Imperialism

boer war

(also known as the South African War) between the British and the Boers was the first modern "total" war. The Boers launched commando raids and used guerrilla tactics against the British. The British countered by burning Boer farms and imprisoning women and children in disease-ridden concentration camps. war came about because after diamonds and gold were found, people suddenly, adventurers from all parts of the world rushed in to make their fortunes. The Boers tried to keep these "outsiders" from gaining political rights. An attempt to start a rebellion against the Boers failed. The Boers blamed the British and, in 1899, took up arms against them.

Sharpeville massacre

-Occurs in 1960. 5,000-7,000 people had gathered around the Sharpeville Police Station to protest the pass laws. Police attempted to disperse the crowd. Killed 69 & injured 180 -Require all black men and women to carry reference books containing personal details (name, tax code, employer details) 3 days later the government declares public meetings & the ANC illegal -state of emergency declared **Sharpeville Massacre in part helps change Mandela's views on using violence to achieve equality

nelson mandela

-Responsible for transitioning the country from minority-rule & apartheid Preached reconciliation (not revenge) Used sports as the medium (Springbok National Rugby Team) 1995--hosted the World Cup Reconstruction & Development Plan Created jobs, affordable housing, & basic healthcare 1996--signed a new constitution into law Created a strong central govt., guaranteed rights of minorities, allowed for freedom of expression

direct control

-foreign officials brought in to rule -no self-rule -goal: assimilation -gov. institutions based only on european styles ex: french colonies (somaliland, vietnam) german colonies (german, east africa) portuguese (angola)

indirect control

-local gov. officials used -limited self-rule -goal: to develop future leaders -gov. institutions are based on european styles but may have local rules ex: british colonies (nigeria, india, burma) us colonies on pacific islands

what are some of the factors that triggered european imperialism

1. they wanted more resources to fuel their industrial production. 2. want to expand territory 3. discovery of diamonds and gold increased european interest in colonizing the continent

create a timeline with four or more events that influenced the history of south africa. include several key ideas next to each event on your timeline.

1816-Zulus Fight the British: -a Zulu chief, Shaka, used highly disciplined warriors and good military organization to create a large centralized state. Shaka's successors, however, were unable to keep the kingdom together against the superior arms of the British invaders. he refused to dismiss his army and accept British rule, the British invaded the Zulu nation. Although the Zulus used spears and shields against British guns, they nearly defeated the great European army. Zulus lost the Battle of Ulundi and their kingdom. The Zulu nation fell to British control in 1887. 1652-Boers and British Settle in the Cape: -dutch were first europeans to settle -Dutch came to the Cape of Good Hope to establish a way station for their ships sailing between the Dutch East Indies and the Netherlands. Boers (dutch settlers) gradually took Africans' land and established large farms. early 1800's: -When the British took over the Cape Colony permanently, they and the Boers clashed over British policy regarding land and slaves. 1830's (Great Trek): -several thousand Boers began to move north in an attempt to escape the british. Boers soon found themselves fighting fiercely with Zulu and other African groups whose land they were taking. 1860s and 1880s: -Diamonds and gold were discovered in southern Africa. Suddenly, adventurers from all parts of the world rushed in to make their fortunes. The Boers tried to keep these "outsiders" from gaining political rights. 1899-The Boer War (also known as the South African War): -first modern "total" war. -The Boers blamed the British and took up arms against them. -took place between the British and the Boers. -Boers launched commando raids and used guerrilla tactics against the British. -The British countered by burning Boer farms and imprisoning women and children in disease-ridden concentration camps. -Black South Africans were also involved in the war. Some fought; others served as scouts, guards, drivers, and workers. Many black South Africans were captured by the British and placed in concentration camps, where over 14,000 died. -BRITAIN won the war 1910: -Boer republics were joined into a self-governing Union of South Africa, which was controlled by the British.

