immunology final review

Studies have shown that secondary lymphoid tissues are a major reservoir of HIV in infected individuals. In part, this is due to the high numbers of viral target cells expressing CD4, such as T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells. Surprisingly, secondary lymphoid tissues were also found to contain large numbers of infectious virus particles in the form of immune complexes. A comparison of the viral species found in these immune complexes indicates that they include virus particles that have been retained for over a year. The cells responsible for this reservoir of infectious HIV are:

Follicular dendritic cells

_____________ lies in the wall of the intestine itself, separated from the contents of the intestinal lumen by just a single layer of epithelium.

GALT

A(n) ___________ vaccine contains a live, but weakened parasite, allowing for the stimulation of immune responses without pathogenicity.

attenuated

There are only fellowships for doctoral students at the CDC.

false

Which of the following is the site at which B and T cells interact?

secondary lymphoid tissues

SARS-COV2 infections are more common and more lethal in minority populations.

true

Which of the following is NOT true of macrophages?

'Patrolling' monocytes are more common in circulation

What is meant by the 12/23 rule?

A gene segment flanked by an RSS with a 12 bp spacer can only be joined to one with a 23 bp spacer

Upon activation, CD4 T cells:

Develop into a variety of effector subsets (TH1, TH2...)

____________ block kinase activity, interrupting cytokine signal transduction.

JAK inhibitors

Which of the following is not a mechanism used by tumors to avoid immune recognition?

Limited immuno-stimulatory molecules

______ is the terminal form of an activated B cell that secretes specific immunoglobulins.

PLASMA CELL

The estimate of the rate of creation of new infections is:

Ro

Cellular hypersensitivity reactions are mediated by antigen-specific effector _______.

T-CELLS

_________ initiate(s) mutations in somatic hypermutation, gene conversion, and class switching.

TFH CELLS

Delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions take several hours to days to be enacted because:

Th1 cells specific to the antigen are initially rare in circulation

The importance of complement activation as an innate immune defense against infections is illustrated by:

The evolution of complement avoidance strategies by many pathogens

Individuals with defects in T cell development have a severe immunodeficiency disease called SCID (severe combined immunodeficiency disease). In these individuals, the absence of all T cells causes defects in both cell-mediated (T cell-based) and humoral (antibody-based) immune responses. The defect in antibody responses in SCID patients is due to:

The important role of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells in generating protective antibody responses

The first pattern recognition receptor (PRR) important in innate immune responses was discovered in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Stimulation of this receptor, called Toll, induces:

The production of antimicrobial peptides

The exon encoding the V region of an immunoglobulin protein is generated by a process of somatic recombination. This recombination event brings V gene and J gene segments together:

To generate maximum diversity in the CDR3 sequence of the V region

Which of the following traits demonstrates how inflammatory immune responses can be double-edged swords?

Which of the following traits demonstrates how inflammatory immune responses can be double-edged swords?

Opsonization of pathogens by both antibodies and complement proteins (C3b) leads to uptake and destruction of the pathogen by phagocytic cells that express both Fc receptors and complement receptors. Which of the following in Figure Q2.16 is the most efficient form of dual opsonization of the pathogen by antibody and C3b to maximize phagocytosis?

a

Which of the following components of the immune system are involved in an autoimmune disease such as lupus or multiple sclerosis?

all are involved

From what group of animals do researchers currently think COVID-19 emerged due to the similarity of this coronavirus with other coronaviruses?

bats

All the cellular elements of the blood, including the cells of the immune system, arise from pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells in the _____________.

bone marrow

The cytokine IL-10 is unique in a sense as its primary role is to:

dampen inflammation

A point in space or time where new cases of infection are exceedingly common is called a(n):

disease hotspot

A common feature of effective vaccines is that they induce natural killer cell responses.

false

All mammalian TLRs have been shown to directly bind to microbial products, leading to TLR signaling.

false

CD8 cytotoxic T cells are specialized to kill extracellular pathogens.

false

Which of the following best describes the classical complement pathway?

it was the first complement cascade to be discovered

What is the most common vector borne infection in the United States?

lyme disese

As ________________ of the infections we experience are hosted by other animals, it is becoming critical to study infectious disease with a broader perspective than has been typical in medicine.

more than half

Immune cell concentrations are highest in mucosal tissues. This condition is required because:

mucosal tissues foster an environment in which biochemical reactions can rapidly proceed

Because HIV selectively targets and kills____________, people become vulnerable to parasitesthat they'd otherwise control easily.

