IME 320 Handout/TextBook Ch.1-3

how would you test whether HF design is fit for human?

Fits body size • You can see and hear what you need to • Fool-proofed • Comfortable and relaxed all the time • Clear instructions • Easy to maintain

Dependent Variable

Y - dependent variable as an output of that process - Lane deviations, accidents

What is Group Communication support system

information systems built to support the communication among group members regardless of the task.

Define Performance

involve in reduction of error or increase productivity

what is design thinking

is a methodology used by designers to solve complex problems, and find desirable solutions for clients

Define task-work

pertain to correct subtask performance

Coupling

refers to the degree that there is little slack and tight connections between subsystem.

Define Complexity

refers to the number of feedback loops, interconnected subsystems, and invisible, unexpected interactions.

Computer-supported cooperative work (CSCW)

software that supports such activities also includes number of different types such as problem solving,design,decision making.

Goals of Productivity & Error reduction translates into...

usability (often applied to computer systems)

Noise Factor

we have no control, try to build them in so no error in experiment - Example: use same car type

Define teamwork

which pertains to interpersonal skills such as communication.

HF fallacies

If it's good for me, it's good for everyone If it's good for the average person, it's good for everyone Humans are too varied to design for. People will adapt It's too expensive to design for HF. People want style, not HF HFE is intuitive and common sense...data/studies not needed.

If a team is decentralized. how can they keep collaborating?

Team Bonding Team Rules Keep control Agenda Time keeper Maintain an 'issues bin' or 'parking lot' Solicit everyone's input Re-bond if conflicts occur Team Time: Decisions Brainstorming Plans of Action Assignments Individual Time: Everything else

Define Communication

"Purposeful activity of exchanging information and Meaning across space and time using various technical or natural means, whichever is available or preferred"

5 stages of team development

1. Forming • test, determine behaviors, facilitator emerges, group tasks 2. Storming • conflict, hostility, individuality, no unity, emotions 3. Norming • acceptance, norms, harmony, cohesion, open exchanges 4. Performing • problem solving, objective, interpersonal processes, attachment 5. Adjournment • sharing, accomplishment, continued relationships, reluctance to adjourn

List 6 type of Successful Teams

1.A vision;a common, meaningful purpose... 2.Specific performance goals and/or well-defined team work-product... 3.A perceived, dependent need... 4.Commitment from every member 5. Leadership for the vision ahead... 6.Coordination...

4 category different concepts of teams

1.Advice/involvement teams.Ex: review panels,boards, quality control circles.. (low role differentiation & low external Synchronization) 2.Production/service teams. Ex: assembly teams, manufacturing teams...(LRD&HighExternalSync) 3.Project/development teams. Ex: research & development group, planning teams, engineering teams... (HighRoleDiff&Low-MidExternalDiff) 4.Action/negotiation teams. Ex: surgery team,cockpit crews, sports team. (HRD&HighSync)

What is 5 step to Brainstorming?

1.Define the problem, purpose, objective AS A TEAM 2.Create an ideas atmosphere so everyone contributes 3.Go around the room and gather ideas - round robin 4.Discuss all the ideas 5.Agree on the solution - remember CONSENSUS

3 main goals of human factor

1.Enhances performance ~Efficiency (speed) ~Effectiveness (lower error rate) 2.Increases Safety 3.Increases User Satisfaction

List 5 Redesign options

1.Equipment 2.Task (remember the task breakdown?) 3.Environment 4.Train 5.Select

List 5 Task Breakdowns

1.Equipment Design : Changes the nature of physical equipment w/ which human works 2.Task Design:focuses more on changing on what operators do than on changing the devices they use. 3.Environmental Design:implement changes, such as improved lighting, temperature control, and reduce noise in physical environment where task is carried out. 4.Training:focuses on better preparing the worker for the condition that he/she will encounter in job environment by teaching and practicing 5.Selection:technique that recognizes the individual differences across humans in almost every physical and mental dimensions that is relevant for good system performance.

List 5 Team Characteristics

1.Has a clear goal, direction, destination 2.Has focused discussions 3.EVERYONE participates 4. Has a clear plan of action 5. Has fun, is relaxed

List 5 Team's characteristics

1.Perception of the team as a work unit by members and nonmembers 2.Interdependence among members with respect to shared outcomes and goals. 3.Role differentiation among members. 4.Production of a team-level output. 5.Interdependent relations with other teams and/or their representatives.

