the idea of political duplicity C. In The Prince, Machiavelli argued that a strong ruler should be trusting, kind, forgiving, and loved by his people D. Machiavelli is considered the most acute critic of the realities of greed, ignorance, and cruelty in Renaissance society

C. In The Prince, Machiavelli argued that a strong ruler should be trusting, kind, forgiving, and loved by his people

All of the following statements are true of the Ancient Egyptian artifact, the Palette of King Narmer, EXCEPT which one? A. This artifact commemorates the unification of Egypt by the first pharaoh, Narmer B. The falcon in the upper right corner of the back of the palette symbolizes the Ancient Egyptian god Horus C. King Narmer himself is not represented in human form on the palette, but instead is represented symbolically through images of lions and bulls D. This artifact was more than likely a ritual or ceremonial object, but may have been used as a surface upon which to grind cosmetic paints

C. King Narmer himself is not represented in human form on the palette, but instead is represented symbolically through images of lions and bulls

All of the following statements are true of Muhammad, EXCEPT which one? A. Muhammad declared himself the final messenger in a history of religious revelation that had begun with Abraham and continued through Moses and Jesus B. Muhammad's followers are called Muslims (meaning "those who submit"), and the name of the religion is Islam ("submission to God's will") C. Muhammad's followers were to acknowledge that Allah was the one true god, different from and superior to the god of the Christian and Jewish religions D. According to Muslim teachings, the Archangel Gabriel appeared to Muhammad and commanded him to proclaim his role as the prophet of Allah (the Arabic word for "God")

C. Muhammad's followers were to acknowledge that Allah was the one true god, different from and superior to the god of the Christian and Jewish religions

All of the following statements are true of Paleolithic culture, EXCEPT which one? A. Tools and weapons created by Paleolithic people were crude and created from stone and bone B. Paleolithic means "Old Stone" C. Paleolithic people became farmers, and gradually settled in permanent communities D. Paleolithic people were tribal hunters and gatherers E. Paleolithic people created cave paintings, some of which provide a visual record of long-extinct animals

C. Paleolithic people became farmers, and gradually settled in permanent communities

All of the following statements are true of Leonardo da Vinci's painting, the Last Supper, EXCEPT which one? A. The three open doorways behind Jesus in the Last Super are symbolic of the Trinity B. The Last Supper uses one-point perspective, and the vanishing point is fixed at the center of the composition directly behind the head of Jesus C. The Last Supper was painted on the walls of the Arena Chapel in Padua, Italy D. The twelve apostles surrounding Jesus in the Last Supper interact in agitated response to his declaration that one of them would betray him E. In the Last Supper, Leonardo rejected the traditional wet-plaster fresco technique, instead experimenting with various paints on a dry wall - a technique which proved to be nondurable

C. The Last Supper was painted on the walls of the Arena Chapel in Padua, Italy

All of the following statements are true of Neolithic culture, EXCEPT which one? A. Neolithic culture marked the shift from a nomadic way of life to a sedentary way of life. B. Neolithic people were farmers and food producers. C. Wall paintings inside of caves, like those of Lascaux, are examples of Neolithic artwork. D. Neolithic means "New Stone." E. Architectural structures such as dolmens and megaliths were constructed by Neolithic Cultures

C. Wall paintings inside of caves, like those of Lascaux, are examples of Neolithic artwork.

All of the following statements are true of Hildegard of Bingen, EXCEPT which one? A. Hildegard was the first woman composer for whom an entire body of music survives, and her Ordo virtutum (Play of Virtues) is considered history's first music-drama B. Hildegard was a nun who entered a Benedictine convent at the age of eight, and eventually became the convent's abbess C. Hildegard was a leading Christian mystic, who was known for her intense visions that she began to experience at the age of 42 D. Hildegard only studied and believed in the teachings of the church - she denounced and did not believe in natural science, medicine, and the treatment of disease

D. Hildegard only studied and believed in the teachings of the church - she denounced and did not believe in natural science, medicine, and the treatment of disease

Which of the following terms refers to a sculpture of a young male figure? A. Kore B. Contrapposto C. Syllogism D. Kouros