mandela elected president

1994-1999

ANC

:African national congress -created in 1912 by a group of black lawyers With the intention to unite the African people in their struggle for change. Led struggle against racism and oppression. Had to be 18 to obtain membership.

salt march

According to these British laws, Indians could buy salt from no other source but the government. They also had to pay sales tax on salt. Gandhi and his followers walked about 240 miles to the seacoast. There they began to make their own salt by collecting seawater and letting it evaporate (peaceful protest) More demonstrations against the salt tax took place throughout India. Eventually, about 60,000 people, including Gandhi, were arrested.

how did colonial rule cause a breakdown in traditional african culture

Africans also suffered from a breakdown of their traditional cultures. Traditional authority figures were replaced. Homes and property were transferred with little regard to their importance to the people. Men were forced to leave villages to find ways to support themselves and their families. Contempt for the traditional culture and admiration of European life undermined stable societies and caused identity problems for Africans.

world war 11

After World War II, dramatic political changes began to take place across the world. This was especially the case with regard to the policy of colonialism. Countries that held colonies began to question the practice. After the world struggle against dictatorship, many leaders argued that no country should control another nation. Others questioned the high cost and commitment of holding colonies. Meanwhile, the people of colonized regions continued to press even harder for their freedom. All of this led to independence for one of the largest and most populous colonies in the world: British-held India. Britain committed India's armed forces to World War II without first consulting the colony's elected representatives. The move left Indian nationalists stunned and humiliated. When World War II ended, Britain found itself faced with enormous war debts. As a result, British leaders began to rethink the expense of maintaining and governing distant colonies.

describe the events that encompass the sepoy mutiny

As a result of the mutiny, in 1858 the British government took direct command of India. The Sepoy Mutiny fueled the racist attitudes of the British. The mutiny increased distrust between the British and the Indians. Roy also founded a social reform movement that worked for change in India. This growing nationalism led to the founding of two nationalist groups, the Indian National Congress in 1885 and the Muslim League in 1906. By the early 1900s, however, they were calling for self-government. The province was too large for administrative purposes, so the British divided it into a Hindu section and a Muslim section. As a result, acts of terrorism broke out. In 1911, yielding to pressure, the British took back the order and divided the province in a different way.

boers

Dutch settlers gradually took Africans' land and established large farms. (The Boers are also known as Afrikaners.) When the British took over the Cape Colony permanently in the early 1800s, they and the Boers clashed over British policy regarding land and slaves.

how did europeans use social darwinism to justify empire building

Europeans believed that they had the right and the duty to bring the results of their progress to other countries. Since they were more powerful than africa, they felt that they were superior because of their technology and science that they felt entitled to take over other areas

mohandas gandhi: civil disobedience

In 1920, the Congress Party endorsed civil disobedience: :the deliberate and public refusal to obey an unjust law, and nonviolence as the means to achieve independence.

great trek

In the 1830s, to escape the British, several thousand Boers began to move north. The Boers soon found themselves fighting fiercely with Zulu and other African groups whose land they were taking.

sepoys

Indian soldiers Mountstuart Elphinstone, referred to the sepoy army as "a delicate and dangerous machine, which a little mismanagement may easily turn against us."

rowlatt acts

Radical nationalists carried out acts of violence to show their hatred of British rule. To curb dissent, in 1919 the British passed the Rowlatt Acts. These laws allowed the government to jail protesters without trial for as long as two years. To Western-educated Indians, denial of a trial by jury violated their individual rights.

assimilation

The French also supported a policy of assimilation. That policy was based on the idea that in time, the local populations would adopt French culture and become like the French. To aid in the transition, all local schools, courts, and businesses were patterned after French institutions. In practice, the French abandoned the ideal of assimilation for all but a few places and settled for a policy of "association," which was similar to indirect control. They recognized African institutions and culture but regarded them as inferior to French culture.

what evidence can you provide of the racism of the british toward the people of india (social darwinism)

The Indian people also resented the constant racism that the British expressed toward them. Enfield rifles were greased with beef and pork fat. ^ Hindus, who consider the cow sacred, and Muslims, who do not eat pork, were outraged by the news

why did the indians not unite against the british in the sepoy mutiny? what is the result of this?

