IGCSE Physics - Measurements

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Best fit line graph

A graph that shows an average, a trend, or a pattern in the data

Weight

A measure of the downward force of gravity on an object because of its mass

scientific notation

A method of writing or displaying numbers in terms of a decimal number between 1 and 10 multiplied by a power of 10.

Scientific Method

A series of steps followed to solve problems including collecting data, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions.

Hypothesis

A testable prediction, often implied by a theory

significant figures

All the digits that can be known precisely in a measurement, plus a last estimated digit

Volume

Amount of space occupied by an object

Parallax error

Error caused by not having your eye directly in line with the measurement

Zero error

Error due to instrument giving a small reading when it should read zero

human error

It is the biggest threat to accuracy and reliability of data.

second (s)

SI base unit for time

meter (m)

SI base unit of length

Kelvin (K)

SI base unit of temperature

Meniscus

The curved upper surface of a liquid in a tube

digital display

a display of a signal using numerical data and often precise

plumb bob

a heavy weight or mass (usually lead) that's suspended from a line that indicates vertical trueness or a vertical line

Precision

a measure of how close a series of measurements are to one another

oscillation

a repetitive motion or vibration

scientific law

a rule that describes a pattern in nature

experiment

a scientific procedure undertaken to make a discovery, test a hypothesis, or demonstrate a known fact.

scientific theory

a well-tested concept that explains a wide range of observations

calibrated

agree closely with a standard or agrees when a correction has been applied

standard

an absolute or primary reference or measurements

uncertainty

an estimate of how much a measured or calculated value differs from a true value

systemic error

caused by incorrect calibration of the measuring instrument

anomaly

deviation from what is normal

Analogue display

display using mechanical pointers or needles (hands) and is often not very precise

Accuracy

how close a measurement is to the true value

period

in any periodic motion, the amount of time required for an object to repeat one complete cycle of motion

micrometer

instrument for accurately measuring small distances

vernier caliper

instrument used for measuring small and precise linear dimensions

displace

moving something to another place

Precision vs. Accuracy

precision is consistency of output whereas accuracy is alignment with the targeted value or goal

kilo (k)

prefix meaning 1000 (10^3)

mega (M)

prefix meaning 1000000 (10^6)

giga (G)

prefix that is one billion; 10^9

deci (d)

prefix; 10^-1

centi (c)

prefix; 10^-2

milli (m)

prefix; 10^-3

micro (u)

prefix; 10^-6

nano (n)

prefix; 10^-9

Tera (T)

prefix; 10^12

Units

standard quantities used to specify measurements

SI system of measurement

the International System of Units developed by scientists as a worldwide standard of measurement

kilogram (kg)

the SI unit for mass, abbreviated

Mass

the amount of matter in an object

error

the difference between the experimental value and the accepted value

Density (p)

the ratio of mass to volume for a substance mass/volume (m/V)

physics

the study of matter and energy and how they interact

immerse

to cover completely in a liquid; submerge

water displacement

used to calculate the volume of irregular shaped objects - place in water and see how much the water rises


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