D. Kouros

Which of the following terms refers to a vernacular song, usually composed for three to six unaccompanied voices? A. Ballade B. Sonnet C. Motet D. Madrigal

D. Madrigal

All of the following statements are true of Dante Alighieri's Divine Comedy, EXCEPT which one? A. Dante wrote the Divine Comedy in his native vernacular Italian language, rejecting the Latin of clerics and scholars of the time B. The Divine Comedy describes the spiritual pilgrimage of the Christian soul form sin (Hell), through purification (Purgatory), and ultimately to salvation (Paradise) C. In the Inferno portion of the Divine Comedy, Dante writes about sinners being punished by their sins, such as gluttons wallowing in their own excrement D. The main character of the Divine Comedy is Beatrice, a Florentine woman who is guided through the underworld by Greek poet Homer

D. The main character of the Divine Comedy is Beatrice, a Florentine woman who is guided through the underworld by Greek poet Homer

A government in which the people hold the power

Democracy

A 57-line hymn which originated among the Franciscans, which was added to the Roman Catholic Mass for the Dead and quickly became a standard part of the Christian funeral service

Dies Irae

A sequence of rulers from the same family

Dynasty

All of the following statements are true of Jesus, EXCEPT which one? A. The writings of the evangelists - Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John - are called the Gospels, and they describe Jesus' life and teachings B. Jesus was accused of violating Jewish law, condemned by the Romans as a threat, and finally put to death by the authority of Roman governor Pontius Pilate C. Jesus' teachings gave new emphasis to the virtues of pacifism and anti materialism, and stressed the fundamentals of faith and compassion: love of God and love of one's neighbor D. Jesus is the Greek name for Joshua, a young Jewish preacher and healer who proclaimed his mission to "complete" Hebrew law and reform Judaism E. In the earliest artistic representations of Jesus, it was his death of the Cross and his miraculous resurrection that was immortalized

E. In the earliest artistic representations of Jesus, it was his death of the Cross and his miraculous resurrection that was immortalized

A knight in the king's court, who carried on an adulterous affair with the king's wife

Lancelot

A member of the nobility who would bestow land or property upon those who vowed to serve him

Lord

This sacrament blessed the union of man and woman

Matrimony

A large, roughly shaped stone, often used in ancient architectural construction

Megalith

Lyric poems from ancient Greece would be recited without musical accompaniment A. True B. False

B. False

This sacrament admitted the baptized to full church privileges

Confirmation

All of the following statements are true of the Greek poet Sappho, EXCEPT which one? A. All of Sappho's writings have survived fully in-tact to this day B. Sappho was referred to by her contemporaries as "the female Homer" C. Sappho's poems, inspired by love and loss, are frank, confessional, passionate, and tender D. Sappho's homoerotic attachment to the women of Lesbos reflects how bisexuality and homosexuality were commonplace in ancient Greek culture

A. All of Sappho's writings have survived fully in-tact to this day

All of the following statements are true of the Epic of Gilgamesh, EXCEPT which one? A. By the end of the story, Gilgamesh is successful in finding everlasting life and he becomes an immortal heroic figure B. In the story, Gilgamesh spurns the affections of Ishtar, Queen of Heaven, and he is punished with the loss of his dear friend, Enkidu C. The hero of the Epic of Gilgamesh is a semihistorical figure named Gilgamesh, who probably ruled the ancient Sumerian city of Uruk D. In the story, Gilgamesh undertakes a long and hazardous quest in search and everlasting life E. The Epic of Gilgamesh was originally recited orally for centuries before it was written down at Sumer in the late third millennium BCE

A. By the end of the story, Gilgamesh is successful in finding everlasting life and he becomes an immortal heroic figure

All of the following statements are true of the Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales, EXCEPT which one? A. Chaucer wrote the Canterbury Tales in Latin B. Chaucer's Canterbury Tales is set around a pilgrimage, in which the pilgrims tell stories to entertain one another while traveling to a shrine in Canterbury C. Chaucer's Canterbury Tales consists of twenty stories told by the pilgrim characters D. While the characters in the Canterbury Tales are type characters that represent a literary cross-section of late medieval society, they are also individual personalities

