ICORE Leadership/Management (Z370)
Which of the following outcomes are associated with higher levels of emotional stability?
* Higher levels of job performance * Increased likelihood of doing work beyond required job responsibilities * Increased relaxation
Which of the following are true of self-efficacy?
* It tends to manifest itself in actual performance. * It involves a person's beliefs about personal success. * It can be increased.
People with an internal locus of control
* blame their own flaws for poor results. * feel that they control their destiny. * can usually overcome setbacks.
Which of the following are ways in which organizations pursue an assimilation approach to diversity issues?
* by employing orientation programs that introduce standard operating procedures * by using recruitment practices that emphasize company values * by providing policies that instruct employees on what to do in specific situations
self-transcendence
Concern for the welfare and interests of others (universalism, benevolence) - First bipolar dimension
which personality trait has the strongest and most positive effect on performance?
Conscientiousness
Managers have more influence over
flexible individual differences.
Which of the following are true about values?
* They are generally stable * They can guide behavior subconsciously
Which of the following characterize people with proactive personalities?
* They are more satisfied in their retirement. * They are able to take more control of their jobs. * They increase the supportiveness of their supervisors.
Which characteristics are true of narcissists?
* They have a grandiose sense of self-importance. * They require excessive admiration. * They are exploitative and manipulative.
What are the key elements of equity theory?
* outputs * inputs * comparison of the ratio of outputs to inputs
Rank the four steps in the stereotyping process with the first step at the top.
1. Categorization 2. Inferences 3. Expectations 4. Maintenance
What is the three step approach to problem solving
1. Identify the problem by reviewing desired outcomes 2. Consider possible causes of the problem using OB knowledge 3. Make practical recommendations
What are the four key competencies in emotional intelligence
1. Self-awareness 2. Self-management 3. Social awareness 4. Relationship management
Perception
A cognitive process that enables people to interpret and understand their surroundings
Diversity climate
A subcomponent of an organization's overall atmosphere as defined by employees' aggregate perceptions about the firms diversity related format structure characteristics and informal values.
The relationship building response to diversity issues seeks to foster relationships between diverse employee groups characterized by which features?
Acceptance Understanding
Recognition that the organization's markets and constituencies are culturally diverse is called a(n) _____ and _____ perspective on diversity
Access, legitimacy
Resolving a problem
Arguably the most common action managers take and simply means choosing a satisfactory solution, one that works but is les than ideal. Unlikely to las
Inferences
Assuming people in a certain category possess the same traits
The fundamental ______ bias leads people to disregard environmental influences on behavior.
Attribution
The premise that people infer causes for observed behavior is the basis of ______ theory
Attribution
The premise that people infer causes for observed behavior is the basis of ______ theory.
Attribution
What are the components that influence overall attitudes.
Behavioral Affective Cognitive
Which statement about the relationship between job satisfaction and job performance is true?
Both variables indirectly influence each other.
When making recommendations for solving a problem, it is important to link the recommendations to
Causes
Schwartz's second bipolar dimension ranges from self-directed independence or openness to_____ to ______
Change, conservation
Narcissists
Characterized as (1) having a grandiose sense of self-importance; (2) requiring or even demanding excessive admiration; (3) having a sense of entitlement; (4) lacking empathy; and (5) tending to be exploitative, manipulative, and arrogant
The statement "I believe" reflects which overall attitude component?
Cognitive
When defining a problem, what should you do immediately after you determine your desired outcome or state?
Compare the desired state or outcome to your current situation.
Distinctiveness
Compares a person's performance on one task to behavior on other tasks
Consensus
Compares an individual's behavior to that of his or her peers.
A person who attributes behavior to external causes would give a low rank which dimension of behavior?
Consistency
A broad personality trait comprised of four narrower and positive individual traits as components is called:
Core self-evaluations
A firm that lacks diversity among its workforce but insists that the company does not take into account factors such as age, gender, or ethnicity in making hiring decisions is using which generic action option in response to diversity issues?
Deny
The _____ option in Thomas's framework means people refute that differences exist.
Deny
Maintenance
Differentiating minority individuals from ourselves
Eradicating or getting rid of the situation that is causing the problem is known as ______ problems.
Dissolving
The form of organizational justice that reflects the perceived fairness of how rewards are allocated is:
Distributive justice
Managing _______ helps maintain and grow an organization in an increasingly competitive marketplace
Diversity
Expectancy
Do I believe I can do an acceptable job on the work expected of me?
instrumentality
Do I believe I'll receive the promised reward if I do an acceptable job?
