HY 121 Chapter 22

What was December 7th termed?

"a date which will live in infamy"

With 15 million men in the armed forces, women in 1944 made up more than ____-______ of the civilian labor force, and 350,000 served in auxiliary military units.

1/3

WWII transformed the role of the national government in that FDR was intent on pushing the unemployment rate down from 14% in 1940 to what it became in 1943, which was ____%.

2

1943 -- a fight at a Detroit city park spiraled into a race riot against blacks that left _____ persons dead, and a "hate strike" of 20,000 workers protested the upgrading of black employees in a plant manufacturing aircraft engines.

34

1943 -- Congress established what for Chinese immigrants?

A nationality quota of 105

July 1941 -- black labor leader ____ _____ __________ called for a March on Washington regarding discrimination against blacks. His demands included access to defense employment, an end to segregation, and a national antilynching law.

A. Philip Randolph

Who inspired the idea of the atomic bomb using his knowledge of laws of physics?

Albert Einstein

Myrdal, in his book An American Dilemma, combined the sobering analysis of the status of blacks with admiration for what he called the _________ _______--belief in equality, justice, equal opportunity, and freedom.

American Creed

No event reflected the new concern with the status of black Americans more than the publication in 1944 of ___ ________ ___________, a sprawling account of the country's racial past, present, and future written by the Swedish social scientist Gunnar Myrdal.

An American Dilemma

May 1942 -- In what battle of WWII did the American navy turn back a Japanese fleet intent on attacking Australia? The following month, the navy inflicted devastating losses on the Japanese navy in the Battle of ________ __________.

Battle of the Coral Sea; Midway Island

The Italian leader _____________ ____________, founder of fascism, a movement similar to Hitler's Nazism, invaded and conquered Ethiopia.

Benito Mussolini

In March 1945, American troops crossed the Rhine River and entered Germany. Hitler took his own life, and shortly after Soviet forces occupied _________. On May 8th, known as ____ _____, came the formal end to the war against Germany.

Berlin; V-E Day

The ________ _________ _____________, a meeting in July 1944 of representatives of 45 nations in New Hampshire, replaced the British pound with the dollar as the main cirrency for international transactions. It also created 2 American-dominated financial institutions. The _______ ______ would provide money to developing countries and to help rebuild Europe.

Bretton Woods conference; World Bank

About 70% of Japanese-Americans in the continental US lived in _______________, where they dominated ___________ ____________ in the LA area.

CA; vegetable farming

__________ ______, the black scientist who pioneered the techniques of storing and shipping blood plasma -- a development of immense important to the treatment of wounded soldiers -- protested bitterly against not mixing black and white blood in blood banks, pointing out that it had no scientific basis.

Charles Drew

On June 6th, 1944, a day known as ___________, nearly 200,000 American, British, and Canadian soldiers under the command of General Dwight D. Eisenhower landed in Normandy in northwestern France. More than a million troops followed them in, known as the most massive sea-land operation in history.

D-Day

To persuade Randolph to call off his March on Washington, FDR issued __________ _________ _________, which banned discrimination in defense jobs and established a ______ __________ ___________ ___________ (FEPC) to monitor compliance.

Executive Order 8802; Fair Employment Practices Commission

February 1942 -- order issued by FDR that demanded the relocation of all persons of Japanese descent from the West Coast. The order did not apply to those living in _________, where they made up nearly 40% of the population.

Executive Order 9066; Hawaii

Who won the election of 1940?

FDR

FDR lost to his opponent, Thomas E. Dewey, for a 4th term in 1944. T/F

False

General Dwight D. Eisenhower, low Harry Truman, supported the use of the atomic bomb. T/F

False

The US kept the idea of distinct "races" after the war and that these people were not worthy to enjoy all the freedoms of Americans. T/F

False

Armed forces were made up of only black and white Americans. T/F

False. Mexican-Americans, Native Americans, and Asian-Americans were a large part of the armed forces.

After WWII, the north became very poor and the south became a very rich area. T/F

False. The north increased rapidly in richness, but the south remained extremely poor.

When WWII began, the air force and marines had the same amount of black members as it did white. T/F

False. They had no black members.

December 1944 -- Hitler launched a surprise attack on _______ that pushed Allied forces back 50 miles. The largest single battle ever fought by the US Army, the _______ ___ ____ ________ produced more than 70,000 American casualties.

France; Battle of the Bulge

The new black militancy alarmed southern politicians. The "war emergency," insisted Governor ___________ ___________ of AL, "should not be used as a pretext to bring about the abolition of the color line."

Frank Dixon

This extended to the millions of returning veterans an array of benefits, including unemployment pay, scholarships for further education, low cost mortgage loans, pensions, and job training.