A. Chaucer wrote the Canterbury Tales in Latin

Which of the following terms refers to a sculpture of a young female figure? A. Kore B. Kouros C. Contrapposto D. Sappho

A. Kore

All of the following statements are true of Classicism, or Classical Style, EXCEPT which one? A. The Classical style of the Greeks was rejected and abandoned by the Romans who came after B. The driving force behind the evolution of the Classical style was the quest for harmonious order C. Humanism, realism, and idealism are hallmarks of Greek Art D. The Greeks believed that since nature obeyed laws of harmony and proportion, artists should work to imitate them

A. The Classical style of the Greeks was rejected and abandoned by the Romans who came after

All of the following statements are true of the Mycenaean civilization, EXCEPT which one? A. The Mycenaeans were a seafaring and peaceful civilization B. The walls of Mycenae were referred to as "cyclopean," referring to their massive size which later generations believed must have been built by the mythical race of giants known as the Cyclops C. The legendary Mycenaean king Agamemnon led a war against Troy, which was immortalized in the epic poem, the Iliad D. The Lion Gate was the entrance gate to the citadel of Mycenae

A. The Mycenaeans were a seafaring and peaceful civilization

According to the textbook, which of the following civilizations directly influenced the culture and history of the ancient Romans (or Latins)? A. The Phoenicians B. The Egyptians C. The Greeks D. The Persians E. The Etruscans

A. The Phoenicians C. The Greeks E. The Etruscans

All of the following statements are true of ancient Greek music, EXCEPT which one? A. The ancient Greeks invented a system of musical notation, and many of their complete musical compositions have survived to this day B. The principle string and wind instruments used by the ancient Greeks were probably inherited from the Egyptians C. The word "music" derives from muse, the Greek word for the nine mythological daughters of Zeus who presided over the arts and the sciences D. Greek philosopher Pythagoras observed that music was governed by mathematical ratios, and is thus both a science and an artform

A. The ancient Greeks invented a system of musical notation, and many of their complete musical compositions have survived to this day

Which of the following were some of the demands of chivalry upon a knight? A. The knight must be loyal to his lord and fellow warriors B. The knight must be reverent towards women C. The knight must be courageous in battle D. The knight must come from a wealthy and powerful family

A. The knight must be loyal to his lord and fellow warriors B. The knight must be reverent towards women C. The knight must be courageous in battle

All of the following statements are true of the monastery, EXCEPT which one? A. The monastery was meant to be a community for prayer and the preservation of Christian learning, but Classical texts and Classical learning was strictly forbidden B. The monastic complex provided all of the necessities of daily life isolated from the outside world C. The monastery was the heart of Charlemagne's educational revival D. The monastic complex included a shrine that housed sacred relics, such as bones, skulls, or shanks of hair from Christian saints and martyrs

A. The monastery was meant to be a community for prayer and the preservation of Christian learning, but Classical texts and Classical learning was strictly forbidden

The word "emperor" derives from the Latin term imperator, which refers to an army general and supreme commander A. True B. False

A. True

In The Prince, Machiavelli described the ideal strong leader of a state. Which of the following statements are true of the leader that Machiavelli described? A. The prince must be ruthless and, if necessary, willing to sacrifice moral virtue B. The prince must imitate the lion in his fierceness, but must also act like a fox to outsmart his enemies C. The prince must trust no one, least of all mercenary soldiers D. The prince should be schooled in war and the lessons of history E. The prince must be a kind leader, and well-liked by his people F. The prince must be pious and hold firm to religious values and the teachings of the church

A. The prince must be ruthless and, if necessary, willing to sacrifice moral virtue B. The prince must imitate the lion in his fierceness, but must also act like a fox to outsmart his enemies C. The prince must trust no one, least of all mercenary soldiers D. The prince should be schooled in war and the lessons of history

All of the following statements are true of the Bronze Age and metallurgy, EXCEPT which one? A. The technology of bronze-casting was practiced in East Asia, and then spread from China to the rest of the ancient world B. Because bronze is created from copper and tin, which are often located far apart, travel and trade were essential to Bronze Age cultures C. By using metal instead of bone or stone, harder and more efficient tools and weapons could be created D. Metallurgy represented a landmark change in technology that marked the birth of civilization