t cells

Binding of cyclosporin A to immunophilin molecules blocks __________ proliferation by inhibiting the phosphatase activity of calcineurin.

t-cell

Linked recognition between B and T cells ensures that:

the antibody response is being enacted against a 'meaningful' antigen

Why is it good to use a combination or rotation of drugs while treating HIV infection?

to prevent the evolution of drug resistance

Oral tolerance to food antigens and immune tolerance to gut microbiota share the property that foreign antigens encountered in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract—food and commensal microbes, respectively—do not elicit immune effector responses. Yet, these processes differ in that commensal microbes will still elicit protective adaptive immune responses if they cross the GI epithelium and enter the body.

true

TH2 cells coordinate type 2 responses to expel intestinal helminths and repair tissue injury.

true

Although many cell types can be infected by HIV, the cells that have the greatest impact on AIDS and particularly mortality from otherwise mildly pathogenic to innocuous microbes, are the ______________.

CD4 + T cells

The cellular distribution of MHC class I versus MHC class II molecules is quite different, with MHC class II molecules generally expressed on a very limited set of cell types. This is because:

CD4 T cells generally secrete cytokines that act on macrophages and B cells.

CD4 T-cell help is required for CD8 T-cell memory and involves _________________ signaling.

CD40 and IL-2

What are the two classes of T cells?

CD8 CD4

Immune responses to tumors have been studied extensively in mice, using transplantable tumors injected into syngeneic mice. The basis for many of these studies is the assumption that the process of tumorigenesis generates mutations in genes encoding self-antigens that would allow the immune system to see these mutant proteins as 'foreign'. In this scenario, the dominant immune response targeting the tumor cells would be mediated by:

CD8 T cells

B cells are commonly described as the important lymphocyte in mucosal immunity. However, T cells are also important in mediating immunity within the gut. Which T cell subset resides there?

CD8+

Antibodies contribute to immune responses by each of the following mechanisms EXCEPT:

COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION

Anaphylaxis is the result of a widespread release of histamine among other mediators of allergic reactions in the blood stream. Which cell type is responsible for mediating this reaction?

Connective tissue mast cells

____________ interact(s) with transcription factors to regulate pro-inflammatory gene expression and serves a crucial role in maintaining the body's homeostasis.

Corticosteroids

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism used by gut mucosal tissues to prevent infection?

Dampening of the inflammatory environment

Differences between the genes encoding B cell receptors and those encoding T cell receptors reflect:

Differences in effector mechanisms

gM is the first antibody isotype secreted following activation of a naive B cell. IgM is found at high concentrations in the serum, and is found as a very high molecular weight complex. This high molecular weight complex is composed of:

A pentamer of IgM monomers

Diabetes results in the destruction of pancreatic β cells by cytotoxic T cells. This condition is a prime example of a(n) ___________ disease.

AUTOIMMUNE

Patients receiving hematopoietic stem cell transplants often suffer from graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), involving immune-mediated damage to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The symptoms of GVHD include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal cramping due to epithelial cell apoptosis and inflammatory leukocyte infiltration into the GI epithelium. One proposed treatment has been tested in mouse models of GVHD for potential therapeutic benefit. This treatment is:

Administration of IL-22

Immunodeficiency diseases occur when individuals have defects in leukocyte adhesion to inflamed endothelial cells, thereby impeding the extravasation of phagocytes into infected tissues. When neutrophils from one class of these patients were isolated and tested using in vitro assays for neutrophil-endothelial cell interactions and extravasation, it was found that the neutrophils could slowly roll along the endothelial vessel wall but were unable to arrest and migrate across the endothelium. The most likely protein deficient in these neutrophils is:

An integrin

_______ and basophils are critical in restoring tissues to homeostasis following allergic reactions.

ESINOPHILS

Amino acid sequence analysis of all of the peptides found in a single IgG antibody would reveal unique peptide sequences totaling ~600-700 amino acids. Using this estimate, the predicted molecular weight of an antibody protein would be ~70-75 kDa. Yet, an intact antibody protein has a molecular weight of ~150 kDa. The explanation for this discrepancy is:

Each IgG antibody is a complex of two identical light chains and two identical heavy chains.

Many different NOD-like receptors, including several with pyrin domains and several with HIN domains, can function to trigger inflammasome assembly leading to the activation of caspase-1. The reason for many different sensors in this innate response system is that:

Each NOD-like receptor recognizes different PAMPs and is activated by different pathogens.

