HWST 107

Identify the following ʻōlelo noʻeau (definition & significance): He aliʻi ka ʻāina, he kauā/kauwā ke kanaka

"The land is the chief, and man the servant."

Papahānaumoku & Wākea What is ʻaikapu and why is it significant?

'Aikapu is "sacred eating". Significant because (1) you're nourishing the body with kinolau (which was an act of worship), Various foods kapu to opposite sex (pig, niu, some maiʻa, some red fish are kapu to wāhine), and (2) Dualism, allows for Pono (balance) to be established, and it protects sanctity of mana

What is a kahakō?

Kahakō is a long vowel, elongated sound and called Macron.

video: Shark Callers of Kontu Who is Moroa and why is he significant to the people of Kontu?

Moroa is a god and significant to the people of Kontu because he created the devices to call and capture sharks.

Identify: Akahiakuleana

Mother of 'Umi, she was a commoner.

What is mālama ʻāina and why is it significant?

Mālama ʻāina is the familial relationship between man and nature, natives believed if they took care of the land, the land will provide for them

Kanaka Maoli:

Native Hawaiian/ True Man

Papatuanuku & Ranginui: What island group does this story come from?

New Zealand

What is the purpose / objective of it? Makahiki

To bring Lono back, celebration of land. The commoners stopped work, made offerings with the chief/ali'i and then practice sports, dancing, feasting and renewing communal bonds.

Halemaʻumaʻu

Pit of Pele

How do recent archaeological discoveries challenge contemporary migration & settlement theories in the Pacific?

Polynesian might have settled longer than we originally thought

Why does the UH support a Hawaiian Studies Program?

To pursue, perpetuate, research, revitalize all areas and forms of Hawaiian knowledge

Pāʻao

a priest that introduces god ku

Define Ethnicity

categorizing people based on genes/ancestry

Define Race

categorizing/grouping people based on physical characteristics

Pilikaʻaiea

chief of the village

Piko

connection and community -- bellybutton

Identify Haumea What roles did they play in society?

-Akua: childbirth -Kinolau: wahine, menstruation, trees, 'ulu (breadfruit)

Identify Hina, What roles did they play in society?

-Akua: moon (controls tides and reefs) reef fishing, kapa making, harvesting of medicinal herbs (wahine of Kū) -Kinolau: moon, coral, reef

ʻAumākua & Afterlife: What are ʻaumākua?

-Ancestral guardians -function is to guide descendants during their mortal life -Manifested themselves in various animal forms

Identify the following spirit realms: Ao o Milu

-Ao o Milu: realm of evil spirits --Realm deity: Manu'a

Identify the following spirit realms: Ao ʻAumākua

-Ao ʻAumākua: realm of good 'aumakua ("hawaiian heaven") --Realm deity: kanenuiakea

Identify the following spirit realms: Ao ʻAuwana (ʻAuana)

-Ao ʻAuwana (ʻAuana): realm of lost/wandering spirits --no presiding deity --leina is where the jump off

Roger Green

-Theory: Origin of southeast Asian --Capable of 2 ways voyages -Basis: First hand experiment --Hokule'a is proof of Pacific navigational skill --Set out with "intent" to settle new island --Obsidian trade in Melanesia

Captain James Cook

-Theory: Polynesians originated in east indies (Indonesia) -Basis: Tahitian canoes were seaworthy and capable of sailing --Had compass provide by the sun, moon, and stars --Rough comparison of --languages

Andrew Sharp

-Theory: colonized from the west --Settlement by "accidental voyages" -Basis: doubted Polynesian seafaring capabilities --"Accidental" theory

What heiau if any were associated with each one? Kū: (Luakini) Poʻokānaka

-human sacrifice --Dedicated to war and conquest --Ceremonies included: ʻAha, Kapu Loulu, Kapu ohiʻa ko, Kapu haku ohiʻa

Kanaloa: Koʻa/Kūʻula:

-stacked stones -Represented male virility: Male procreation -Associated with families -Fishing, life, health, & ʻaumākua

Kāne: Pohaku o Kane:

-upright stone -Dedicated to family well-being -Life, health, & ʻaumākua

How does Hawaiʻi Island electricity rates compare to other major islands?