The Indians could not unite against the British due to weak leadership and serious splits between Hindus and Muslims. Hindus did not want the Muslim Mughal Empire restored. Indeed, many Hindus preferred British rule to Muslim rule. Most of the princes and maharajahs who had made alliances with the East India Company did not take part in the rebellion. The Sikhs, a religious group that had been hostile to the Mughals, also remained loyal to the British. Indeed, from then on, the bearded and turbaned Sikhs became the mainstay of Britain's army in India.

racism

The belief that one race is superior to others

maji maji rebellion

The resistance movement led by Samori Touré in West Africa against the French is another example. After modernizing his army, Touré fought the French for 16 years. Africans in German East Africa put their faith in a spiritual defense. African villagers resisted the Germans' insistence that they plant cotton, a cash crop for export, rather than attend to their own food crops. In 1905, the belief suddenly arose that a magic water (maji-maji) sprinkled on their bodies would turn the Germans' bullets into water. The uprising became known as the Maji Maji rebellion. Over 20 different ethnic groups united to fight for their freedom. The fighters believed that their war had been ordained by God and that their ancestors would return to life and assist their struggle. *unsuccessful

sec 1. imperialism

This seizure of a country or territory by a stronger country is called imperialism.

amritsar massacre

To protest the Rowlatt Acts, around 10,000 Hindus and Muslims flocked to Amritsar, a major city in the Punjab, in the spring of 1919. The demonstration, especially the alliance of Hindus and Muslims, alarmed the British. Most people at the gathering were unaware that the British government had banned public meetings. British commander at Amritsar ordered his troops to fire on the crowd without warning. The shooting continued for ten minutes. 400 Indians died and about 1,200 were wounded. ***** sparked an explosion of anger across India. Almost overnight, millions of Indians changed from loyal British subjects into nationalists. These Indians demanded independence.

world war 1 (what did it specifically bring about in india?)

Until World War I, the vast majority of Indians had little interest in nationalism. The weakening of these empires stirred nationalist activity in India Indian nationalism had been growing since the mid-1800s. Many upper-class Indians who attended British schools learned European views of nationalism and democracy. They began to apply these political ideas to their own country. The situation changed as over a million Indians enlisted in the British army. In return for their service, the British government promised reforms that would eventually lead to self-government. In 1918, Indian troops returned home from the war. They expected Britain to fulfill its promise. Instead, they were once again treated as second-class citizens. resulted in breaking up the ottoman empire

sec. 2 paternalism

Using that policy, Europeans governed people in a parental way by providing for their needs but not giving them rights. To accomplish this, the Europeans brought in their own bureaucrats and did not train local people in European methods of governing.

why did british officials partition india into india & pakistan? what resulted from this divide?

With India continuing to push for independence, the stage was set for the British to hand over power. However, a key problem emerged: Who should receive the power—Hindus or Muslims? Rioting between the two groups broke out in several Indian cities. In August 1946, four days of clashes in Calcutta left more than 5,000 people dead and more than 15,000 hurt. British officials soon became convinced that partition, an idea first proposed by India's Muslims, would be the only way to ensure a safe and secure region. The northwest and eastern regions of India, where most Muslims lived, would become the new nation of Pakistan. results: The British House of Commons passed an act on July 16, 1947, that granted two nations, India and Pakistan, independence in one month's time. In that short period, more than 500 independent native princes had to decide which nation they would join. Most difficult of all, millions of Indian citizens—Hindus, Muslims, and yet another significant religious group, the Sikhs—had to decide where to go. *violence among the different religious groups erupted resulted after 10 million people moved in to the area. *Hindus and Sikhs killed Muslims who were headed into Pakistan *an estimated 1 million died *ghandi was killed by a Hindu extremist when he went to the Indian capital of Delhi to plead for fair treatment of Muslim refugees *the two groups quickly squared off over the small region of Kashmir. its ruler was Hindu, Kashmir had a majority Muslim population. Shortly after independence, India and Pakistan began battling each other for control of the region.fighting continued until the United Nations arranged a cease-fire in 1949. The cease-fire left a third of Kashmir under Pakistani control and the rest under Indian control. The two countries continue to fight over the region today.