The production of antimicrobial peptides is one of the most evolutionarily ancient mechanisms of defense for multicellular organisms, and most eukaryotic species make many different forms of these proteins. For instance, human Paneth cells in the gastrointestinal epithelium make 21 different defensins. The reason for this diversity of antimicrobial peptides is:

Each one has distinct activities against Gram-negative bacteria, Gram-positive bacteria, or fungi.

Once B cells begin secreting antibodies, they cease dividing and have a life-span of only a few days.

FALSE

The vaccine to Haemophilus influenzae type b is called a conjugate vaccine. It is composed of the tetanus toxoid protein conjugated to the capsular polysaccharide of the H. influenzae type b bacteria. When used to vaccinate infants, the antibody response generated by this vaccine would include:

Antibodies to the bacterial polysaccharide and the tetanus toxoid

Prior to activation, T cells reside in the T cell zone, whereas resting B cells reside in the _____.

FOLLICLE

Whereas B and T cells differ markedly in their functions during an immune response, the two lymphocyte subsets share the enzymatic machinery and overall scheme for generating antigen receptor diversity. This is because:

B cells and T cells both need enormous antigen receptor diversity to provide protection against the diversity of pathogens.

Following activation, mature B cells are trafficked via the lymphatic system to the ______.

BONE MARROW

The process of ______________ allows selected B cells to produce antibodies with a variety of different effector functions.

germline mutation

Oftentimes, macrophages remain unable to kill some intracellular bacteria. In these cases, ________________ can form.

granulomas

Which group of ILCs is most effective at controlling helminth infections?

group 2

Immunoglobulin isotypes are determined by the _________

heavy-chain c-region

_________ is when the proportion of immune individuals among a population is high enough that a parasite is unable to find susceptible hosts.

herd immunity

In any given immunoglobulin molecule, the two heavy chains and the two light chains are ____________, giving an antibody molecule two identical antigen-binding sites.

identical

Which of the following is NOT one of the 5 main classes of immunoglobulins in humans?

igf

One factor that is imperative to escalating any T cell activation is __________.

il-2

Der p 1 is a common allergen found in fecal pellets of the house dust mite. Upon recognition, a host produces Der p 1 specific IgE antibodies, which in turn bind mast cells and trigger the release of mast cell granule contents. Upon subsequent exposure to this allergen, mast cell contents are rapidly released. This reaction is an example of:

immediate hypersensitiviety

The skin and bodily secretions provide the first line of defense against infection. One response in this category that is common during upper respiratory virus infections is:

mucus production

Ecohealth Alliance is an example of a:

non-governmental organization

An integrative scientific discipline that recognizes that the health of people is often closely connected to the health of animals and our shared environment is called:

one health

________________, or inherited, immunodeiciency diseases, are where host defense fails due to an inherited defect in a gene that results in the elimination or impaired function of one or more components of the immune system, leading to heightened susceptibility to infection with particular classes of pathogens.

primary

_______________ is a chronic disease characterized by inflammation of the synovium (the thin lining of a joint). As disease progresses, the inflamed synovium invades and damages the cartilage; this invasion is followed by bone erosion.

ra

__________ inhibits lymphocyte proliferation and enhances the formation of memory T cells.

rapamycin

One Health introduces the idea of directing vaccines not only to humans but also to:

reservoir hosts and vectors

When a parasite jumps from a reservoir host to new hosts, it is known as:

spillover

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism used by bacteria to subvert the host immune system?

stimulating clonal expansion

A host that generates far more new infections than the average host in a population is a:

superspreader

Conventional immunosuppressive drugs target intracellular signaling pathways within ___________ to inhibit inflammation.

t-lymphocytes

Lymph nodes function as meeting points between antigen-bearing dendritic cells arriving from the tissue and recirculating B and T lymphocytes. Whereas the dendritic cells coming from the tissue enter the lymph node via the afferent lymphatic vessels, the recirculating lymphocytes enter the lymph node:

From the blood by crossing the high endothelial venules (HEV)

_________ is when donor T-cells in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation recognize the tissue of the recipient as foreign and cause a severe inflammatory disease.

Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD)

Once an exceedingly common form of cancer, the 100% effective _________ vaccine has led to a drastic reduction in the 21st century.

HPV

___________deficiency, the most common primary immunodeficiency, exists in both sporadic and familial forms, and both autosomal recessive and autosomal dominant inheritance have been described.

IGA

TH2 cells produce ____________, which induces epithelial cell repair and mucus production.