GI Bill of Rights

This policy offered a belated recognition of the sovereignty of America's neighbors. It also reinforced the idea that the United States would engage in reciprocal exchanges with Latin American countries.

Good Neighbor Policy

Why did FDR stand back and watch what Hitler was doing in Germany?

He had to follow the policy of "appeasement" adopted by Britain and France, which hoped that agreeing with Hitler's demands would prevent war.

August 6th, 1945 -- America dropped the atomic bomb over _____________, Japan. On August 9th, the US dropped a second over __________. The combined death rate approximated to be 210,000. One the same day, the Soviet Union declared war on Japan and invaded __________. Within a week, Japan surrendered.

Hiroshima; Nagasaki; Manchuria

1988 -- Congress apologized for _________ _____________ and provided $20,000 in compensation to each surviving victim.

Japanese internment

established during World War II by President Franklin Roosevelt through his Executive Order 9066. From 1942 to 1945, it was the policy of the U.S. government that people of Japanese descent would be interred in isolated camps.

Japanese internment camps

1944 -- case where Supreme Court denied the appeal of Fred Korematsu, a Japanese-American citizen who had been arrested for refusing to present himself for internment.

Korematsu v. US

This act authorized military aid so long as countries promised somehow to return it all after the war.

Lend-Lease Act

In 1931, seeking to expand its military and economic power in Asia, Japan invaded _____________, a province of northern China. Troops moved farther in 6 years later. When Japanese overran the city of ______________, an estimated 300,000 Chinese prisoners of war and civilians were massacred.

Manchuria; Nanjing

1940 --FDR authorized the ____________ ________, a top-secret program in which American scientists developed an atomic bomb during WWII. The weapon was tested successfully in the ______ ___________ desert in July 1945.

Manhattan project; New Mexico

In 1944, when ________________ _________, the large mail-order company, defied a pro-union order, the army seized its headquarters and physically evicted its president.

Montgomery Ward

During the war, ________ membership grew from 50,000 to nearly 500,000. The ____________ ___ __________ __________ (CORE), founded by an interracial group of pacifists in 1942, held sit-ins in northern cities to integrate restaurants and theaters.

NAACP; Congress of Racial Equality

In 1942 and 1943, the reports of the _____________ _____________ ____________ _____________ (NRPB) offered a blueprint for a peacetime economy based on full employment, an expanded welfare state, and a widely shared American standard of living. What group/party was this employed by?

National Resources Planning Board; Democrats and liberals

1950s -- The _____________ _____ ________ _________ banned racial wage differentials.

National War Labor Boards

These laws banned travel on belligerents' ships and the sale of arms to countries at war. These policies, Congress hoped, would allow the US to avoid the conflicts over freedom of the seas that had contributed to involvement in WWI.

Neutrality Acts

On June 14, 1940, German troops occupied ________.

Paris

On September 1st, 1939, immediately after the signing of the Nazi-Soviet pact, Germany invaded __________. This time, Britain and France, which had pled to protect said invaded country against agression, did what?

Poland; declared war

At the ____________ _______________, the Allied leaders established a military administration for Germany and agreed to place top Nazi leaders on trial for war crimes.

Potsdam conference

In July 1943, American and British forces invaded ___________, beginning the liberation of Italy.

Sicily

After his armies penetrated eastern Europe in 1941, Hitler embarked on his "final solution" -- to get rid of undesired peoples. What four groups were these peoples?

Slavs, gypsies, homosexuals, and Jews

In 1944, ______ _______ danced the role of an American beauty queen in the musical On the Town on Broadway, and her brother fought for the US Army in the Pacific theater, while the government interned their father because he had been born in Japan.

Sono Isato

Germany invaded this country, but were forced to surrender by Russian troops in 1943; this was marked as the turning point of the European war.

Stalingrad

Published by Henry Luce in 1941 in effort to mobilize the American people both for the coming war and for an era of postwar world leadership.

The American Century

What did WWII become to be known as? Why?

The Good War; because the nation came together in a time of despair and was in collective pursuit of indisputably noble goals

In contrast to Luce's American Century, the address delivered by Henry Wallace in May 1942 to the Free World Association predicted that the war would usher in a "century of the common man." Governments acting to "humanize" capitalism and redistribute economic resources would eliminate hunger, iliteracy, and poverty.

The Price of Free World Victory

In the final months of the war, segregation was ended altogether. T/F

True

Women remained objectified regardless of their working status in postwar life. T/F

True

outlawed force or the threat of force as a means of settling international disputes

UN Charter (1945)

What countries were part of the "Grand Alliance"? What 3 people ran it?