List 4 steps of Group-view display

1.Provide a status overview.(high-level status summary to inform). 2.Direct personnel to additional information (follow HF & easy manual retrieval information) 3.Support collaboration among crew members. (crew sharing same task, collaboration is recorded, whiteboard). 4.Support coordination of crew activities. (support in resolving errors, exchange information)

2 ways/method of HFE use to analyze Ergonomics

1.Task Breakdown : • Define / Map the system of work • Show it all: training, equipment, interactions, etc 2. Checklists: - Investigate work conditions - Check on a regular basis - Compare against industry standards, best practices and HF guidelines

Groupthink

1.occurs when group dynamics lead to collective rationalization in which members explain away contrary information. 2.Also occurs when group dynamics produce a pressure to conform in which group members feel reluctant to voice concerns.

Key to strong experiment

A key strength of Designed Experiments is the ability to determine FACTORS and SETTINGS that minimize the effects of the UNCONTROLLABLE FACTORS.

List of Criteria that must be met for good HFE analysis/study

Functional efficiency (as measured productivity, task performance, etc.) • Ease of use • Comfort • Health and safety • Quality of working life • Quality of life outside of work

What is Human Factor

HF involves the study of factors and development of tools that facilitate the achievement of the goals

Difference between HF & ergonomics

Human Factors is the same as "ergonomics", with an emphasis on the cognitive aspects

List why Teams get into Trouble

Individual egos Individuals not accepting or giving feedback You are different in your styles You have your own agenda - self-interests As a team, you get off track You haven't agreed on the goals/objectives You haven't defined roles within the team You may become defensive

Ethical issues when dealing with human subjects.

No mental or physical harm - they don't have to volunteer, they can leave at any time. Do not coax, persuade, plead. Privacy and respect - don't tell them their results (or anyone else's; thank them, have fun, make them feel appreciated. It's voluntary - let them know this. Read the procedure first - let them decide if they want to continue

Factor

Objects, event,ideas, feelings, time periods, or any other type of category you are trying to measure.

List ways to control experiment

Participant selection Plan for confounding variables Conduct a "pretest" (needs to be repeatable) Ensure data collection method is consistent Data analysis Ensure that peripheral disturbances are not present during the testing Note peripheral conditions Drawing a conclusion

Who are the HFE's?

Relationships Industries Psychology Statistics Cognition

5 steps of DOE

Step 1 - Define the problem and state a hypothesis Step 2 - Specify the experimental plan Step 3 - Conduct the study Step 4 - Analyze the data Step 5 - Draw conclusion(s)

Why is future so important for HF designs

Sustainable For all ages compatible

What is Human Factors Engineering

The scientific discipline concerned with the understanding of INTERACTIONS among HUMANS and other elements of a system, and the profession that applies theory, principles, data and methods to design in order to optimize human well-being and overall system performance

Historical events that motivated/ changed/ influenced HF

WWII Technology Product Liabilities OSHA 1980-1990 Disasters Gilbreth's (a couple) Taylor's "Scientific Management" (engineered processes applied to work analysis and management) Hawthorne Experiments (psychology, study of work environments) Occupational Medicine (works hours per day, conditions) Human performance psychology (output, productivity)

Define : Group decision-support system

increasing the quality of a group decision by reducing noise in the decision process or group communication barriers.

Confounding Variable

extraneous - Example: if old people had phones and young did not, the age variable would confound

List the job of the one facilitator/coordinator

• Focuses the team • Gets all to participate • Keeps schedules/time • Suggests alternatives • Helps team solve problems • Summarizes decisions

why use experimental design?

• Solve a problem that is unknown or there's little known about it. • Study effects on variables to see what happens • Structure and organization needed, so you can see the relationships • Describe, understand and predict relationships between variables The current 'hands-free' law prohibiting cell phone use (in your hand) while driving came about due to a state legislator being in automobile accident.

Independent Variable

• X - independent, input variable affecting a process - E.g. use of phone, traffic, type of car, age