IL-13

Several cytokines can induce the synthesis of antimicrobial peptides by epithelial cells and expedite the rate of epithelial cell division and shedding, which can impair bacterial colonization in Type 3 immune responses. Which cytokines assist in these effector functions?

IL-17 AND IL-22

_________ is the workhorse antibody of the gut immune system, exhibiting control over several anti-parasitic mechanisms.

IgA

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism that intracellular bacteria use to evade host immune defenses?

Inhibition or shielding of reactive oxygen species (ROS)

The antigen receptor on a T cell recognizes a degraded fragment of a protein (i.e., a peptide) bound to a specialized cell surface peptide-binding receptor called an MHC molecule. One key aspect of this system is that the peptides displayed on MHC molecules can be derived from intracellular proteins. This mode of antigen recognition is particularly important in allowing the adaptive immune response to detect infections by:

Intracellular pathogens, such as viruses and some protozoa

A major function of the CD4 T cells that recognize ____________ molecules is to activate other effector cells of the immune system.

MHC class II

Linked recognition requires presentation of the appropriate peptide by _______ molecules on the B cell surface.

MHC class II

The innate immune response together with antibodies are generally not effective at clearing infections established by pathogens that replicate inside host cells. The evolution of T cells has provided a means for the immune response to 'see' intracellular infections based on the ability of T cells to:

Recognize pathogen-derived peptides on host MHC surface molecules

Which is not one of the ways that monoclonal antibodies can be used to control tumor growth?

Recombination with mice tumor cells

Strep throat is commonly caused by group A Streptococcus bacteria. A common symptom of strep throat is the presence of swollen lymph nodes in the neck. This symptom usually peaks about 2-4 days after the onset of the infection, and is due to:

Recruitment of circulating macrophages to the lymph nodes of the neck

Which of the following statements supports the hygiene hypothesis?

Reduced occurrence of asthma in those with a high exposure to microorganisms during early childhood

Influenza pandemics are often driven by antigenic ______, while antigenic ______ is the reason why flu vaccines must be given yearly.

SHIFT, RECOMBINATION

The pattern recognition receptors on cells of the innate immune system are genetically encoded, meaning that their sequences and specificities are determined prior to the development of the individual. In contrast, the antigen receptors of B and T lymphocytes arise from a random rearrangement process that occurs differently in each lymphocyte as it develops. One potential problem entailed by the random process that generates lymphocyte antigen receptors is the possibility that:

Some antigen receptors might recognize host cells or antigens

The response of most individuals to contact with poison ivy includes the development of redness, swelling, blistering (edema fluid accumulation between the dermis and the epidermis), and itching. If one intended to transfer this response from a sensitized to a naive individual, one would transfer:

T cells from the skin-draining lymph nodes of the sensitized to the naive individual

Naïve T cells home to lymph nodes to encounter an antigen. Upon activation, how do T cells home to sites of infection?

T cells secrete IL-10

In cell culture experiments, purified B cells expressing IgM can be induced to switch to producing IgE by stimulating them with an antibody to CD40 (a stimulatory antibody) plus the cytokine IL-4. In an individual undergoing an immune response, these signals would normally be provided by:

TFH cells in the germinal center

The antibody surface involved in antigen binding varies depending on the size and nature of the antigen. This surface can be concave or flat, and sometimes, can have extended protrusions. This is accomplished by:

The ability of different CDR sequences to form many structurally distinct shapes and surfaces

Stimulation of the nucleic acid sensing TLRs that reside in endosomal membranes induces the production of a different cytokine response than is produced by stimulation of the plasma membrane TLRs. In part, this distinction is based on the different adapter proteins used by the nucleic acid sensing TLRs, leading to the activation of IRF factors. The cytokine response following stimulation of nucleic acid-sensing TLRs is characterized by production of:

The antiviral cytokine, type I interferon

Which of the following best explains why specialized sites are required for linked recognition to occur?

The chance of randomly encountering a matching naïve lymphocyte for a particular antigen in circulation is extremely low

Macrophages express multiple types of receptors on their surface that stimulate phagocytosis of microbes, leading to pathogen internalization and destruction. Many of these receptors, such as Dectin-1, rely on direct recognition of a PAMP on the pathogen surface. However, some receptors that stimulate phagocytosis rely on soluble factors (not associated with the phagocyte membrane) to identify and mark the pathogen for uptake by the phagocyte. One such receptor is:

The complement receptor

An infant with recurrent bacterial and fungal infections is suspected to have an immunodeficiency disease. Within two days after exposure to a pathogen, the organisms have proliferated to dangerous levels requiring immediate systemic antibiotic treatment. It is unlikely that this infant has a defect in B or T lymphocyte responses to the infection because:

The defective immune response occurs too rapidly following infection to be due to a defect in B or T lymphocytes responses.