20% higher rates than other islands

What is the Makahiki?

A season of cultural event (includes celebration and games)

What is the Mālama Honua Worldwide Voyage and what important message has it shared with people across the globe?

A) Hokulea travel across the globe, around the world trip. B) Promote ocean and the islands people.

Why is the belief of Pacific islands as small, isolated, and insignificant considered an imported view?

Because these original, native Oceanic societies were voyaging people, who saw islands as being connected by sea, sky, and common ancestry.

How did this view originate?

European sailors

Why does Mau insist on maintaining the practice of traditional wayfinding on his island?

He fears that the practice of traditional wayfinding would disappear and die in his culture. Especially when his own people are showing no care toward their tradition which could lead to it being lost forever.

ʻUmi-a-Liloa: What examples from the story indicate that ʻUmi was a good chief?

He feeds and takes care of the people, exhibiting good qualities like being a leader for example.

What is the term Hauʻofa now uses to describe the Pacific region and why?

He uses oceania because we are all from the same place.

Identify: Pohaku o Kāne

upright stone set up in commemoration of kane. Set up stones in family residence, make offering and sacrifice, to obtain forgiveness for the wrong done by member of the family or family itself.

Pele

volcano goddess

Hokule'a

voyaging canoe that sailed from Hawa'i to Tahiti in 1976 to prove Polynesians could navigate open ocean

Define: Na'auao

wisdom from one's na'au

Define: Po'okela

excellence in all things, ma'ema'e (cleanliness & order)

Haole:

foreigner/American, Englishman, Caucasian;

Define: Lokomaika'i

generosity above all, mahele (sharing) - feeds all

Identify: Maka'ainana

people who tend to the land (laborers, cultivators, fisherman,house and canoe builders, bird catchers)

Aborigional/indigenous

people, communities, and nations who claim a historical continuity and cultural affinity with societies endemic to their original territories that developed prior to exposure to the larger connected civilization associated with Western culture.

identify: Kaua/Kauwa

social outcasts - lawbreakers or war captives, who were considered "unclean" or ritually polluting.

Identify: Tanemahuta

son; God of War, forced parents apart to allow the light to come in

Identify: Koʻa/Kuʻula Kai

stacked stones. fishing heiau--to increase fish around the island (attract fish)

Taputapuātea/Kapukapuākea

temple where Hauātea is located in

Social Structure in Ancient Hawaiʻi Identifiy: Ali'i/Mo'i

maintain their mo'oku'auhau; maintain pure bloodlines through your incestual relationships; preserve status/rank through strict kapu

Identify: Hale Peʻa

menstrual house, female sanctuary. No men allowed

Nainoa Thompson

navigator for the polynesian voyaging society, revived tradition

Define: Aloha

obligation, respect, love, kuleana (responsibility)

Mau Piailug

one of the five master navigators, teacher

Kumulipo: Which island does this story come from?

Hawaii

Namakaokahaʻi

pele's older sister that was jealous of pele

What is an ʻokina?

'Okina is a consonant that signifies a glottal stop.

ʻUmi-a-Liloa: Why was ʻUmialiloa such a celebrated chief

'Umialiloa was a celebrated chief because he worked alongside with the people. He was a son of chief and a commoner so the people could relate to him because he was a chiefly commoner.

Thor Heyerdahl

- Theory: Polynesian forebears originated in the Americas - Basis for theory: --Wind and ocean current --Disbelief in native ability " drift theory" --'Uala= common Polynesian food

Lono: Waihau:

- no human sacrifice -Waihau Ipu o Lono -Dedicated to farming; increase of the land (rain & abundance) -Makahiki ceremony & festivities

How much of Hawaiʻi Islandʻs energy comes from geothermal?