A. The technology of bronze-casting was practiced in East Asia, and then spread from China to the rest of the ancient world

All of the following statements are true of Michelangelo and his artworks, EXCEPT which one? A. Though he was also an architect, poet, sculptor, and engineer, Michelangelo regarded himself first and foremost as a painter B. Michelangelo started his David sculpture at the age of 27, and created it from a gigantic block of Carrara marble that no other sculptor had dared to tackle C. Michelangelo's paintings on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel include nine principal scenes from Genesis, as well as scenes of accompanying prophets and sibyls surrounding the nine central panels D. Michelangelo's painting Creation of Adam, from the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, depicts not only creation, but also serve as a metaphor for the Renaissance belief in the potential divinity of humankind

A. Though he was also an architect, poet, sculptor, and engineer, Michelangelo regarded himself first and foremost as a painter

In Hildegard of Bingen's morality play, Ordo virtutum (Play of the Virtues), the Devil's lines are spoken - not sung - because Hildegard believed that satanic evil was unable to know the harmony and order of music itself A. True B. False

A. True

Indulgences, or pardons for temporal penalties for sins committed by lay Christians, were sold during this time period to increase Church revenue A. True B. False

A. True

Medieval scholasticism was aimed at producing a synthesis of Christian and Classical learning, and the scholastics were the humanists of the medieval world A. True B. False

A. True

Nefertiti was the chief wife of the pharaoh Akhenaten, and the great number of portraits immortalizing her suggests that she either played a major role in the politics of her time or that she was an exceptional beauty. A. True B. False

A. True

One-point perspective is an artistic technique for translating three-dimensional space onto a two-dimensional surface A. True B. False

A. True

Papyrus is a reedlike plant that grows along the Nile river, and was used by the Ancient Egyptians to create paper. A. True B. False

A. True

Petrarch's sonnets were poems consisting of fourteen lines, and he favored a rhyming scheme in which the first eight lines rhymed abab/abab and the final six liens rhymed cde/cde A. True B. False

A. True

Raphael's painting, The School of Athens, represents great philosophers and scientists of ancient history, with Plato and Aristotle represented as the two figures directly in the center of the composition A. True B. False

A. True

The Great Sphinx, which guards the entrance to the Gizeh funerary complex, is a sculptural creature with the body of a lion and the head of what many scholars believe to be a portrait of the Old Kingdom pharaoh Khafre A. True B. False

A. True

The Hebrew Bible is referred to by Christians as the "Old Testament," and the Christian Scriptures written after Jesus was referred to as the "New Testament" A. True B. False

A. True

The Hellenistic Age was defined by cosmopolitanism, urbanism, and the blending of Greek, African, and Asian cultures A. True B. False

A. True

The fundamental tenet shared by three of the great world religions - Judaism, Christianity, and Islam - is ethical monotheism, or the belief that single, benevolent, all-knowing god required obedience to divine laws of right conduct A. True B. False

A. True

The medieval Romanesque style of architecture displayed a return to stone barrel and groin vaults of the kinds first used by the Romans, hence the name "Romanesque" A. True B. False

A. True

The only comic plays to survive in the history of ancient Greek drama are those of the playwright Aristophanes, known for his wit directed against Athenian politics and current affairs A. True B. False

A. True

The phrase "carpe diem," or "seize the day," coined by Roman poet laureate Horace, is related to Roman Stoicism, celebrating the enjoyment of life, and learning to "accept whatever is to be" A. True B. False

A. True

The royal grave of Tutankhamen was one of the few royal burial sites to have escaped plunder and vandalism, and was first discovered by archaeologists in 1922 A. True B. False

A. True

The sculpture, Laocoon and His Sons, represents a Trojan priest who tried to warn the Trojans about the wooden horse filled with Greek soldiers, and his ultimate demise by sea serpents A. True B. False

A. True

The term "oratory" refers to the art of public speaking, of which the Romans were masters A. True B. False

A. True

The word "democracy" comes from the Greek words demos ("people") and kratos ("holding power or ruling") A. True B. False

A. True

A literary device in which people, objects, and events are equated with a secondary, figurative meaning that underlies their literal meaning