Several subsets of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) have been identified that share their patterns of cytokine production with the known subsets of T cells. The combined activity of related ILC and T cell subsets is effective in eradicating pathogenic infections because:

The early response of ILCs that reside at the site of infection is followed by the later more robust response of pathogen-specific T cells that migrate to the site of infection.

The best evidence supporting the concept of immunological memory is:

The increased rapidity and magnitude of the secondary response to the same antigen

Given the enormous heterogeneity of antigen receptors expressed on the populations of naive B and T lymphocytes, the adaptive immune response relies on a process whereby the rare lymphocyte that binds to the antigen is first induced to proliferate, before it can perform its effector function. For B cells, there is a clever mechanism that ensures that the specificity of the antibody secreted by the plasma cell will recognize the same pathogen that initially stimulated the B cell antigen receptor and induced B cell proliferation. This mechanism is:

The naive B cell expresses a membrane-bound form of the antibody as a receptor, and secretes that same antibody when it differentiates into a plasma cell.

Mannose binding lectins (MBL) and ficolins are the two classes of proteins that can initiate the lectin pathway of complement activation. These proteins are selective for activating complement on the surfaces of microbial pathogens rather than host cells because:

They only bind to carbohydrate side chains and oligosaccharide modifications found on pathogen surfaces but not on host cell membranes.

Vaccination against many infectious diseases has provided enormous benefit in developed countries, leading to the virtual eradication of diseases such as polio, measles, smallpox, and others. However, efforts to create long-lasting vaccines against some viral infections, like Influenza and HIV, have not been successful to date because:

Viruses like HIV and Influenza undergo antigenic variation to evade previous immune responses.

What is a zoonosis?

a disease shared between non-human animals and humans

Infection and the responses to it can be divided into stages. The immune system responds to local infection and penetration of the epithelium, specifically by:

activation of macrophages and migration od dendritic cells to lymph nodes to adtivate adaptive immunity

Which of the following is also an issue covered by One Health?

all of the above

Which of the following do NOT collaborate on One Health issues?

all of the above collaborative

The response to nonself antigens on transplanted organs is called ______________.

allograft rejection

The ___________ pathway can be initiated by spontaneous hydrolysis and activation of the complement component C3, which can then bind directly to microbial surfaces.

alternative

When produced in large amounts or injected systemically, C3a and C5a induce a generalized circulatory collapse, producing a shocklike syndrome similar to that seen in a systemic allergic reaction involving antibodies of the IgE class. Such a reaction is termed ______________.

anaphylactic shock

Which of the following is not an autoimmune disease?

anaphylactic shock

Habitat modification is an example of a(n):

anthropogenic stressor

Aspirin and NSAIDs are examples of ____________ drugs that can be used to reduce tissue injury and joint swelling.

anti-inflammatory

When model organisms, such as mice or sheep, are immunized with human lymphocytes, they produce __________ that can be used in humans as treatment for various autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.

antibodies against human lymphocytes

MHC class II molecules are normally found on dendritic cells, B lymphocytes, and macrophages (i.e., _______________ cells), but not on other tissue cells.

antigen-presenting

Tolerance due to regulatory lymphocytes is distinguished from other forms of self-tolerance by the fact that ____________ cells have the potential to suppress self-reactive lymphocytes that recognize antigens differently.

treg

A description of a host that is transmitting parasites but not showing overt signs of being infected (e.g., fever, sneezing, coughing, fatigue, etc.) is called:

asymptomatic

Autoimmune diseases can be transferred from mother to offspring during pregnancy.

true

B cells deal with pathogens and their protein products circulating within the body; secretion of a soluble antigen-recognition molecule enables the B cell to act in the clearance of antigen effectively throughout the extracellular spaces of the body.

true

Both MHC class I molecules and MHC class II molecules that lack bound peptide are unstable.

true

Dendritic cell vaccination can be effective against pathogens that are invisible to the immune system.

true

Each family of NK cell receptors has members that promote NK cell activation, and members that send inhibitory signals when engaged. The difference between activating and inhibitory receptors lies in their association with accessory proteins that promote downstream signaling, or in their ability to recruit and activate inhibitory phosphatases, respectively.

