HW3: Physical Development and Biological Aging

Highest risk of SIDS is within what months after birth

2-4

The avg North American newborn weighs _____ pounds

7.5

True or false: Significantly reduced levels of myelination in children is associated with delays in motor and cognitive milestones.

True

The large bundle of axon fibers that connects that brain's left and right hemisphere is the: a corpus callosum b pons c hemispheric pathway d amygdala

a corpus callosum

Regarding brain development in childhood, which of the following statements are true? a during childhood, brain and nervous system development allow children to focus their attention, plan their actions, and develop language skills. b dendritic growth is solely responsible for the increase in brain size in childhood c the brain and head grow more rapidly than any other part of the body during early childhood d myelination facilitates a number of abilities, including hand-eye coordination e myelination in the areas of the brain that are related to attention is complete by age 5

a during childhood, brain and nervous system development allow children to focus their attention, plan their actions, and develop language skills. c the brain and head grow more rapidly than any other part of the body during early childhood d myelination facilitates a number of abilities, including hand-eye coordination

Ozzie's parents have worried about his need for appropriate sleep times. For this reason they have done which of the following to improve his sleep? a eliminated video games after 9 pm b taken his phone away at bed time c shut the TV in his room off at 9 pm d allowed homework time after 9 pm

a eliminated video games after 9 pm b taken his phone away at bed time c shut the TV in his room off at 9 pm

The explanation for why some children are of shorter stature than others includes which of the following? a maternal smoking during pregnancy b growth hormone deficiency c paternal smoking during pregnancy d an emotional difficulty

a maternal smoking during pregnancy b growth hormone deficiency d an emotional difficulty

Which of the following are true regarding physical changes in early adulthood? a muscles lose some elastcity in early adulthood b sligth loss of heigh is common c few age spots appear d slight saggin chin may develop

a muscles lose some elastcity in early adulthood d slight saggin chin may develop

The generation of new neurons is called _____ a neurogenesis b neurologist c neurology d neurotransmitters

a neurogenesis

Methods of helping a child's sleep before bedtime include which of the following? a reading a story b running to wear them out c sitting and listening to soft music d quiet bath experience

a reading a story c sitting and listening to soft music d quiet bath experience

The prefrontal cortex does not completely develop until emerging _____ years, which occurs between 18 and 25 years of age.

adult

a structure that is beneath the cortex and plays an important role in emotions

amygdala

carries signals away from the cell body

axon

Which of the following statements about SIDS is TRUE? a the cause is well known and understood b SIDS is highest cause of infant death in US c babies who die of SIDS have characteristic bruising pattern around the face and neck d SIDS deaths are determined by a genetic test done after death

b SIDS is highest cause of infant death in US

which of the following statements is FALSE regarding SIDS? a SIDS is more common if infants sleep in soft bedding b SIDS is more common in middle socioeconomic groups c infants who have abnormal brain stem functioning have a higher rate of SIDS d SIDS is more commom in infants who experience secondhand smoke

b SIDS is more common in middle socioeconomic groups

Sleep problems are more common in individuals who: a have immunosenescence b are depressed c are obese d have cardiovascular disease e use a higher number of prescription and nonprescription drugs

b are depressed c are obese d have cardiovascular disease e use a higher number of prescription and nonprescription drugs

The _____ pattern of growth is reflected in the fact that infants can see an object before they can control their torso. a proximodistal b cephalocaudal c cephalodistal d differentiation

b cephalocaudal

Experts recommend which of the following as methods of helping a child's sleep improve? a having some level of light in the room b consistent sleep and wake times c make sure the room is cool d positive family relationships

b consistent sleep and wake times c make sure the room is cool d positive family relationships

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding sleep changes in middle adulthood? a there is less deep sleep in middle adulthood b in middle adulthood, there is an increase in the total amount of sleep time as compared to early adulthood c obesity depression, and cardiovascular disease have been associated with sleep problems in middle adulthood d lying awake in bed at night increases in middle adulthood

b in middle adulthood, there is an increase in the total amount of sleep time as compared to early adulthood

Which of the following statements regarding the risk factors for sudden infant deaths syndrome SIDS are true? a infants who are born to mothers 35 years and older are at a higher risk b infants who co-sleep are at a higher risk c infants who sleep on their stomachs are at a greater risk d infants who sleep in a room with a fan have a higher risk

b infants who co-sleep are at a higher risk c infants who sleep on their stomachs are at a greater risk