Allegory

Charitable contribution (at least 1/40 of a Muslim's assets and income) to the poor and needy, or for the welfare of the Islamic community

Alms (sakat)

All of the following statements are true of the William of Normandy, EXCEPT which one? A. After William of Normandy defeated King Harold, Norman culture took over the previous Angle-Saxon culture that had reigned in England B. After William of Normandy's conquest, he banished the system of feudalism in England C. William of Normandy's invasion and conquering of England is depicted on the Bayeux Tapestry D. After William of Normandy's conquest, England would become one of Europe's leading medieval states

B. After William of Normandy's conquest, he banished the system of feudalism in England

All of the following statements are true of Alexander the Great, EXCEPT which one? A. The era that followed the reign of Alexander is known as the Hellenistic Age B. Alexander conquered India, after defeating the king of Ganges and his force of 5000 elephants C. Alexander carried Greek language and culture with him as he expanded his empire, making major impacts on civilizations, including influencing Buddhist art and Sanskrit literature D. Many of the cities Alexander founded as he expanded his empire were named after him (Alexandria)

B. Alexander conquered India, after defeating the king of Ganges and his force of 5000 elephants

All of the following statements are true of the Olympic Games, EXCEPT which one? A. The central event of the Olympic Games was a 200-yard sprint called the station, from which the word "stadium" comes B. Both men and women were allowed to compete in the official Olympic Games C. Greek athletes competed in the nude, or gymnos, from which the word "gymnasium" comes D. The Olympic Games were held every four years during the Panhellenic ("All-Greek") Festival located in Olympia

B. Both men and women were allowed to compete in the official Olympic Games

Which of the following terms refers to the art of ornamental handwriting? A. Monastery B. Calligraphy C. Chivalry D. A capella

B. Calligraphy

The design on the first page of Matthew's Gospel from the Book of Kells features two Greek letters, chi and rho. These are the first two letters of which of the following words? A. Charlemagne B. Christ C. Church D. Chapel

B. Christ

All of the following statements are true of medieval pilgrimage churches, EXCEPT which one? A. The pilgrims who traveled to pilgrimage churches would be seeking pardon for sins, paying homage to a particular saint, or sometimes hoping for a miraculous healing or curing of their ailments and illnesses B. Early pilgrimage churches, like the cathedral of Saint-Sernin, were built in the Gothic Christian pilgrims C. Pilgrimage churches housed the holy relics of saint and martyrs, which attracted thousands of Christian pilgrims D. The favored pilgrimage church of Christian pilgrims during this time was the cathedral of Santiago de Compostela, or Saint James Major, who was said to have brought Christianity to Spain

B. Early pilgrimage churches, like the cathedral of Saint-Sernin, were built in the Gothic Christian pilgrims

Which of the following terms refers to a state that is achieved militarily by the unification of territories under a single sovereign power? A. Satire B. Empire C. Sarcophagus D. Oculus

B. Empire

A capella refers to music that is sung together with the instrumental accompaniment of a small chamber orchestra A. True B. False

B. False

Cuneiform means "sacred writing," and was a writing system consisting of pictographs used by the Ancient Egyptians A. True B. False

B. False

In ancient Rome, the plebeians were the powerful class of large landowners and the patricians were the class of farmers and small landowners A. True B. False

B. False

All of the following statements are true of Julius Caesar, EXCEPT which one? A. Julius Caesar's successful military campaigns in Syria, Asia Minor, and Egypt inspired his famous boast: Veni, vidi, vici ("I came, I saw, I conquered") B. Julius Caesar was the first Roman Emperor, and was bestowed the title "Caesar" ("the Revered One") by the Senate C. Julius Caesar reformed the Western calendar to comprise 365 days and 12 months - he named one month, July, after himself D. Julius Caesar was assassinated by a group of his senatorial opponents, led by Marcus Junius Brutus, in 44 BCE