true

Each individual B cell has the ability to recognize just one specific antigen

true

Immune priming and tolerance are different outcomes of intestinal exposure to antigen.

true

Immunoepidemology through mathematical modeling, empirical research, or a blend of both promises new and effective pathways to mitigating disease risk.

true

In the last few decades, many factors have changed the abundance and types of interactions among people, animals, plants, and our environment.

true

Most treatments for allergies are generally to treat symptoms, rather than the root cause.

true

Nitric oxide and superoxide radicals are toxic compounds that induce substantial DNA damage. When released by activated M1 macrophages, these compounds cause damage to microbial pathogens and may also cause damage to host cells in the vicinity.

true

Primary CD8 T-cell responses to pathogens can occur in the absence of CD4 T-cell help.

true

RNA viruses are able to generate less sophisticated mechanisms of immune system invasion those encoded by DNA, as RNA viruses tend to be simpler and possess few genes.

true

The C3 convertase of the alternative complement pathway amplifies the overall magnitude of complement activation regardless of which of the three pathways initiated the complement activation initially.

true

Lysozyme digests the cell walls of Gram-positive and Gram-negative _______________.

bacteria

The best current explanation for why bats are so prone as spillover sources is their propensity at damage control when infected.

true

The inflammatory response is characterized by four classic symptoms: heat, redness, pain, and swelling. In some instances, this response can be triggered by stimuli that are non-infectious such as asbestos, a process known as 'sterile inflammation.' When exposure to the stimulating trigger is persistent, a state of chronic inflammation can result. This process is likely to be detrimental to the health of the host.

true

One of the amazing, additional traits of memory T cells, unlike B cells, is that they can differentiate into two forms of memory T cells: ___________ memory and ______________ memory subsets.

central and effector

______________________ mechanisms, which remove strongly autoreactive lymphocytes, are the first and most important checkpoints in self-tolerance. Without them, the immune system would be strongly self-reactive, and lethal autoimmunity would occur early in life.

central tolerance

Which of the following complement pathways can be activated by interaction with antibodies?

classical

_________ vaccines take advantage of linked recognition to boost B-cell responses against polysaccharide antigens.

conjugate

The differential actions of the immune system to TI-1 antigens allows the host to __________.

coordinate the antibody response to the magnitude of the threat

_________ are a major contributor to tissue damage. The chronic presence of this immune cell is a characteristic of chronic allergic inflammation.

eosinophils

Allergic reactions are triggered once allergens trigger IgE cross links with high-affinity IgE receptors on natural killer cells.

false

Autoimmune diseases can generally be linked to a single component of the immune system.

false

Common allergens that trigger atopic responses in humans share several features. For example, nearly all allergens are proteases.

false

Corticosteroids bind kinase activity to prevent activation of the STAT pathway.

false

Each IgG molecule consists of two heavy chains and four light chains.

false

HIV is often the direct cause of death in a person it infects.

false

Mast cell actions are generally driven by a suite of cytokines unique to allergic reactions.

false

Most immunological subversion techniques are entirely unique to bacteria and viruses.

false

Most intraepithelial lymphocytes are CD4 T cells.

false

Of all the granulocytes, neutrophils have the least phagocytic activity.

false

Receptors of the innate immune system are encoded in multiple genes.

false

T cells recognize free floating antigens in circulation.

false

The acute phase response contributes to infection control by producing molecules that promote pathogen opsonization and complement activation. This response is only induced by direct action of microbial components on hepatocytes in the liver.

false

The course of an infection can be divided into several distinct phases, where adaptive immunity first controls infection, and then recruits innate immunity for specific responses and long-lasting memory.

false

The immediate allergic response is characterized by edema produced by the dilation of blood vessels and the recruitment of lymphocytes and myeloid cells, while the late-phase response is driven by direct effects of mast cells.

false

The majority of monogenic defects in humans that cause autoimmune diseases are in genes that regulate T cell responses. These include the AIRE, CTLA4, FOXP3, and FAS genes. These findings indicate that B cells and innate immune cells are not important in autoimmunity.

false

_________ regulate(s) the migration of immune effector cells to the sites of a graft.

fingolomid

Unlike innate immune responses, adaptive immune responses are initiated in secondary lymphoid organs. However, the innate immune response to an infection in a tissue has a pivotal role in inducing T-cell responses in the nearest lymph node by activating tissue dendritic cells and inducing their migration to the lymph node.

true