20%

Papahānaumoku & Wākea: Where does this story come from?

Hawai'i Island

According to Hauʻofa, why is this view false and misleading in regards to Pacific island Natives?

A) It's important because it originate from westerner. From their perspective, the islands are too small, far, and poor in comparison to other nations. B) This is false and narrow minded thinking because of the rich culture and history that exist in these island nations

What 3 fundamental lessons of Hawaiian society are introduced by this story?

A) Mālama ʻāina B) ʻAikapu = 'Ai is to eat..... Kapu is taboo... Sacred Eating C) Nīʻaupiʻo = chiefly incest

Why is it significant in terms of human rights?

Affirming that indigenous people are equal to all other people

Kumulipo: Identify at least one element from each of the 16 different Wā

Birds 1. ʻUkuko`Akoʻa (Coral Polyp), Reef Creatures, Seaweeds 2. Fish 3. Birds 4. Creepers (Plants & Animals) 5. Puaʻa & Kalo (Pig & Taro) 6. Nibblers (ʻuku) 7. ʻĪlio & ʻōpe`Ape`A (Dogs & Bats) 8. Gods A. Laʻilaʻi - Oldest Sibling; Female B. Kiʻi - Man (Carved Temple Image) C. Kāne - God D. Kanaloa - Heʻe 9. Laʻilaʻi - Kiʻi = Kamahaʻina, Kamamule, Kamakalua (Humans) 10. Laʻilaʻi - Kāne = Haʻi, Haliʻa, Hakea (Gods) 11. Kamahaʻina - Haliʻa = Loaʻa - Nakeleʻa = 800 Generations Until Pōlaʻa (Kaihinaliʻi) 12. Ancestors Of Wākea 13. Ancestors Of Papa 14. Paupaniākea (Wākea) And Siblings = Stars 15. Descendents Of Māui 16. Kalaninuiʻīamamao

What important contributions have Laʻamaikahiki and Pāʻao made to Hawaiian society?

Brought different gods to hawaii to worship; introduced Lono and Ku

What is Rumia?

Cosmic egg, an egg that Ta'aroa sat in

Papahānaumoku & Wākea How does it relate to Pono?

Distinguishes between male and female righteous behavior. Allows a balance between female and male mana

Identify: Papatuanuku

Earth Mother

Identify: Papahanaumoku(Papa/P)

Earth-mother

ʻUmi-a-Liloa: Identify: Liloa

Father of 'Umi-a-liloa (and Hakau). He was a very high ranking chief

Identify: Ho'ohokukalani(Hk)

First human offspring of K&P, to generate stars in the sky. Has sexual relations with Wākea, which produces the first kalo and human. Daughter of Papa and Wakea

Identify: Hakau

Half brother of 'Umi-a-liloa. Was the high ranking chief who inherited the thrown when Liloa died. He neglected his responsibilities to the deities and gods and was a very bad chief.

Identify: Kaleiokū.

High Priest under Liloa and when hakau becomes high chief, Kaleioku gets together with other priests and decides that Hakau was so bad that they decide to seek out 'Umi (he escaped from the kingdom when Hakau became chief out of fear he would kill him) and tells 'Umi that if he defeats Hakau, that 'Umi can have the kingdom.

How have the achievements of these traditional navigators affect Native identity in the Pacific region today?

History of challenging beliefs • Constantly pushes Oceanic values forward • Promotes Indigenous awareness • Reframes Pacific "place" through Islander eyes • Small islands & their inhabitants are significant

What does Hoʻomana mean?

Hoʻomana refers to Hawaiian religion. Hoʻo= to increase/cultivate mana=spirituality

define I ulu no ka lālā I ke kumu

I ulu no ka lālā I ke kumu: " the branches grow because of the trunk" ( without our ancestors, we would not be here)

Why do Indigenous religions elevate and worship natural elements?