Which process theory explains how people strive for fairness and justice in social exchanges or give-and-take relationships?
Equity theory
Those who believe their performance is a product of circumstances beyond their immediate control possess a(n):
External locus of control
True or false: OB and problem solving are at odds and do not go together when studying OB.
False
Workplace attitudes come from the interaction of which of the following processes?
Group Organizational Individual
Which of the following paraphrases comparisons as used in equity theory?
How does my ratio of outputs to inputs compare with those of relevant others?
Openness to change
Independence of thought, action, and feelings and readiness for change (stimulation, self-direction) - Second bipolar dimension
In Adams' equity theory, knowledge, experience, education, and effort expended all are perceived as:
Inputs
A person who ranks both consensus and distinctiveness low and consistency high is likely to attribute behavior to ______ causes
Internal
Heider's attribution theory proposed that behavior can be attributed to either _____ factors, such as ability, or ____ factors such as a difficult task
Internal, external
The _____ option in Thomas' framework of options that organizations use to deal with any diversity issue is based on the action of moving the diverse person off to the side.
Isolation
for a major project. To which employee should Lindsay delegate leadership of the team?
Jordan, who has a high need for institutional power
Consistency
Judges whether a person's performance on a task is consistent over time.
Workplaces attitudes result from OB-related processes such as
Leadership
A person who is willing to manipulate others and use any method, even those that are unethical or unfair, to gain an advantage over others in the workplace can be considered a(n)
Machiavellian
Select the steps in the process of stereotyping
Maintenance Inferences Categorization Expectation
Shalom Schwartz believed that values ______ our behavior across any context.
Motivate
According to McClelland's acquired needs theory, which need involves the desire to excel, solve problems, and surpass others?
Need for achievement
According to Schwartz's theory, an employee who values tradition will not want to work:
On a holiday
Conservation
Order, self-restriction, preservation of the past, and resistance to change (conformity, tradition, security) - Second bipolar dimension
The extent to which an individual identifies with an organization and commits to its goals is called
Organizational commitment
The extent to which an individual identifies with an organization and commits to its goals is:
Organizational commitment
Procedural justice
Perceived fairness of process used to determine outcome EX. I had input into the process used to give raises and was given a good explanation of why I received the raise I did
The combination of stable physical, behavioral and mental characteristics that give individuals their unique identities is called:
Personality
The ability to solve everyday problems by utilizing knowledge gained from experience in order to purposefully adapt to, shape, and select environments is called:
Practical intelligence
A person who has no close friends, lowers office morale through aggression and counterproductive work behaviors, and feels no remorse when his or her actions cause harm to others is likely a(n)
Psychopath
In choosing among alternatives to qualify a solution, a person is focusing on ______ if he or she considers such things as ethical implications, personal values, profits, and/or company reputation.
Selection criteria
What are the types of solution response.
Solving Resolving Dissolving
SMART goals are those that include which of the following characteristics?
Specific Measurable Attainable Results oriented time bound
tudies show that women have a harder time being perceived as effective leaders, which is a result of a negative
Stereotype
Solving a problem
The optimal or ideal response
Which statement is true of core self-evaluations?
They represent a broad personality trait composed of four narrow traits.
The _____ option in Thomas' framework involves acknowledging differences but not valuing or accepting them.
Tolerate
Which action option is among the least preferred responses to diversity issues?
Toleration
True or false: A person's scores on the Big Five reveal a personality as unique as that person's fingerprint
True
Agreeableness
Trusting, good-natured, cooperative, softhearted
The question that asks "How much do I value the outcomes I will receive by achieving my performance goals?" represents which element of Vroom's expectancy theory?
Valence
Shalom Schwartz believed that ______ impact behavior across any context
Values
The abstract ideals that influence the choices we make are called:
Values
When defining a problem, you can refine and focus your definition by asking which of the following questions multiple times throughout the process?
Why is this a problem?
Which question is most important to ask during Step 2 of the 3-Step Approach to problem solving?
Why or how does this cause a problem?
Which of the following statements about constraints in selecting problem-solving solutions is true?
You should consider various constraints before making a selection.
