HW 3+4

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Golgi apparatus

- consists of stacks of flattened membrane-bound sacs(cisternae) - bounded by double membrane -Noncellulose polysaccharides that form part of the cell wall of plants are synthesized in the

Lysosomes

-An organelle containing digestive enzymes -Lysosomes contain proteins made in the rough ER. However, these proteins have to be modified, sorted and packaged into vesicles that bud off the Golgi apparatus to become lysosomes.

2 ways that lysosomes can be activated

-Fusing with a food vesicle produced by phagocytosis -Fusing with an old organelle

Steps of protein transport through the endomembrane system

1.transport vesicles--from RER 2.proteins are modified--in Golgi 3.proteins are packaged into secretory vesicles 4. proteins are released

Functions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

1] Synthesis of Phospholipids and Cholesterol (Liver) 2] Synthesis of Steroid Hormones (Adrenal Gland, Ovary and Testis); Vitamin D (Epidermis of Skin) 3] Detoxification of Drugs (Liver) 4] Storage of Ca+2 in Most Cells and Skeletal Muscle in Particular 5] Glycogenolysis (Liver) 6] Assembly of membrane lipids -The breakdown of glycogen into glucose

The digestive enzymes in the lysosomes are optimally active at

Acid pH

peptidoglycan

Carbohydrate matrix cross-linked by short polypeptide units

Different functions between SER and RER

Cells that carry out extensive lipid synthesis have more smooth ER. Cells that synthesize many proteins have greater amounts of rough ER.

Lysosomes

Digestion of substances taken into the cell, break down of macromolecules in the cell, and autophagy

Organelle

Eukaryotic cells achieve compartmentalization through an extensive endomembrane system that weaves through the interior of the cell and by numerous membrane-bound organelles that form compartments where biochemical processes can occur independently.

RER

Functions that include glycoprotein production and protein sorting and protein synthesis

Lysosomes are formed from vesicles

Golgi Apparatus

endomembrane system include

Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, the endoplasmic reticulum,various types of microbodies

Cytoplasm

Main site of protein synthesis where ribosomes are found

Lysosomes contain enzymes that can degrade

Nucleic acids Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids

Intensive ribosomal rna sysnesis takes place in

Nucleolus

Ribosomal assembly areas in the nucleus are the

Nucleolus

Pili and nucloid

Only found in Prokaryotes

In the cyanobacterium, Prochloron, the bacterial pigments associated with photosynthesis are located in which of the following structures?

Plasma membrane

Which of the following are synthesized in the nucleolus?

Ribosomal RNA

Nucleus

The repository of the genetic information that enables the synthesis of nearly all proteins in a living eukaryotic cell

Two biggests compartments inside eukaryotic cells

The space inside ER: cisternal space(Lumen)+ cytosol

Rough endoplasmic reticulum plays a role in sorting proteins that are destined for

Vacuoles Plasma membrane Lysosomes

Prokaryotes consists of two categories of organisms

archaea and bacteria

What structure is present in nearly all prokaryotes to support and protect the plasma membrane?

cell wall

The most common alteration made in the Golgi body

is addition or modification of short suagr chain-- forming glycoproteins and glycolipids

The surface of the nucleus is bounded by two phospholipid bilayer membranes, collectively called the

nuclear envelope

Prokaryotes differ from eukaryotes because they lack a membrane-enclosed

nucleus

What do prokaryotes lack?

nucleus

the largest organelle present in eukaryotic cells

nucleus

A strong cell composed of

peptidoglycan

Cyanobacteria have folds in their

plasma membrane

What structure functions in polypeptide synthesis?

ribosome

Structures called ______ are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and are the sites of polypeptide synthesis.

ribosomes

Golgi apparatus

stack of membranes in the cell that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum


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