Indigenous religions worship natural elements because they embrace nature and are surrounded by it, it is a natural thing to do when not exposed to the big religions. It explains drought, famine, abundance, fertility etc to them.

Why was the initial voyage of the Hōkūleʻa in 1976 so significant? What did it prove?

It proves that natives are able to sail and navigate voyages across the ocean

Kumulipo: What is the purpose of the Kumulipo? For whom was it composed?

It was a proof of divinity and this genealogy shows how mana descends through the creation of man Composed for Kalaninuiʻīamamao / Lonoikamakahiki

Lonoikaoualiʻi

Known as Lono. God of Agriculture and fertility, power of the aina

Which 2 male akua (out of 4) played a more dominant role in Hawaiian society?

Ku and Lono

Who does it honor? Makahiki

Lono/Lonoikamakahiki

What is the motto of the University of Hawaiʻi?

Maluna a'e o na lahui a pau ke ola ke kanaka: Above all nations is humanity.

What is the relationship between man and nature and their obligations to each other?

Man and nature share an intimate connection with one another, natives take care of the land so the land can provide for them

Palu

Man who only knows how to sail.

How can maps reinforce colonized views of the Pacific region?

Maps can reinforce colonized views of the pacific region because they can provide foreign access on facilitated trade, settlement, exploitation, invasion, travel, etc. They also provide information on natural resources and Intel for military operations

Video: Peleʻs Appeal Why is the "clean & safe record" touted by geothermal supporters misleading? Why does the Department of Healthʻs policy of "self-monitoring" not work?

No reporting = No Problem (poor monitoring program result from pro-industry lobbying)

Papahānaumoku & Wākea: What is nīʻaupiʻo and why is it significant for chiefs?

Nī'aupi'o is a incest among ali'i nui. It is significant because it creates aka (divinity) by preserving chiefly mana (power)

Identify: Haloanakalaukapalili

Offspring of Wakea and Hoʻohokukalani, stillborn- buried and became the first Kalo

How do these accounts remind researchers that Native oral traditions are important?

Oral traditions that are passed down through generations helps the future generation know their culture and their origins. It is not just stories there are some truth behind it.

Hauatea

Religious-political alliance; Alliance between Hawaiʻinuiākea cousins that lasted until 1300

What geographic region does Austronesian language/culture cover?

S.E Asia, Pacific and some parts in Asia. (Oceania)

What island does Mau Piailug come from and how large is it?

Satawal: is a mile and a half long and a mile wide

Identify: Haloa

Second offspring of Wakea and Hoʻohokukalani, Ali'i Nui

When was it adopted by the U.N. General Assembly?

September 13, 2007

Identify: Ranginui

Sky Father

Identify: Wakea(K)

Sky-father. Creates ʻaikapu so he can get with his daughter.

According to this tradition, who is the main deity responsible for creation?

Ta'aroa = great creator

Rumia: What island group does this story come from?

Tahiti

According to experts, where does Austronesian language originate?

Taiwan

In terms of non-verbal communication, explain how bodily contact and head-nod differ between Hawaiian and Western cultures?

The Hawaiians touch each other more than Westerners but touching signifies affection and friendship in their culture. It is common for them to kiss each other greetings and farewells. Children are expected to kiss the adults too and head below than their elders. What Hawaiians frown upon that Westerners do is by standing with one hand on hip, hands folded across chest, hands clasped behind their backs and downcast eyes. Also, since the head is considered to be KAPU where one is connected to their ancestors, touching someone else's head is considered highly disrespectful.

Define Racism

The belief that race accounts for differences in human character or ability and that a particular race is superior to others. Discrimination or prejudice based on race.

What discoveries in Nanumaga & Flores forces researchers to rethink when the Pacific was settled? Why?

The discovery in Flores support native oral traditions because they were ancestors to the hobbits. They had an average height of a 3 year old child.