Locus of control
a relatively stable personality characteristic that describes how much personal responsibility you take for your behavior and its consequences
Emotional intelligence
ability to monitor your own emotions and those of others to discriminate among them, and to use information to guide your thinking and actions
Self-determination theory
assumes that three innate needs influence our behavior and well-being - competence, autonomy, and relatedness
Cognitive
beliefs or ideas that one has about a given object or situation
Machiavellians
believe the ends justify the means, often maintain emotional distance, and are manipulative
Individual differences are determined by
both genetics and environment.
Psychopaths
can be aggressive and lack concern for others, guilt, or remorse when their own actions do others harm
Select the three common elements in choosing among alternatives to arrive at an effective solutions
choice process consequences selection criteria
Which personality trait has the strongest and most positive effect on performance?
conscientiousness
What type of common perceptual error occurs when an employee is rated as being average after being compared to top performers?
contrast effect
A broad personality trait comprised of four narrower and positive individual traits as components is called
core self-evaluations
Conscientiousness
dependable, responsible, achievement oriented, persistent
Altering jobs to improve employee experience and productivity is called job
design
Comparing performance on one task with performance on other tasks is characteristic of which dimension of attribution theory?
distinctiveness
Toleration differs from isolation as an approach to diversity issues in that
diverse people are included, but their differences are not valued or appreciated
Which of the following has been shown to kick-start mutual adaptation?
diversity training
Select the Big Five Personality Dimensions.
emotional stability extroversion conscientiousness agreeableness openness to experience
Schwartz's first bipolar dimension includes self-_______ and self-_______
enhancement, transcendence
Which term describes the idea that not all individuals prefer an equal ratio of outputs to incomes?
equity sensitivity
Affective
feelings or emotions that one has about a given object or situation
Self-determination theory
focuses on the needs that drive intrinsic motivation.
The foundation of the Organizing Framework is a systems model wherein _____ influences outcomes through _____
inputs, processes
openness to experience
intellectual, imaginative, curious, broad-minded
Which element of organizational justice has the weakest relationship to desired workplace outcomes?
interactional justice
High levels of self-efficacy
leads to success
People with proactive personalities
make efforts to change and improve things around them
______ ________ means measuring, tracking, or otherwise verifying progress and ultimate outcomes.
monitoring performance
Vroom's expectancy theory requires that all three of the elements must be high for _____ to be high
motivation
Intelligence is more practically thought of as
multiple intelligences
Which individual differences are universally considered undesirable?
narcissism Machiavellianism psychopathy
A person who lavishes you with praise one minute and puts you down the next, or who always blames you for bad outcomes but demands all the praise for good outcomes, is likely a(n)
narcissist
In Schwartz's circular-motivation structure, individuals are least likely to hold two values that are
on opposing sides of the circle
An employee who always arrives early, volunteers to train new hires, and offers constructive statements or suggestions for improvement exhibits which of the following?
organizational citizenship behaviors
Perceived ______ _______ motivates employees to work hard and commit to the organization.
organizational support
In Vroom's expectancy theory, instrumentality is the relationship between which two factors?
outcomes performance
Compensation, such as bonuses, that is above and beyond basic salary is called _____ for performance
pay
Internal locus of control
people who believe they control the events and consequences that affect their lives
Extroversion has been found to
predict job performance better than agreeableness
Cognitive dissonance is a representation of:
psychological discomfort
perceived organizational support.
reflects the extent to which employees believe their organization values their contributions and genuinely cares about their well-being
Emotional stability
relaxed, secure, unworried
Self-serving Bias
represents our tendency to take more personal responsibility for success than for failure
cognitive dissonance
represents the psychological discomfort a person experiences when simultaneously holding two more more conflicting cognitions (ideas, beliefs, values, or emotions)
Dissolving a problem
requires changing or eliminating the situation in which the problem occurs
Which dimensions of emotional intelligence constitute personal competence?
self-management self-awareness
The dimensions of emotional intelligence that form social competence are
social awareness and relationship management.
The quantifiability of a goal is known as goal
specificity
The ____ option in Thomas' framework means that differences are squelched or discouraged.
suppress
Causal attributions refer to
suspected causes of behavior
Psychological safety
the extent to which people feel comfortable to express their ideas and beliefs without fear of negative consequences.