protectorate

a country or a territory with its own internal gov. but under the control of an outside power ex: britain established a protectorate over the niger river delta

colony

a country or territory governed internally by a foreign power ex: somaliland in east africa was a french colony

social darwinism

a social theory of the time where Charles Darwin's ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" were applied to human society. Those who were fittest for survival enjoyed wealth and success and were considered superior to others. non-Europeans were considered to be on a lower scale of cultural and physical development because they had not made the scientific and technological progress that Europeans had. the application of charles darwinś ideas about evolution and survival of the fittest" to human societies-particularly as justification for imperialist expansion

why did nationalistic feeling continue to grow in india in the early-to-mid 20th century

amritsar massacre sparked an explosion of anger across india. overnight, millions of indians changed from loyal british subjects into nationalists. these indians demanded independence.F

sphere of influence

an area in which an outside power claims exclusive investment of trading privileges ex: liberia was under the sphere of influence of the us

economic imperialism

an independent but less-developed country controlled by private business interests rather than other governments ex: the dole fruit company controlled pineapple trade in hawaii

muslim league

an organization founded in 1906 in India to protect Muslim interests. Members of the league felt that the mainly Hindu Congress Party looked out primarily for Hindu interests. they were in competition with the congress party

quinine

another factor might have kept Europeans confined to the coast. They were highly susceptible to malaria, a disease carried by the dense swarms of mosquitoes in Africa's interior. the perfection of the drug quinine in 1829 eventually protected Europeans from becoming infected with this disease. (drug that helped to cure malaria)

identify the internal and external factors that made it possible for africa to succumb to european imperialism

before the colonized africa, African peoples were divided into hundreds of ethnic and linguistic groups with speaking more than 1,000 different languages. However, powerful African armies were able to keep the Europeans out of most of Africa for 400 years. -The introduction of steam-powered riverboats -trade networks -maxim gun -ability to make europeans go against each other -Factors within Africa also made the continent easier for Europeans to colonize. Africans' huge variety of languages and cultures discouraged unity among them. Wars fought between ethnic groups over land, water, and trade rights also prevented a unified stand. Europeans soon learned to play rival groups against each other

what is significant about the berlin conference

berlin conference: where 14 european countries met to lay down rules for the division of Africa in an attempt to prevent conflict because they feared war among themselves. 1) They agreed that any European country could claim land in Africa by notifying other nations of its claims and showing it could control the area. 2) European nations divided the continent with little thought about how African ethnic or linguistic groups were distributed. 3) No African ruler was invited to attend these meetings, yet the conference sealed Africa's fate. 4) By 1914, only Liberia and Ethiopia remained free from European control. *when europeans began colonizing, many believed that Africans would soon be buying European goods in great quantities.The major source of great wealth in Africa proved to be the continent's rich mineral resources. The Belgian Congo contained untold wealth in copper and tin. Businesses eventually developed cash-crop plantations to grow peanuts, palm oil, cocoa, and rubber. These products displaced the food crops grown by farmers to feed their families.