B. Julius Caesar was the first Roman Emperor, and was bestowed the title "Caesar" ("the Revered One") by the Senate

All of the following statements are true of Francesco Petrarch, EXCEPT which one? A. Petrarch is often called the "father of humanism", as he devoted his life to the recovery, copying, and editing of Latin manuscripts, especially the works of Roman statesman Cicero B. Petrarch wrote all of his writings - from his letters and essays to his songs and poems - in Latin C. Petrarch received a laurel crown for literary achievement in Rome in 1341, the tradition of which survives today in our modern honorary title of "poet laureate" D. The inspiration for Petrarch's songbook for over 300 poems - and the object of Petrarch's affection - was a married Florentine woman named Laura who had died of the bubonic plague

B. Petrarch wrote all of his writings - from his letters and essays to his songs and poems - in Latin

All of the following statements are true of the Roman city of Pompeii, EXCEPT which one? A. Many Roman mosaics and frescoes were found preserved in Pompeii B. Pompeii was a poorer Roman city, and attracted a population of mostly lower-class plebeians C. Pompeii was destroyed and engulfed by the volcanic eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 CE D. Pompeii remains a showcase of Roman suburban life, due to many of the homes and their contents being preserved after a disaster befell the city

B. Pompeii was a poorer Roman city, and attracted a population of mostly lower-class plebeians

All of the following statements are true of the "Black Death", EXCEPT which one? A. Widespread death due to the Black Death caused a shortage of labor and a greater demand for workers, which improved the bargaining power of those who survived the plague B. The bubonic plague was popularly known as "the Black Death", due to how the disease would turn the body a deathly black odor C. The Black Death was originally carried into Europe from infected birds that had hitched a ride on trading ships arriving in Spanish ports D. The Black Death struck Europe in the 14th century, and destroyed between one-third to one-half of the population in less than 100 years

C. The Black Death was originally carried into Europe from infected birds that had hitched a ride on trading ships arriving in Spanish ports

All of the following statements are true of the Gothic cathedral and Gothic style architecture, EXCEPT which one? A. Some of the visual characteristics of Gothic cathedrals included pointed arches, flying buttresses, stained-glass windows, decorative sculpture, and painted altarpieces B. The typical Gothic cathedral honored one or many saints, and most of the prominent churches of the Middle Ages were dedicated to Notre Dame ("Our Lady"), referring to the Virgin Mary C. The Gothic style originated in southern Italy, but was not popular in the rest of Europe, and thus the style did not spread very far D. Gothic architects developed new ways to make their monumental sanctuaries soar upward to the heavens

C. The Gothic style originated in southern Italy, but was not popular in the rest of Europe, and thus the style did not spread very far

Repetition of the creed: "there is no god but Allah, and Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah"

Confession of faith (shahadah)

A position assumed by the human body in which one part is turned in opposition to another part, often seen in Classical Greek sculptures

Contrapposto

All of the following statements are true to Roman Emperor Augustus, EXCEPT which one? A. Augustus was an enthusiastic patron of the arts - he commissioned literature, sculpture, and architecture, and wanted to turn Rome from a city of brick into a "city of marble" B. The reign of Augustus ushered in an era of peace and stability known as Pax Romana C. Originally named Octavian, the name "Augustus" was bestowed upon him by the Senate, and it means "the Revered One" D. Augustus was threatened by Julius Caesar's populist reforms, and led a group of senatorial opponents in Ceasar's assassination

D. Augustus was threatened by Julius Caesar's populist reforms, and led a group of senatorial opponents in Ceasar's assassination

Which of the following terms refers to a secular song that tells a story in simple verse, usually repeating the same music for each stanza? A. Motet B. Sonnet C. Madrigal D. Ballade

D. Ballade

All of the following statements are true of Giotto and his paintings in the Arena Chapel, EXCEPT which one? A. Giotto's paintings for the Arena Chapel illustrate the traditional subject matter: familiar episodes from the lives of the Virgin Mary and Jesus B. Giotto gave a sense of three-dimensional presence to his figures through the use of chiaroscuro, or modeling of the form through graduations of light and shade C. Though Giotto was not a true Renaissance artist, his natural and lifelike style of painting anticipated Italian Renaissance picture-making D. Giotto's paintings for the Arena Chapel illustrate images from the Old Testament of the Bible, including Noah's Ark, Adam and Eve, and Moses