Psychological Safety
the extent to which people feel safe to express their ideas and beliefs without fear of negative consequences
What drives behavior according to Schwartz's theory?
the relative importance we place on two dimensions of opposing values
External locus of control
those who believe their performance is the product of circumstances beyond their immediate control
Which of the following are important to consider when selecting alternative solutions?
who will be supporters necessary resources who will be resisters
When the racial-ethnic makeup of store employees matches that of customers,
workers are more productive and customers are more pleased
Interactional justice
Sensitivity to the quality of interpersonal treatment EX. when telling me about my raise, my supervisor was very nice and complimentary
In Schwartz's theory, which of the following values are dimensions of conservation?
conformity tradition security
Which of the following are among the most preferred action options in response to diversity issues?
inclusion mutual adaptation building relationships
Which of the following are barriers to successful diversity programs at work?
* Lack of organizational priority for diversity * Resistance to change * A poor performance appraisal and reward system
External locus of control characteristics in the work place
* Less motivation for performance when offered valued rewards * Earn lower salaries and similar salary increases * Tend to be more anxious
Select examples of organizational citizenship behavior.
* Respect for the spirit as well as the letter of housekeeping rules * expression of personal interest in the work of others * constructive statements about the departments
Using McClelland's theory to motivate an employee with high need for achievement would include which of the following actions?
* providing balanced feedback so they can improve performance * assigning challenging but achievable projects
According to David McClelland's acquired needs theory,
one need often dominates over the others
David McClelland's acquired needs theory states that
one need often dominates over the others. people vary in the extent to which they possess certain needs
Extroversion
outgoing, talkative, sociable, assertive
The idea that good treatment inspires good work is the basic premise of
perceived organizational support.
Select barriers to implementing successful diversity programs.
inaccurate stereotypes prejudice ethnocentrism
Which generic action option is an outgrowth of affirmative action programs and attempts to either increase or decrease the number of diverse people throughout an organization?
include/exclude
What are the main ideas behind the access-and-legitamacy perspective?
* An organization's workforce should reflect the diversity of its customers. * An organization's markets and constituencies are culturally diverse.
Which of the following are examples of intrinsic rewards?
* Completing quarterly financial statements without errors * Providing donations to a food cupboard
Which of the following can be influenced by promotions and pay raises?
* Employees' emotional well-being * Employees' intentions of quitting * Employees' perception of fairness
Which of the following are among Locke and Latham's mechanisms behind the power of goal setting?
* Goals increase persistence. * Goals foster the development of plans. * Goals direct attention.
Internal locus of control characteristics in the work place
* Greater work motivation * Stronger expectations that effort leads to performance * Exhibit higher performance on tasks that require learning or problem solving, when performance leads to valued rewards * Derive more job satisfaction from performance
Assigning someone's behavior to his or her personal characteristics instead of the circumstances is called
fundamental attribution bias
Assimilation
given time and reinforcement, all diverse people will learn to fit in or become like the dominant group
Categorization
grouping criteria such as gender, age, race and occupation
Which term describes someone who cares more about what they put into a group project than the rewards they receive from participating in the project?
high equity sensitivity
Behavioral
how one intends or expects to act toward someone or something
Distributive justice
Perceived fairness of outcome EX. I got the pay raise I deserved
Object recognition is a major function of
Perception
Kaya and Franklin just received their end-of-year bonuses. Kaya's bonus was 10% larger than Franklin's, but Kaya knows she regularly worked overtime while Franklin rarely did. Based on this equity comparison, which equity relationship is Kaya most likely to perceive?
Positive inequity
self-enhancement
Pursuit of one's own interests and relative success and dominance over others (power, achievement) - First bipolar dimension
Which theory assumes that our behavior and well-being are influenced by three innate needs: competence, autonomy, and relatedness?
Self-determination theory
How people feel about their chances of doing something successfully is known as
Self-efficacy
Workers who value their own personal success and power more than they value teamwork and the needs of others exhibit which of Schwartz's values?
Self-enhancement
What are the four components of core self-evaluations?
Self-esteem Locus of Control Self-efficacy Emotional Stability
One's tendency to take credit for success and deny blame for failure is called
Self-serving bias
Expectation
Interpreting people's behavior according to our expectations
Why does self-determination theory emphasize intrinsic motivation?
Intrinsic motivation is longer lasting and more positive than extrinsic motivation.
Valence
Is the promised reward valuable to me
Pay, promotions, challenging assignments, participation in decision making are all considered ______ in Adam's equity theory.
Outputs
Equity theory
a model of motivation that explains how people strive for fairness and justice in social exchanges or give-and-take relationships