*great trek

boers moved north

southern nigeria

british gained control through diplomatic and military means. british used force to put down and defeat rebellions. *protectorate-some leaders sign treaties with europeans *colony- others resist and make british come in.

nelson mandela & resistance to imperialism in south africa apartheid

created in 1948 by the Afrikaner-led National Party (lasted for approx. 50 years) "apartness" or "separateness" what did it do: Ran on a platform of strict separation of the races & won the elections. government created a racial segregation that ensured certain things. boer war and creation of south africa occured before an apartheid was put in place

menelik 11

declares war- he became emperor of Ethiopia in 1889. He successfully played Italians, French, and British against each other, all of whom were striving to bring Ethiopia into their spheres of influence. In the meantime, he built up a large arsenal of modern weapons purchased from France and Russia.

mohandas k. gandhi

emerge as the leader of the independence movement after the massacre at Amritsar occured strategy for battling injustice evolved from his deeply religious approach to political activity. His teachings blended ideas from all of the major world religions, including Hinduism, Islam, and Christianity. millions of followers. Soon they began calling him the Mahatma Gandhi urged the Indian National Congress to follow a policy of noncooperation with the British government when the British failed to punish the officers responsible for the Amritsar massacre then launched his campaign of civil disobedience to weaken the British government's authority and economic power over India. told Indians to refuse to buy British goods, attend government schools, pay British taxes, or vote in elections staged a successful boycott of British cloth, a source of wealth for the British & urged all Indians to weave their own cloth ^the sale of British cloth in India dropped sharply Gandhi launched a nonviolent campaign of noncooperation with the British. Officials imprisoned numerous nationalists for this action. In 1942, the British tried to gain the support of the nationalists by promising governmental changes after the war. But the offer did not include Indian independence.

who is mohandas gandhi and why did he gain popularity among the people of india

emerged as the leader of the independence movement after the massacre at Amritsar occured. worked towards for battling injustice. he gained popularity because he was trying to gain greater political power for the Indian people

Define imperialism and then define Social Darwinism as it relates to imperialism. How did the countries of Europe use the theory of Social Darwinism to rationalize their aggressive imperialistic behavior?

imperialism: This seizure of a country or territory by a stronger country is called imperialism. *since many nations looked to Africa as a source of raw materials and as a market for industrial products, colonial powers seized vast areas of Africa during the 19th and early 20th centuries. *As occurred throughout most of Africa, stronger countries dominated the political, economic, and social life of the weaker countries. social darwinism: a social theory of the time where Charles Darwin's ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" were applied to human society. Those who were fittest for survival enjoyed wealth and success and were considered superior to others. non-Europeans were considered to be on a lower scale of cultural and physical development because they had not made the scientific and technological progress that Europeans had. the countries of europe use the theory of social darwinism to rationalize their aggressive imperialistic behavior byyyyy believing that they had the right and the duty to bring the results of their progress to other countries,

sepoy mutiny & how was it a failure

indian soldiers refuse to accept cartridges and a british officer jailed the people. gossip spread among the sepoys (indian soldiers) the sepoys rebelled. people of the seek faith sided with the british. They marched to Delhi, where they were joined by Indian soldiers stationed there. They captured the city of Delhi. From Delhi, the rebellion spread to northern and central India. spread over much of northern India. Fierce fighting took place. Both British and sepoys tried to slaughter each other's armies. The East India Company took more than a year to regain control of the country. The British government sent troops to help them hindus don't want to be led by muslims and vice versa ^ this was a failure because the indians lost and the british government took even more control over india. move from economic imperialism more to colony where there is more direct rule. ghandi comes into power and gathers followers and eventually reclaims control of india

king leopold 11

king of belgium who commissioned Stanley to help him obtain land in the Congo. Between 1879 and 1882, Stanley signed treaties with local chiefs of the Congo River valley. The treaties gave King Leopold II of Belgium control of these lands. Leopold claimed that his primary motive in establishing the colony was to abolish the slave trade and promote Christianity. However, he licensed companies that brutally exploited Africans by forcing them to collect sap from rubber plants. At least 10 million Congolese died due to the abuses inflicted during Leopold's rule. Belgian government took control of the colony away from Leopold. The Belgian Congo, as the colony later became known, was 80 times larger than Belgium. -increased the loss of human life by starvation, disease, whipping, being worked to death. women were held hostage and men worked in forests.