Video: Shark Callers of Kontu Why do these people catch sharks?

The sharks are believed to be the ancestors of the people of Kontu, the people catch the sharks for food or to sell for money.

What causes the "war of the gods"?

Tāwhirimātea, one of Earth Mother and Sky father's children and god of wind, creates offspring to battle his siblings

Identify (who, what, when, where, why): the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples.

WHO: 143 nations WHAT: A Universal framework of minimum standards for the survival, dignity, and well-being of the indigenous peoples of the world WHEN: 2007 WHERE: New York, United Nations Headquarters WHY: To save the rights of indigenous people

Papahānaumoku & Wākea How is nīʻaupiʻo introduced in the story?

Wakea and Ho'o (had children together)give birth to the first Ali'i Nui

Pwo

a graduation of deep sea navigators knows how to navigate by stars and swells

Religious Continuity Geothermal Development What are the cultural, environmental, and health arguments against it?

a) Cultural: -Destroying Hawaiian identity: history, religion, medicinal herbs -Sucking out her "mana" (steam) and selling/exporting energy to Oahu b) Environmental: -hydrogen sulfide gas, toxic brine penetrate freshwater table(~4 million gallons per day), bring down property value c) Health- accidental emissions (3000 ppb) causing illness (above ~25ppb is illegal)

Religious Continuity Geothermal Development What are the main arguments used to support geothermal activity in Hawaiʻi?

a) Cut greenhouse gases & combat global warming b) Support HI energy sustainability goals c) Best renewable energy source (more reliable than solar or wind) d) Reduce energy costs

How can foreign imposed maps and place names affect Sense of Place?

a) It facilitates colonization/ represents foreign domination b) Creates boundaries that reflect foreign interests (rewrites native borders), Invisible boundaries become physical barriers c) Erases native identity

What evidence proves an ancient relationship between Polynesia and the American continent?

a) Kennewick Man ( native indian)(9,500 yrs old) resembles Polynesian/Asian proves ancient relationship between polynesia and US. b) Chicken bones found in Chile had an identical genetic sequence to Samoan & Tongan chicken bones; was some type of interaction because chickens can't fly and swim well.

Religious Continuity Geothermal Development What are the main concerns people who oppose Hawaiian geothermal have?

a) Pele worship; affects mana of Pele b) Illegal land swap of "ceded lands" c) Destruction of forests: Wao Kele o Puna d) Violation of Native gathering rights; restrictive access

What is the difference between heiau luakini and heiau waihau? Luakini- Kū

a) heiau of human sacrifice b) Dedicated to war and conquest

What is the difference between heiau luakini and heiau waihau? Waihau- Lono

a) no human sacrifice b) don't have stringent tabus like Luakini c) Waihau Ipu o Lono- dedicated to farming, rain and abundance

Why is this an important concept to Native peoples?

a. Concept of sense of place: intimate relationship with the environment b. Indigenous people identity through a place c. The place name reflect the special relationship through tales

Manahune

are tiny people from Tahiti, Tuamotus, and Rarotonga.

Menehunes

are tiny people who lived in Kailua, Pauoa, Puowaina, Kaimuki and Waolani. (Builders, craftsman)

Kūkaʻilimoku (akua):

god of war and politics

Moʻikeha

high chief that lust for step-sis, Tahitian cheif, Kapu's husband, Laa'a's dad

Laʻamaikahiki

his kid with his wife kapo, Chief of Oahu

Hauʻofa challenges the perception of islands being "isolated" as expressed in the phrase "islands in a far away sea." Instead, he claims the Pacific is a "sea full of islands." What is the difference between these two views?

islands are insignificant vs. holistic view that islands communities and surrounding ocean are connected; they are "one"

Identify: Kahuna

priests and master craftsmen (experts in medicine, religion, technology, natural resource management, and similar areas)

What significant act does Māuitiʻitiʻi perform?

separating Rumia from Earth, allowing light to come in