IB HOTA Apartheid In review

Group Areas Act

Non whites had to move into crowded townships that usually lacked in adequate sewage systems, electricity, or water systems. The land was unsuitable for farming crops. This left the most resourceful and vast parts of South Africa for the whites. Many nonwhite people had to travel a long ways for work in cities. Since blacks were forced into townships, they became more dependent on support from whites in regards to jobs and support because they lacked their own resources. ☆ This dependence allowed whites to control blacks. Forcing non whites into an impoverished state and providing limited education also allowed for white control.

Sharpeville Massacre -

On March 21, 1960, without warning, South African police at Sharpeville, an African township, shot into a crowd of about 5,000 unarmed anti-pass protesters, killing at least 69 people - many of them shot in the back - and wounding more than 200. This massacre created a crisis for the apartheid government, both inside the country and internationally. The government immediately declared a State of Emergency and banned political meetings. Soon after ban on both the Pan Africanist Congress, which had organized the action in Sharpeville, and the African National Congress. the ANC and PAC turned to armed struggle and went underground. drew immediate international condemnation. The South African stock exchange sank, saved only by loans from a consortium of U.S. banks. ☆ Gave birth to Spear of the Nation and pushed ANC to realize non-violent means were no longer a viable means of protest

Bantustan

A Bantustan was a territory set aside for black inhabitants of South Africa and South West Africa, as part of the policy of grand apartheid. African tribal homelands; idea was to develop the policy that Africans should live on tribal reserves and only enter "white South Africa" as migrant workers; a major administrative device for the exclusion of blacks from the South African political system under the policy of apartheid organized on the basis of ethnic and linguistic groupings defined by white ethnographers ☆ considered not a part of South Africa so people wouldn't aspire to be part of a country in which they weren't citizens; values and customs to alienate them

Bantu Education Act

A segregation law, passed in 1953 which created separate Education systems for blacks and whites (separate schools, different curriculum). Blacks intentionally received inferior education - the government thought if they were uneducated they would be less likely to resist, gain economic and political power, etc. ☆ highlighted government intention of oppression

Freedom Charter

ANC/SAIS representatives, diverse South Africans, Congress Alliance, Congress of the People Congress of the people discussed how to move into a future with no racial discrimination and the congress approved the freedom charter. Freedom charter is a document drafted from feedback by people of South Africa about problems of apartheid; spelled out people's vision of the South Africa they desired Expressed hopes of racial equality in the future. It sought for radical economic and political change in South Africa. ☆ BUT this led the government to be more oppressive, The National Party ignored the freedom charter; later, it became the basis for South Africa's constitution after the fall of apartheid.

Township

Areas where black people lived separately from other races Specially built for them on the outskirt of cities Example of outcomes of grand apartheid ☆ highlighted the deep-rooted racism and intolerance against minorities

DF Malan

Daniel Francois Malan; intelligent man who studied philosophy and theology Sought greater Afrikaner autonomy Minister for Dutch reformed Church and switched to editing Afrikaner newspaper after much concern of British influence ruining the Afrikaner way of life Formed Purified National Party to pursue an agenda of apartheid and anti-British politics Attracted Afrikaners to his movement and looked to fascist dictatorships; pro-Nazi ☆ champion of Afrikaner nationalism who helped progressed Afrikaner agenda

ANC Youth League

Formed by Nelson Mandela, Walter Sisulu, and Oliver Tambu as a response to the conservative approach of the leaders of the ANC Radical movement within the organization over frustration over government ignorance to ANC demands; called for civil disobedience and strikes in protest at the hundreds of laws associated with the new apartheid system Stated that Africanism should be promoted and that the African youth should be united, consolidated, trained and disciplined, because they would make up future leaders ☆ Highlighted the drive and persistent effort, within the anti-apartheid movement, that South Africans had to achieve results, taking every factor into consideration, including reaching out to the younger population, which can be critical of any movement

Sophiatown

Founded by builder who named it after his wife The nearby sewage works made the houseses uncongenial for whites, who were the initially targeted buyers; quickly grew into a diverse and tight-knit community Began to sell to all racial groups until 1923 Native Urban Areas Act disallowed that Forced to move to Meadowlands ☆ represented what an ideal, multi-racial African city could be like, where tolerance and a sense of community were always to be seen

African National Congress (ANC)

Group created for cause of ending apartheid and gaining voting rights for blacks and non whites attempted to use nonviolent protests to end apartheid the Sharpeville massacre resulted in the deaths of 69 black Africans and contributed to deteriorating relations with the South African government. ANC was soon banned and forced to leave South Africa. After the ban, the ANC formed the Umkhonto we Sizwe (Spear of the Nation) to fight against apartheid utilizing guerrilla warfare and sabotage Years later...The ban on the ANC was lifted and Nelson Mandela freed the apartheid referendum was passed by the voters removing apartheid and allowing the ANC to run in the elections ☆ Instrumental contributions to the anti-apartheid movement and turned into South America's ruling post-apartheid democratic political party

Treason Trial

In December 1956, five months after the adoption of the Freedom Charter, the apartheid government charged 156 leaders of the Congress Alliance with high treason for a "conspiracy to use violence to overthrow the present government and replace it with a Communist state." ☆☆ The trial lasted more than four years, keeping key anti-apartheid leaders out of circulation, slowing down the movement, and costing considerable money to support many of the defendants On March 29, 1961 the judge announced his verdict that all the accused were acquitted, because the evidence did not prove that the liberation movement had used violence to achieve its aims.