muhammad ali jinnah

leader of the Muslim League who insisted that all Muslims resign from the Congress Party. The Muslim League stated that it would never accept Indian independence if it meant rule by the Hindu-dominated Congress Party

how did advancements in technology and medicine allow europeans to colonize africa

maxim gun, railroads, quinine (drug to cure malaria)

*france and belgium

more direct control method

identify both positive & negative features of british imperialism in india

negative: -british control economics & politics -british restrict indian industries (indian textiles) -british focus on cash crops *doesn't provide substance for one´s diet which and people aren't producing crops that will lead to their survival. *causes famines, erodes self-sufficiency -abundance of racism *inequality in pay from indian to british positive: -established large railroad network *creates a modern economy *unifies regions of india *transportation of goods (raw materials and manufactured goods)-was now cheaper than before *working in cities but living outside of cities *creates a whole new industry -creates a large, modern communication network *telegraph *telephone -improves dams, bridges, roads in india -education improves *literary rates increase *colleges founded -warfare & banditry ereased -sanitation & healthcare

identify both "positive" & "negative" effects of imperialism

negative: On the negative side, Africans lost control of their land and their independence. Many died of new diseases such as smallpox. They also lost thousands of their people in resisting the Europeans. Famines resulted from the change to cash crops in place of subsistence agriculture. The most harmful political legacy from the colonial period was the division of the African continent. Long-term rival chiefdoms were sometimes united, while at other times, kinship groups were split between colonies. The artificial boundaries combined or unnaturally divided groups, creating problems that plagued African colonies during European occupation. These boundaries continue to create problems for the nations that evolved from the former colonies. positive: On the positive side, colonialism reduced local warfare. Humanitarian efforts in some colonies improved sanitation and provided hospitals and schools. As a result, lifespans increased and literacy rates improved. Also positive was the economic expansion. African products came to be valued on the international market. To aid the economic growth, railroads, dams, and telephone and telegraph lines were built in African colonies. But for the most part, these benefited only European business interests, not Africans' lives. The patterns of behavior of imperialist powers were similar, no matter where their colonies were located. Dealing with local traditions and peoples continued to cause problems in other areas of the world dominated by Europeans. Resistance to the European imperialists also continued, as you will see in Section 3.

*true

new imperialism tried to control more aspects of life

ethiopian rebellion

only successful revolution resistance to imperialism by playing the french, italians, and british against each other who were all striving to bring ethiopis into their spheres of influence.

raj

referred to British rule over India from 1757 until 1947 The part of India that was under direct British rule was called the Raj.

why did british consider india its most valuable colony? provide a list of four resources that india had & british wanted.

results in muslim empire collapsing, then the british trade company controlled part of empire.. once empire collapses, british east india company takes control of india::::: because it had: -abundance of raw materials/resources (300 million people) -potentially large market for manufactured goods -large labor force -strengthen trade network with asia -Plantation crops included tea, indigo, coffee, cotton, and jute. Another crop was opium

northern nigeria

royal niger company gained control of palm-oil trade along niger river. 1914- british claimed the entire area of nigeria as a colony. ^^^economic imperialism

mandela's imprisonment

serve 27 years total, 18 on Robben Island and 9 in Pollsmoor Prison

summarize african resistance to european imperialism; identify events & people that represent resistance

successful: ethiopian rebellion: king of ethiopia battle of adowa- ethiopian forces successfully defeated the italians and kept their nation independent non-successful: german east africa-maji maji rebellion algeria (50-yr)

What caused King Leopold II to go to Africa? What effect did he have on African society?

