Independence for Latin America 2

what happened to San Martin

He did not liberate Peru, so He resigned and returned to Chile. He learned his wife had died so he took his daughter and sailed to Europe. He lived in Belgium and then moved to France and died there. He had hoped to unite all of South America, like Bolivar, but failed.

Simon Bolivar

The Liberator lived in Venezuela as a wealthy Creole farmer.

liberator

a person who frees a country from an enemy

viceroy

a ruler of a colony or territory

campaign

a series of military operations

militia

an army made up of civilians rather than professional soldiers

Bolivar War To Death

Bolivar fled to New Grenada, next to Venezuela and joined the rebels there. He convinced them to let him lead an army to liberate VEnezuela. He declared "war to death" and many people joined the revolution. He was considered a hero and called the Liberator. cowboy, called llaneros in the Andes mountains held strong and forced Bolivars troops to retreat. Bolivar escaped to Haiti.

Buenos Aires

British ships came to capture Buenos Aires. the people of the area organized a militia to resist the British invasion. Their leader was Santiago de Liniers. the militia was mostly creoles who lived near Buenos aires. The militia drove the british troops away and de Liniers was elected the new viceroy. Great Britain sent a larger fleet, but the citizens were ready and they defeated them again. Once they did that they began to wonder if they needed the Spanish government.

Bolivars Plan

He started assembling an army in Haiti, where he had strong support. They wanted him to recognize Haiti's government once he set up a government in South America and he must set the slaves free. He agreed. The llaneros were unhappy with the spanish and joined Bolivar. He attached Bogota, the capital of New Grenada, by traveling thru the mountains. He surprised the spanish army and beat them. He joined forces with Jose Antonio Paez, llanero chieftain, and they attacked the spanish army. On June 28, 1821 they marched into Caracas and won independence for VEnezuela again.

Bolivar's Dream

He wanted to unite South America into one country, like the 13 colonies in the US. He worked with Jose Antonio Sucre to capture other parts of South America - Peru, Lima. The Peruvians did not trust him, but he sent Sucre to defeat the spanish army. He was able to liberate most of South America and name the new country Bolivia. Bolivar was very dictorial over the country though and most people did not like him. In 1830, the broke the country up into 3 - Venezuela, Colombia and Ecuador. Bolivar resigned and left South America.

What happened after independence

Many Venezuelan Creoles still opposed independence and Spanish forces were organizing. The spanish troops and royalists fought back against the rebels.Bolivar and MIranda started arguing and both wanted to be the leader. The people were unsure who to support - the republicans or the royalists. Then a huge earthquake struck Venezuela, killing thousands, including many rebel soldiers. The archbishop said it was sign that God was on the side of the royalists and the revolutionaries were then defeated. Bolivar handed Miranda over to the spaniards while the spanish let Bolivar leave the country

The First Venezuelan Republic

by 1810 some Creoles were starting to think that Miranda was right and Simon Bolivar became one of the leaders of these conspirators. They threw out the highest ranking spanish officer in the colony and declared that they were loyal to the deposed Spanish king. Bolivar went to Great Britain for help and brought Miranda back. On July 5, 1811 the leaders of the rebellion declared VEnezuela independent and established the First Republic.

Jose de San Martin

a Creole, he went to school in Spain and became an officer in the spanish army. He returned to La Plata in South America (where Argentina, Uruguay and Paraguay are now) and joined the revolutionaries. He wanted to liberate Chile first. He pretended to be sick, and was sent to Cuyo to recover. This shared a border with Chile. He spent 2 years there getting troops ready and sending spies to Chile. He then invited a group of Pehuenche Indians to a meeting. He gave them gifts and permission to cross his land to Chile. This way the Spaniards expected an attack from the south. But he woudl attack from the EAST. He suprised and defeated the large Spanish army in a battle south of Santiago and he marched into the city, along with Bernardo O'Higgins, a Chilean. Chile declared independence on February 12, 1818. He then tried to liberate Peru

Francesco Miranda

convinced that Venezuela should be free and arrived with 150 men and 3 ships, but was stopped by the Spanish authorities. He went to Barbados and got more ships and men and landed in Venezuela but found no local support. The Creoles did not support him because he wanted to free slaves and make everyone equal, but the Creoles just wanted the Spaniards to be gone. they drove him off.

pension

money that is not a salary that is paid regularly to a person who has performed some service or work

volunteer

someone who chooses freely to do something, such as joining an army

conspirator

someone who secretly plans an unlawful action, such as overthrowing a government

royalist

someone who supports the rule of a king or queen