Immune System

Humoral Response

1. The B-cell engulfs the pathogen. 2. The pathogen is broken down. 3. The antigen is present on the surface of the B-cells 4. Helper T-cell binds to the piece of pathogen present on the surface of the B-cell or APC 5. After the B-cell is activated by the helper T-cell, the B-cell enters phase of rapid cell division. It produces antibodies, plasma cells that make even more antibody molecules, and memory b-cells

Cell-Mediated Reponse

1. pathogen is broken apart by chemicals in the phagocyte. 2. A piece of the pathogen is presented on the surface of the phagocyte. 3. The helper T-cell binds to the piece of pathogen presented on the phagocyte. 4. The helper t-cell disperses a chemical signal to activate other immune responses.

Pathogen

A bacterium, fungus, virus, or disease causing agent

Lymphocytes

A type of white blood cell that mediates immune responses. The two main classes are B cells and T cells

Are all helper T-cells the same?

Not all helper T-cells are the same because the specialized surface proteins are different on each.

Innate Immunity

All Animals Recognize traits shared by broad range of pathogens, using a small set of receptors. Rapid Response Barrier Defenses (1st Line of Defense): Skin, Mucous, Secretion Internal Defenses (2nd Line of Defense): Phagocytic Cells, Natural Killer Cells, Antimicrobial Proteins, Inflammatory Reponse

What does the antibody do to pathogens?

Attaches to the pathogens and its limits the pathogens movement, preventing the pathogens from infecting its host

What type of cell releases antibodies?

B-cell

How does the binding between B-cells and helper T-cells differ?

B-cells bind to the pathogen and the helper T-cell binds to the APC

Cell-Mediated Response Define

Branch of adaptive immunity that involves the activation of cytotoxic T cells which defend against infected cells

Antigen Presenting Cells (APC)

Cells that present antigens on their surface

HIV

Mutate so rapidly so the memory B cells don't recognize the pathogen.

Are all B-cells the same?

Not all helper T-cells are the same because the specialized surface proteins are different on each.

Explain how we get sick the 1st time we encounter a virus, but we do not get sick the 2nd time we encounter the same virus?

Our body knows how to fight off the virus quickly before we feel sick due to memory cells.

Allergies

People who are allergic to bee stings are actually having a response to the antibodies produced by their immune system when they are stung - anaphylaxis. Most people who end up having a bee sting allergy did not have anaphylaxis 1st time stung, only the second sting. The Immune system doesn't produce many antigens during the 1st exposure to the stings but produced more faster in subsequent stings.

In Cell-Mediated Response what happens to the helper T-cells after being activated by an antigen?

Phase of rapid cell division. The resulting daughter cells are memory Th cells. Theses cells stay in the body for years ready to response to the pathogen if it should ever be in the body again.

Antigen

Pieces of pathogen present on the surface of a cell

Plasma Cell

The antibody-secreting effector cell of humoral immunity. Plasma cells arise from antigen-stimulated B cells

Humoral Immune Response

The branch of adaptive immunity that involves the activation of B cells and that leads to the production of antibodies, which defend against bacteria and viruses in the body fluids

B Cell

The lymphocytes that complete development in bone marrow and become effector cells for the humoral immune response

Immune Rejection

Tissue and organ transplants lead to rejection. The transplants carry forgiven to recipient.

Helper T-Cell

Type of T cell when activated secretes cytokines that promote the response of B cells (humoral) and cytotoxic T cells (cell mediated) to antigens

Cytotoxic T Cells

Type of lymphocyte that when activated kills infected cells as well as certain cancer cells and transplanted cells

Adaptive Immunity

Vertebrates Only Recognize traits specific to particular pathogens, using vast array of receptors Slow Response Humoral Response: Antibodies defend against infection in body fluids Cell-Mediated Response: Cytotoxic cells defend against infection in body cells