textbook: Stanley set out to explore Africa himself and trace the course of the Congo River. His explorations sparked the interest of King Leopold II of Belgium, who commissioned Stanley to help him obtain land in the Congo. Stanley signed treaties with local chiefs of the Congo River valley. The treaties gave King Leopold II of Belgium control of these lands. Leopold claimed that his primary motive in establishing the colony was to abolish the slave trade and promote Christianity. However, he licensed companies that brutally exploited Africans by forcing them to collect sap from rubber plants. *at least 10 million Congolese died due to the abuses inflicted during Leopold's rule humanitarians around the world demanded changes because of his cruelty 1908- the Belgian government took control of the colony away from Leopold. Belgian Congo, as the colony later became known, was 80 times larger than Belgium. The Belgian government seizure of the Congo alarmed France. -increased the loss of human life by starvation, disease, whipping, being worked to death. women were held hostage and men worked in forests.

sec. 4 "jewel in the crown"

the most valuable of all of Britain's colonies. ^british considered india that

congress party (indian national congress)

was India's national political party. Most members of the Congress Party were Hindus, but the party at times had many Muslim members.

cecil rhodes

was a successful businessman and a major supporter of British expansion -wrote "Confession of Faith" which provides an insight into his belief that with willpower and application anything was possible -made southern Africa his stamping ground, planting it with Union Jacks [flag of Great Britain] and settlers of British stock. -wealth diamond miner and entrepreneur. gambled that there were more diamonds and proved himself to be true. -Rhodes' diamond mines made him enormously powerful and in 1888, through a combination of persuasion, bullying and sharp business practice he convinced the owners of the other Kimberley mining companies to combine and form Rhodes DE BEERS Consolidated Mines. It was the leading diamond company in the world, owning all the South African mines and thus 90% of global diamond production. -became a member of the Cape Parliament -The only stumbling block to Rhodes' dream of British supremacy in South Africa was the Boer Republic [Dutch Farmers] of Transvaal *Boer War between 1899 and 1902: - Rhodes answer to this problem of Transvaal was becoming increasingly wealthy and powerful because of their discovery of a vast gold reef was to stage a takeover in which Rhodesia [Cecil Rhode's forces] would enter the Dutch territory in Transvaal and support an uprising in Johannesburg to overthrow the Dutch holdings. ^^since english raiders were easily captured by the Boers (dutch farmers), Rhodes' shady part in the fiasco led to his retirement from public life -He had added Northern and Southern Rhodesia to the British Empire and he was a truly useful instrument for the extension of Britain's influence in southern Africa at a time when it was in jeopardy. -Rhodes left a will that was to create one of the most successful educational endowments of all time; The Rhodes Scholarships. These were open to any of the Teutonic peoples; Britons, Germans and Americans. In an attempt to create an Anglo-Saxon empire across the world, academic elites of these countries would mingle and understand one another better. -Rhodes quickly became a spokesman and activist for imperial expansion. His most famous ambition was to create a railway along a continuous pink strip of land from the Cape Colony to Cairo. -He even formed his own company to claim land in the interior of Africa.

mandela's freedom

was released on February 11th, 1990 by President Frederik Willem de Klerk after being released: Continued right where he left off before imprisonment in advocating for South African government reform. After being locked up for 27 years, he worked to help the divided country. He pushed for true democracy and right for all to vote.

partition

was the term given to the division of India into separate Hindu and Muslim nations

maxim gun

was the world's first automatic machine gun. European countries quickly acquired the Maxim, while the resisting Africans were forced to rely on outdated weapons.

how did gandhi's tactics of civil disobedience affect the british

weakened the British government's authority and economic power over India As a result of the boycott, the sale of British cloth in India dropped sharply Gandhi's weapon of civil disobedience took an economic toll on the British. They struggled to keep trains running, factories operating, and overcrowded jails from bursting

berlin conference (1884-85)

where 14 european countries met to lay down rules for the division of Africa in an attempt to prevent conflict because they feared war among themselves.