India

Caste System

A social ranking dependent on hinduism -social ranking: customs, occupation, sanctioned by religion -Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, Kshudras, Dalit

Patronage Democracy

chandra: patronage focus (not programmatic) democratic system with a patronage distribution of jobs and service "elections function as auctions for the sale of government services" marketization of basic goods

Indian Administrative Service

elite all indian civil service staffs virtually all most senior positions in state and central governments and state owned enterprises -recruited through annual examination

Mohandas Gandhi

(1869-1948) Led sustained all-India campaign for independence from British Empire after World War I; stressed nonviolent but aggressive mass protest -worked in South Africa -wanted to work for liberation of India from colonial powers -non-violent resistance: facilitates less-conflict transition -strongly pro-democracy -impacts: built broad based political movement (reached to bottom of society-dalits, made congress party into mass party)

Narendra Modi

Current PM of India leader of the BJP, but more moderate than expected authoritarian personality: not a fan of dissent charismatic: to all Indians in the diaspora has radical followers: concern of the rise of violence (Modi doesn't do much to stoke the violence)

Jawaharlal Nehru

First prime minister of India independence leader alongside Gandhi committed democrat wise leadership: Tillin Article (federal divisions according to language), helped consolidate democracy (federal and local devolutions)

Indian National Congress Party

founded in 1885 initially a party of elite-->transformed into a mass party under Gandhi and independence -dominant between 1947-1980s -leadership: committed to democracy -patronage: (chandra) patronage democracy (distribution of jobs, services) -political participation: stabilized system by connecting people to parties reason why India beat the odds to democracy -big tent: divisions internalized within the party, fostered civic national identity (party for everyone), secularist norm (religious divisions not central to appeal)

BJP (Hindu nationalism)

hindu nationalist party rise since mid 1990s challenge to the secularist norm current PM Modi is the leader of this party right-wing hindu activist circles blamed for 2002 anti-muslim riots main principles: hindutza, vikas, SEZs