D. Giotto's paintings for the Arena Chapel illustrate images from the Old Testament of the Bible, including Noah's Ark, Adam and Eve, and Moses

All of the following statements are true of Leonardo da Vinci, EXCEPT which one? A. Some scholars believe they can see Leonardo's own face represented in the portrait of Mona Lisa B. Leonardo invented several hundred ingenious mechanical devices - including an armored tank, a diving bell, and a flying machine - most of which were only sketched in his notebook and never actually built C. Leonardo's insistence on direct experience and experimentation made him a harbinger of the Scientific Revolution that would sweep through Western Europe during the two centuries following the Renaissance D. Hundreds of paintings by Leonardo survived from the Renaissance to this day E. Leonardo was considered a "Renaissance man", as he was not only an artist, but also a scientist, mathematician, composer, and inventor

D. Hundreds of paintings by Leonardo survived from the Renaissance to this day

All of the following statements are true of Mesopotamia, EXCEPT which one? A. The world's first literary epic, the Epic of Gilgamesh, was produced in Mesopotamia B. The Mesopotamian civilization of Sumer was home to the earliest bronze technology, the first wheeled vehicles, and the first written records C. Mesopotamia literally means "land between the rivers," referring to its location between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers D. Mesopotamian civilizations were known for writing on papyrus in a script known as hieroglyphs E. Humankind's earliest civilization, Sumer, flourished in Mesopotamia around 3500 BCE

D. Mesopotamian civilizations were known for writing on papyrus in a script known as hieroglyphs

Which of the following terms refers to a literary genre that uses humor to denounce human vice and folly? A. Oratory B. Oculus C. Stoicism D. Satire

D. Satire

Which of the following is considered a landmark of Greek dramatic tragedy? A. Aristotle's Poetics B. Aristophanes' Lysistrata C. Homer's Odyssey D. Sophocles' Oedipus Rex

D. Sophocles' Oedipus Rex

All of the following statements are true of Constantinople and Romand emperor Constantine, EXCEPT which one? A. In 313 CE Constantine issued the Edict of Milan, which ended public persecution of Christians, and by the end of the 4th century Christianity had become the official religion of the Roman Empire B. Constantinople - which is called Istanbul today - is where the architectural structure called the Hagia Sophia is located C. Roman emperor Constantine moved the Roman seat of power from Rome to Byzantium, which he renamed Constantinople D. The Christian religion was welcomed by the Romans from the very beginning and gained official approval quickly, as the Romans believed in freedom of religious expression

D. The Christian religion was welcomed by the Romans from the very beginning and gained official approval quickly, as the Romans believed in freedom of religious expression

All of the following statements are true of the Roman Colosseum, EXCEPT which one? A. Amphitheaters like the Colosseum were used by the Romans for entertainment, including chariot races, mock sea battles, gladiatorial contests, and a variety of brutal blood sports B. The Colosseum's exterior arches are framed by engaged columns displaying the three Greek orders: Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian C. Underneath the floor of the Colosseum was a complex of rooms and tunnels from which athletes, gladiators, and wild animals emerged to entertain the crowds D. The Colosseum was built as a temple to all of the Roman gods, and its name means "all of the gods"

D. The Colosseum was built as a temple to all of the Roman gods, and its name means "all of the gods"

All of the following statements are true of the Great Pyramids of Gizeh, EXCEPT which one? A. These tombs were built in the shape of pyramids to represent the mound of silt from which primordial sun god arose B. The Great Pyramids were originally finished with a surface of finely polished limestone C. The pyramids' royal burial vaults were filled with cherished possessions, and the chamber walls were painted in fresco and carved in relief D. The Great Pyramids were tombs for the pharaohs of Akhenaten, Nefertiti, and Tutankham

D. The Great Pyramids were tombs for the pharaohs of Akhenaten, Nefertiti, and Tutankham

All of the following statements are true of the Stoics and Roman Stoicism, EXCEPT which one? A. Noted essayist and fan of Stoicism Lucius Annaeus Seneca argued that one may achieve peace of mind by avoiding burdensome responsibilities, gloomy companions, and excessive wealth B. The Stoics believed that emotions must be subjugated in a favor of reason C. The Stoics believed that happiness lay in one's ability to accept one's fate D. The Stoics embraced all forms of emotional attachment in order to achieve happiness