US, Great Britain, and Soviet Union; FDR, Winston Churchill, and Joseph Stalin

In a 1944 conference in Dumbarton Oaks, near Washington D.C., the Allies developed the structure of the _________ _______. There would be a ________ ___________ -- essentialy a forum for discussion where each member enjoyed an equal voice -- and a Security council responsible for maintaining world peace.

United Nations (UN); General Assembly

At the home of George Padmore, a West Indian labor organizer and editor living in London, black American leaders like ________ ____ _________ and ________ _________ came into contact with future leaders of African independece movements such as Jomo Kenyatta (Kenya), Kwame Nkrumah (Ghana), and Nnamdi Azikiwe (Nigeria).

W.E.B. Du Bois and Paul Robeson

Who ran as the Republican candidate against Roosevelt in 1940? What did he endorse?

Wendell Willkie, Wall Street businessman and lawyer who endorsed New Deal social legislation

At the _______ _____________, FDR and Churchill entered only a mild protest against Soviet plans to retain control of the Baltic states and a large part of eastern Poland, in effect restoring Russia's pre-WWI western borders. Stalin was intent on establishing __________ in eastern Europe.

Yalta conference; communism

The board called for this, which would include all Americans in an expanded Social Security system and guarantee access to education, health care, adequate housing, and jobs for able-bodied adults.

a "new Bill of Rights"

In Smith v. Allwright (1944), the Supreme Court outlaws ____-________ ___________, one of the mechanisms by which southern states deprived blacks of political rights.

all-white primaries

In December 1940, FDR announced that the US would become the "____________ ______ ___________," providing Britain and China with military supplies in their fight against Germany and Japan.

arsenal of democracy

known as "the most terrible weapon ever known in human history"

atomic bomb

What tragic incident happened on December 7th, 1941?

attack on Pearl Harbor

ethnic neighborhoods

barrios

Within a year of Germany invading Poland (1940), the Nazi ______________ (lightning war) had overrun Poland and much of Scandinavia, Belguim, and the Netherlands.

blitzkreig

This program, agreed to by the Mexican and American governments in 1942, tens of thousands of contract laborers crossed into the US to take up jobs as domestic and agricultural workers. Initially designed as a temporary response to the wartime labor shortage, the program lasted until 1964.

bracero program

Congress in 1940 agreed to allow the sale of arms to Britain on a "_____ ____ ______" basis--that is, they had to be paid for in cash and transported on British ships.

cash and carry

Friedrich A. Hayek, with his book The Road to Serfdom (1944), helped lay the foundation for the rise of modern ______________ and the revival of a __________-_________ economic thought.

conservatism; laissez-faire

Even as the war gave birth to the modern civil rights movement, it also planted the seeds for the South's "massive resistance" to ________________ during the 1950s.

desegregation

campaign that was a slogan and drive to promote the fight for democracy abroad and within the United States for African Americans during World War II.

double-v

What was defined as the Fifth Freedom?

freedom of choice

What four freedoms did President Roosevelt the "essential human freedoms"?

freedom of speech, freedom of worship, freedom from want, and freedom from fear

In 1940, breaking a tradition that dated back to Washington, Roosevelt announced what?

he was running for a third term

_____________-- the 1930s version of Americans' long-standing desire to avoid foreign entanglements-- dominated Congress.

isolationism

1/3 Japanese-Americans were first-generation immigrants, or _______, but a substantial majority were _______-- American-born, and therefore citizens.

issei; nisei

By the war's end, racism and nativism had been stripped of intellectual respectability, at least outside of the South, and were viewed as what?

psychological disorders

When about 700,000 black migrants poured out of the South on what they called "liberty trains," seeking jobs in the industrial heartland.

second Great Migration

FDR died of a _________ on April 12th, 1945. To his successor, _________ ___ ___________, fell one of the most momentous decisions ever confronted by an American president-- whether to use the atomic bomb against Japan.

stroke; Harry S. Truman

In September 1940, Germany, Italy, and Japan created a military alliance known as what?

the Axis

Thousands perished on the ensuing "death march" to a prisoner-of-war camp. At the same time, German submarines sank hundreds of Allied merchant and naval vessels during what battle?

the Battle of the Atlantic

Known to be the horrifying culmination of the Nazi belief that Germans constituted a "master race" destined to rule the world. By 1945, 6 million men, women, and children had died in camps.

the Holocaust

When did the federal government begin making military enlistment mandatory?

the end of WWII (1942)

Early in 1945, the firebombing of Dresden killed some 100,000 people, mostly ________, ________, and _________ ____. On March 9th, nearly the same number died in an inferno caused by what?

women, children, and elderly men; the bombing of Tokyo

1943-- club-wielding sailors and policemen attacked Mexican-American youths wearing flamboyant clothing on the streets of LA that illustrated the limits of wartime tolerance.

zoot suit riots