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding newborn sleep? a sleeps 16-17 hours per day b must have 18 hours of sleep for optimal health c sleep total can vary from 10-21 hours per day d infants vary in their preferred times for sleeping and sleep patterns

b must have 18 hours of sleep for optimal health

Most adolescents get too little sleep during the week, which creates a _____ that they try to make up on the weekend. a sleep divide b sleep debt c sleep surplus d sleep moderation

b sleep debt

In older adolescence, the brain's pineal gland produces the sleep hormone melatonin _____ in younger adolescents a at an earlier time than b in a lesser amount c at a later time than d in a greater amount than

c at a later time than

Maria is 40 yo and gets about 8.5 hours of sleep. She sleeps: a the avg amount for most americans b less than the average american c more than the average american

c more than the average american

Alexander is an infant who is beginning to eat solid foods. When his mother puts some Cheerios on his high-chair tray, he uses his whole fist to grasp the Cheerios. In time, he will be able to use his thumb and forefinger to pick them up. What growth pattern does this describe? a differentiated b cephalocaudal c proximodistal d reflexive

c proximodistal

_____ is the term used to describe the process by which unused neural connections are replaced by other pathways or disappear. a fertilizing b blooming c pruning d trimming

c pruning

Fastest growth occurs at the top; physical growth and feature differentiation gradually work from top to bottom.

cephalocaudal

The _____ _____ comprises 80% of brains volume. It is the outer layer of cells covering forebrain and plays important role in perception, thinking, and language

cerebral cortex

responsible for 80% of the brain's volume and is critical in perception, thinking, and language, among other functions

cerebral cortex

The term ______ is used to describe the midlife transition in which fertility declines. a menopausal b climacteric c sarcopeniac d menarchic

climacteric

Research on fifth grade children has found that they need about _____ hour of sleep each night a 8-9 b 9-10 c 11-12 d 10-11

d 10-11

During the first 2 years of life, nearly _____ as many synaptic connections are made as will ever be used. a 20 times b 10 times c 5 times d 2 times

d 2 times

Which of the following best explains the average age of menarche today? a the changes are too complex to be explained b puberty is activated by moods c the hormones and behaviors that lead to puberty must be nurtured d there is an improved level of nutrition and health today

d there is an improved level of nutrition and health today

carry signals toward cell body

dendrites

Which hormone is associated with breast, uterine, and skeletal development in girls? a thyroid b estradiol c estesterone d testosterone

estradiol

In order to slow the decrease in muscle mass and improve appearance, older adults should ______ and lift weights.

exercise

the top portion of the brain, farthest from the spinal cord

forebrain

The four lobes of the brain are the occipital, parietal, temporal, and _____

frontal

the personality trait of extroversion

frontal lobes

A key structure deep in the brain that is especially important in memory and emotion

hippocampus

High blood pressure is referred to as _____.

hypertension

The _____ is a structure in the brain involved with eating and sexual behavior.

hypothalamus

Risk factors for high blood pressure

illness, obesity,stress, lack of exercise

The specialization of function in one hemisphere of the cerebral cortex or the other is called _____.

lateralization

The onset of a girl's first menstrual period is commonly referred to as _____

menarche

_____ involves a dramatic decline in the production of estrogen by the ovaries.

menopause

In one's 40s, wakeful periods are _____ (less/more) frequent and there is _____ (less/more) of the deepest type of sleep.

more, less

insulator for axons that helps electrical signals travel faster down the axon

myelin sheath

The process of encasing axons in a layer of fat cells, which helps increase the speed and efficiency of information processing is _____.

myelination

chemical that is involved in allowing info to pass from neuron to neuron

neurotransmitter

function in vision

occipital lobe

maintaining the motor control associated with jumping rope

parietal lobes

Growth starts at the center of the body and moves toward the extremities.

proximodistal

The ______ growth pattern involves the sequence in which growth starts at the center of the body and moves toward the extremities.

proximodistal

Synaptic _____ is the term used to describe the process by which unused neural connections are replaced by other pathways or disappear.

pruning

______ is the period of rapid physical growth and hormonal changes during early adolescence that prepares the body for reproduction.

puberty

tiny gaps between neuron's fibers

synapses

remembering to pick up the dry cleaning

temporal lobes

releases chemicals into synapses

terminal buttons

A higher concentration of _____ in boys leads to the development of genitals, a change in the voice, and increase in height.

testosterone

A loss of fat and collagen in underlying tissues leads to sagging skin and _____.

wrinkles