D. The Stoics embraced all forms of emotional attachment in order to achieve happiness

All of the following statements are true of the Sumerian artifact, the Standard of Ur, EXCEPT which one? A. The artifact is a wooden panel that was ornamented using the mosaic artistic technique B. This artifact provides visual evidence of the social order and division of labor that prevailed in Mesopotamia around 2700 BCE C. The two sides of the artifact have decorations depicting "War" on one side and "Peace" on the other side D. This artifact is a wooden panel that was ornamented using the fresco artistic technique

D. This artifact is a wooden panel that was ornamented using the fresco artistic technique

All of the following statements are true of Hammurabi's Law Code, and the Stele of Hammurabi upon which it is engraved, EXCEPT which one? A. The Stele of Hammurabi shows Hammurabi receiving the law - in the form of a staff - from the sun god Shamash B. One of the laws form Hammurabi's Law Code states, "if a man has destroyed the eye of a free man, his own eye shall be destroyed" C. Hammurabi's Law Code was created by Hammurabi, a ruler from the Babylonian empire D. Under Babylonian law, all individuals were regarded as equals, regardless of wealth or status

D. Under Babylonian law, all individuals were regarded as equals, regardless of wealth or status

All of the following statements are true of Rome under the Roman Republic, EXCEPT which one? A. The Roman Republic began after the Latins expelled the last of the Etruscan kings, who had ruled for three centuries B. Obedience to the Roman state and service in its powerful army were essential to the life of the early Roman Republic C. Serving in the Roman army allowed a foreigner to gain Roman citizenship for himself and for his children D. Under the Roman Republic, the law-making process was controlled by the Roman Emperor E. The term "republic" refers to a government "of the people," or res publica (Latin)

D. Under the Roman Republic, the law-making process was controlled by the Roman Emperor

A long narrative poem recounting the deeds of a legendary or historical hero and his quest or mission

Epic

This sacrament was the central and most important, joining humans to God by means of the body and blood of Jesus

Eucharist

Meaning "the going out", the second book of the Hebrew Bible

Exodus

This sacrament would be performed just prior to death, and provided final absolution from sins

Extreme unction

Land or property given to a warrior in return for military service

Fief

A method of painting on walls or ceilings surfaced with fresh, moist plaster

Fresco

Meaning "origins" or "beginnings", the first book of the Hebrew Bible

Genesis

A Benedictine monk who introduced the concept of musical notation with a staff of colored lines and neumes, or notational signs traditionally written above the words to indicate tonal ascent or descent

Guido of Arezzo

The wife of the king, who carried on an adulterous affair with one of the king's knights

Guinevere

The pilgrimage to Mecca undertaken during the twelfth month of the Muslim calendar, required at least once in every Muslim's lifetime

Hajj

Enacted stories from the Life of Christ, the Virgin Mary, or the saints

Miracle play

The belief in and worship of only one god

Monotheism

Dealt with the struggle between good and evil, and the destiny of the soul in the hereafter

Morality play

An artistic medium in which small pieces of stone or glass are embedded in wet cement

Mosaic

A short, polyphonic religious composition based on a sacred text

Motet

Dramatized aspects of biblical history from the fall of Lucifer to the Last Judgment

Mystery play

This sacrament acknowledged repentance of sins and offered absolution

Penance

A philosopher who founded the world's first school of philosophy, and was known for writing philosophical dialogs. Associated with the Theory of Forms and the Allegory of the Cave

Plato

The Greek word for "city-state"

Polis

Meaning "many voices," a musical texture consisting of two or more lines of melody that are equal importance

Polyphony

The belief in and worship of many gods

Polytheism

Recitation of prayers five times a day (dawn, midday, mid-afternoon, sundown, and evening)

Prayer (salat)

Philosophers who turned their attention to the world of mind, asking questions like: "how do we know what we know?" Known for the memorable dictum, "man is the measure of all things"

The Sophists

Meaning "instruction" or "law", the first five books of the Hebrew Bible, and the founding religious document of Judaism

Torah