May Stayaway

In march 1950, APO, ANC, TIC, CPSA came together to organize a 'Defend Free Speech' Convention. ☆☆ They resolved to hold a general strike, or stay away on May 1st to protest apartheid legislation. Strike was coordinated by SAIC and SACP. It was a partial success because authorities prepared and employers locked in workers overnight. Up to ⅔ were able to stay home or attend meetings.

Nelson Mandela

Instrumental in Defiance campaign Most famous of the leaders within the ANC Goes on to become first democratically elected president of a unified South Africa ☆ instrumental in forming the ANC and ANC Youth League to engender more radicalism in the movement to reap more radical results; laid the framework and paved the way for much of the movement's success through his rhetoric and proposed tactics

Defiance Campaign

Letter from ANC to Prime Minister Malan demanding complete repeal of apartheid laws and Suppression of Communism Act; response was that whites needed to protect them Defiance campaign initiated, nonviolent and split into 2 stages : 1. Local protests: not carrying passes, staying in urban areas after African curfew (Aim to overwhelm prisons & authorities ability to cope) 2. Second Stage: mass defiance to extend campaign by strikes and mass protest countrywide Limited in its success as the majority of people did not participate, government-pushed propaganda to spread falsehoods about the campaign, organizers arrested, never fully transitioned to second stage ☆Helped bring attention to group like ANC, whose membership increased exponentially

Albert Luthuli

President-General of the African National Congress (ANC) at some point Tribal Chief and Anti-apartheid activist; forced to chose, but he refused to: ended up being removed as chief always democratic and consulted his people before any decision could be taken played a pivotal part in implementing the Defiance Campaign, Led the Sharpesville protest, Luthuli responded to this atrocity by openly admonishing the police violence, and publicly burning his passbook. ☆ became Africa's first Nobel Peace Prize Laureate for his role as the leader of ten million Africans in the non-violent struggle against apartheid

Black Sash

Product of increased women's involvement in the movement for equality and fairness for minorities Started as a group of white-middle class women Opened advice centres for black women, built a pool of lawyers, bailed black families jailed for petty crimes ☆ Built trust between Black and White people with the same aims where there was a distaste and mistrust for white women in the movement

Spear of the Nation

Product of the ban of the ANC and realization that protest by non-violent means would accomplish nothing co-founded by Nelson Mandela in the wake of the Sharpeville massacre; armed wing of the ANC After warning South African government of its intent to resist further acts of terror if the government did not take steps toward constitutional reform and increase political rights, MK launched its first attacks against government installations was subsequently classified as a terrorist organisation and banned by the South African government and the United States ☆ Its founding represented the conviction, in the face of the massacre, that the ANC could no longer limit itself to nonviolent protest; its mission was to fight against the South African government

Grand Apartheid

Racist and intolerant legislation that heavily affected the lives of minorities, especially black people Policies that involved comprehensive segregation and measures such as removal of black people from white areas ☆ highlighted the deep rooted racism that dominated government and present in society at the time

Petty Apartheid

Racist and intolerant legislation that moderately affected the lives of minorities, especially black people Day to day restrictions, such as separate public facilities ☆ highlighted the deep rooted racism that dominated government and present in society at the time, to the point where the need was felt to separate even the most petty factors in society and everyday life

Alexandra Bus Boycott

Refusal, by residents in Alexandra, Johannesburg, to ride busses in response to an increase in bus fare Workers rode bikes or walked instead Productivity fell and the government forced businesses to pay for bus transport and did not increase fares ☆ iconic victory for minorities, layed stage and instilled hope for future change

Pan Africanist Congress

South African Black Nationalist movement founded by an Africanist group, led by Robert Sobukwe, that broke away from the African National Congress (ANC). Along with the ANC, the Pan Africanist Congress is the only "official" South African liberation movement recognized by the United Nations and the Organisation of African Unity. ☆☆ The PAC followed the idea that the South African Government should be constituted by the African people owing their allegiance only to Africa. It is Pan Africanism with three principles of African nationalism, socialism, and continental unity.

SAIC

South African Indian Congress Indian leader Gandhi had been instrumental in forming organizations Product of continuous Indian protest against segregation and unfair treatment Advocated passive resistance and alliance made with the ANC ☆ represented increased encompassment of rights for minorities as a whole

Population Registration Act

The Population Registration Act of 1950 required that each inhabitant of South Africa be classified and registered in accordance with his or her racial characteristics as part of the system of apartheid. ☆☆ This act officially distinguished the races which prevented communication and unity of non whites against the government. This helped White Africans maintain control over the non white people. Allowed for the group areas act to further divide South Africans by race. Social rights, political rights, educational opportunities, and economic status were largely determined by the group to which an individual belonged. There were three basic racial classifications under the law: Black, White and Coloured (mixed).

Rivonia Trial

eleven leaders of the African National Congress (ANC) were charged with crimes against the government and put on trial. Eight of the leaders were sentenced to life in prison. documents proved that they were planning sabotage against the apartheid government. ☆ South Africa experienced pressure from the International Community during and after the trial. The United Nations issued statements to the South African government appealing against the death sentence, which many expected.